Alle Publikationen
1992
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(1992): Poer in Top Management Teams: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. In: Academy of Management Journal 35 (3), S. 505-538. DOI: 10.2307/256485
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256485 Abstract: Top managers' power plays a key role in strategic decision making. However, although numerous scholars have recognized its importance, very few have attempted to measure the phenomenon. In this article, I present a set of dimensions measuring top managers' power and suggest a measurement methodology to facilitate empirical inquiry. Data from a group of 1,763 top managers in three industries were used to assess the validity and reliability of the power dimensions in three studies. Results demonstrate strong support for the proposed power dimensions.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy -
(1992): Multiple intelligences. Golden Valley, MN, USA: Minnesota Center for Arts Education
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(1992): Moral maturity. Measuring the development of sociomoral reflection. First [paperback edition]. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
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(1992): Regelbildung und Regelveränderung in Beziehungen. In: Praxis Spiel + Gruppe 5 (4), S. 170-173
Abstract: Es wird deutlich gemacht, dass Regeln - insbesondere in einem differenzierten Gesellschaftssystem - die Funktion haben, Beziehungen zu strukturieren. Daher müssen Prozesse zur Ausbildung von Regeln sowie Strategien der Regelveränderung den Beziehungskontext berücksichtigen. Zur Diagnose der Regelbildung in sozialen Systemen werden formale Kriterien entwickelt.
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(1992): Sprache und Geschlecht: Ist Kommunikation zwischen Frauen und Männern interkulturelle Kommunikation?. In: Linguistische Berichte, S. 123-143
Abstract: Ausgehend von der Diskussion über die "interkulturelle Kommunikation zwischen Männern und Frauen" wird ein Überblick über den linguistischen Erkenntnisstand zum Zusammenhang von Sprache und Geschlecht gegeben. Dabei wird auf der Grundlage vorliegender Studien gezeigt, dass in der Gesellschaft keine separaten "Sprachen", die jeweils kontextübergreifend einem Geschlecht zuzuordnen sind, existieren. Kommunikationsstrategien, die in gewissen Kontexten vor allem von Frauen angewendet werden, tragen jedoch in bestimmten Kontexten zur Konstruktion von Status oder Informalität bei. Ferner lassen sich Kontextualisierungskonventionen nicht pauschal einem Geschlecht zuordnen. Die Analyse von Sprache und Geschlecht wird als Teil einer größeren Fragestellung betrachtet, nämlich der nach dem Zusammenhang von Sprache und sozialer Bedeutung. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, dass in Interaktionen komplexe soziale Beziehungen hergestellt werden, wobei das Geschlecht eine dieser Bedeutungen ist, jedoch nicht immer die relevanteste. zitiert von 71
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(1992): The Young Economist's Guide to Professional Etiquette. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 6 (1), S. 169-179. DOI: 10.1257/jep.6.1.169
Abstract: Nearly all advanced graduate students and new assistant professors demonstrate naivety in their nonsubstantive professional dealings. Graduate programs in economics offer courses that lead to written drafts of important research; they teach little about how to refine those drafts and, more generally, about the personal interactions that cut and polish intellectual diamonds in the rough. I provide here a short course aimed at removing that naivety and helping young economists to avoid faux pas that might reduce their success in the profession.
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(1992): Decorum, power, and the courtly style. In: Quarterly Journal of Speech 78 (2), S. 149-172. DOI: 10.1080/00335639209383987
Abstract: If politics is an art, then matters of style must be crucial to ist practice. This essay considers how political actions are shaped by rhethorical practices that depend upon aesthetic perceptions. Modern assumptioms of artistic autonomy are replaced by the classical concept of decorum; which offers a model for understanding how political life is styled for rhetorical effect. The role of decorousness in contemporary politics is illustrated by the extreme case of the courtly style, which constitutes power through propriety, is centered on the king’s body, displaces speech with gesture, and ends in political paralysis.
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(1992): When Courtesy Fails. Gender Roles and Polite Behaviors1. In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22 (18), S. 1399-1416. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00956.x
Abstract: 284 university students (49% men, aged 17–57 yrs) responded to a questionnaire in which they evaluated scenarios of cross-sex courteous acts, described their recent experiences with courtesy, and identified courteous behaviors that they commonly performed for and expected from others. There was a tendency for courtesies from a woman to a man to be viewed less favorably than courtesies from a man to a woman. Most Ss had directed their most recent act of courtesy toward a female and had received their most recent act from a person of the opposite sex. Some common courtesies tended to be directed toward females more than males, and males were expected to perform certain courtesies such as opening doors and paying for things for women. Results confirm the theory that courteous behaviors may serve to perpetuate gender role stereotypes and to regulate interactions between the sexes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 18
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(1992): Gazing on secret sights – Spenser, classical imitation, and the decorums of vision – Krier, T. M. In: REVIEW OF ENGLISH STUDIES 43 (171), S. 413-414
Abstract: book review
Keywords: decorum, Ohne Abstract oder Text -
(1992): Interpersonal underpinnings of request strategies: General principles and differences due to culture and gender. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 62 (2), S. 246-256. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.246
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.246 Abstract: Several hypotheses derived from P. Brown and S. Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory were tested with Ss from the US and Korea. Ss imagined themselves in situations in which they were to make a request. Ss then indicated exactly what they would say in each situation and what their perceptions of the request size, the hearer’s power, and the closeness of their relationship with the hearer were. Consistent with Brown and Levinson’s theory, power, distance, and size contributed significantly to politeness. Significant predictor variable interactions suggested that an additive model is not appropriate. Finally, there was evidence of cultural and gender differences in the weighting of these predictor variables. These differences can partially account for cultural and gender differences in language use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Attitude, Cross Cultural Differences, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Gender Identity, Human Sex Differences, Humans, Individuality, Interpersonal Control, Interpersonal Relations, Intimacy, Korea, Male, male vs female college students, politeness of request strategies & perceived size & hearer’s power & relationship closeness, Power (Psychology), Pragmatics, Social Distance, Social Values, United States, US vs Korea, Verbal Behavior, Verbal Communication -
(1992): Self-organization toward criticality in the game of life. In: Biosystems 26 (3), S. 135-138. DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(92)90072-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(92)90072-7 Abstract: Life seems to be at the border between order and chaos. The Game of Life, which is a cellular automaton to mimic life, also lies at the transition between ordered and chaotic structures. Kauffman recently suggested that the organizations at the edge of chaos may be the characteristic target of selection for systems able to coordinate complex tasks and adapt. In this paper, we present the idea of perpetual disequilibration proposed by Gunji and others as a general principle governing self-organization of complex systems towards the critical state lying at the border of order and chaos. The rule for the Game of Life has the minimum degree of perpetual disequilibrium among 218 rules of the class to which it belongs.
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(1992): Consensus at zero acquaintance. Replication, behavioral cues, and stability. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 62 (1), S. 88-97. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.88
Abstract: That observers tend to agree in their ratings of a target even if they have never interacted with that target has been called consensus at zero acquaintance. The basic finding that consensus is highest for judgments concerning a target's degree of extraversion (EV) and somewhat weaker for judgments of conscientiousness is replicated. Several potential observable cues that might be used by judges when rating targets are examined. The finding that ratings of physical attractiveness correlate with judgments of EV is replicated. In Study 1, rapid body movements and smiling were also found to correlate with EV judgments. The level of consensus declined when initially unacquainted Ss interacted one-on-one (Study 2), but did not decline-and even increased-when Ss interacted in a group (Study 3). Ss judged as extraverted at zero acquaintance were also seen as extraverted after interacting with others.
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(1992): Soziale Beziehungen im Alter. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 1
Abstract: Es wird ein Überblick über den Erkenntnisstand zum Stellenwert sozialer Beziehungen im Alter gegeben. Dabei stehen folgende Aspekte im Mittelpunkt: (1) Struktur sozialer Netzwerke (Familie und Freunde); (2) Austausch von Hilfe und Unterstützung, (3) Strategien der Anpassung an veränderte Bedingungen.
Keywords: Alter, Gerontologie -
Lehrer, A.; Kittay, E. (Hg.) (1992): Frames, fields, and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
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(1992) : The Other Sex. How Are Women Different? Gender, Dominance, and Intimate Relations in Social Interaction In: Björkqvist, Kaj; Niemelae, Pirkko (Hg.): Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression: 1. [print.]: San Diego: Academic Press, S. 229-240
Abstract: siehe pdf
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Mees, Ulrich (1992): Psychologie des Ärgers. Göttingen: Hogrefe
Keywords: Disappointment -
(1992) : Arger-, Vorwurf- und verwandte Emotionen In: Mees, Ulrich: Psychologie des Ärgers: Göttingen: Hogrefe
Abstract: Explores anger, blame, and related emotions (such as self-directed anger and empathic indignation), specifying their constitutive characteristics, their variants, their typical action patterns, and their intensity variables. Included is a discussion of the relationship between anger and the assignment of responsibility or blame. Furthermore, perceived injustice is discussed as a frequent precursor of anger. Envy, jealousy, pain, disappointment, scorn, and hate are explicated as members of the family of anger emotions. An empirical study of intensity indicators for anger is reported. In conclusion, metaphors and metonymies of anger or rage are discussed. Arger-, Vorwurf- und "verwandte" Emotionen (wie Selbstarger und empathische Entrustung) werden in ihren konstitutiven Merkmalen, ihren Varianten, ihren typischen Handlungen und ihren Intensitatsvariablen spezifiziert. Daruber hinaus erfolgt eine Diskussion des Zusammenhangs zwischen einer Verantwortlichkeits- bzw. Schuldzuschreibung und Arger. Ferner wird die wahrgenommene Ungerechtigkeit als haufiger Anlass von Arger thematisiert. Als "Familie" der Arger-Emotionen werden Neid, Eifersucht, Leid, Enttauschung, Verachtung und Hass erortert. Ferner wird eine empirische Studie zu den Intensitatsindikatoren des Argers referiert. Abschliessend werden Metaphern und Metonymien des Argers bzw. der Wut erlautert.
Keywords: Anger, Disappointment, Emotions, Emotionsforschung, Guilt, Hate, Jealousy, Justice, responsibility, Verhaltensforschung -
(1992): The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination and reason. In: Educational Studies in Mathematics 23 (3), S. 307-314. DOI: 10.1007/BF02309535
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(1992): Benutzerfreundlichkeit von Mehrdienste-Endgeräten. Eine empirische Untersuchung zum Einfluß von neuen Bedienkonzepten und mentalen Modellen. Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 1991. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin: Lang (Europäische Hochschulschriften Reihe 6)
Abstract: Moderne Technik wird immer leistungsfähiger, aber auch komplexer. Die Bedienung neuer Geräte bereitet häufig Probleme. Um hier Abhilfe zu schaffen, wird beispielhaft für den Bereich der Anthropotechnik ein interdisziplinärer Weg beschritten: Zur Lösung von Bedienproblemen werden Konzepte der kognitiven Psychologie herangezogen. Am Beispiel eines Endgeräts, mit dem verschiedene Dienste wie z. B. Bildfernsprechen, Fernsehen, Bildschirmtext abgerufen werden können (Mehrdienste-Endgerät), wird untersucht, welchen Einfluss die Schnittstellengestaltung auf die mentale Modellbildung und damit die Benutzerfreundlichkeit hat. Im Rahmen eines experimentellen Versuchsdesigns wurden unter anderem ein graphisches Bediensystem mit einem Bediendialog in der Art einer "direkten Manipulation" und ein Bedienkonzept nach dem Prinzip "generischer Funktionen" erprobt und im Hinblick auf ihre Benutzerfreundlichkeit verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass gängige Gestaltungsempfehlungen im Bereich der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion zu revidieren und im Hinblick auf bestimmte Benutzermerkmale sowie den konkreten Anwendungsbereich zu spezifizieren sind. Während für den längerfristigen Gebrauch tastaturorientierte Bediensysteme vor allem unter praktischen Gesichtspunkten als benutzerfreundlicher zu beurteilen sind, zeigt das graphische Bediensystem für ungeübte Benutzer bestimmte Vorteile. Dabei profitieren besonders Benutzer mit einer geringen Visualisierungsfähigkeit von der Anschaulichkeit einer graphischen Darstellung. Benutzer, die als Visualisierer charakterisiert werden können, bevorzugen dagen eine sprachliche Form der Informationspräsentation.
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Ritter, Joachim; Gründer, Karlfried; Gabriel, Gottfried (Hg.) (1992): Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie online. Basel: Schwabe Verlag
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(1992) : Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries In: Zanna, Mark P.: Advances in experimental social psychology, 25: San Diego: Academic P (Advances in Experimental Social Psychology), S. 1-65
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(1992) : Schema, Schematismus In: Ritter, Joachim; Gründer, Karlfried; Gabriel, Gottfried (Hg.): Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie online: Basel: Schwabe Verlag, S. 1245-1263
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Strauss, Claudia; D'Andrade, Roy G. (Hg.) (1992): Human motives and cultural models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Publications of the Society for Psychological Anthropology). Online verfügbar unter https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166515
Abstract: A full understanding of human action requires an understanding of what motivates people to do what they do. For too many years studies of motivation and of culture have drawn from different theoretical paradigms. Typically, human motivation has been modelled on animal behaviour, while culture has been described as pure knowledge or symbol. The result has been insufficient appreciation of the role of culture in human motivation and a truncated view of culture as disembodied knowledge. In this volume, anthropologists have attempted a different approach, seeking to integrate knowledge, desire, and action in a single explanatory framework. This research builds upon recent work in cognitive anthropology on cultural models, that is, shared cognitive schemas through which human realities are constructed and interpreted, while also drawing upon insights from developmental psychology, psychoanalytic theory, and social theory. Most of the research described here was conducted in the United States and deals with some of the pressing concerns - romance, marriage, parenthood, and success - of women and men from different class and ethnic backgrounds. A study of gender roles in Mexico provides comparative cross-cultural data. Several of the chapters deal with oppressive social ideologies, exploring cultural models of gender and class. The careful, in-depth case studies and innovative methods of discourse analysis used here turn up findings about the relation of ideology to people's thought and action that challenge any kind of simple social determinism
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Svartvik, Jan (1992): Directions in Corpus Linguistics. Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82, Stockholm, 4-8 August 1991. Berlin: De Gruyter. Online verfügbar unter http://www.degruyter.com/doi/book/10.1515/9783110867275
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(1992): The ethics of authenticity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press