Alle Publikationen
2014
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(2014): Avoiding Detection or Reciprocating Norm Violations?. In: Soziale Welt, S. 153-183. DOI: 10.5771/0038-6073-2014-2-153
Abstract: There is a growing body of research showing that people altruistically enforce cooperation norms in social dilemmas. Most of this research analyzes situations where norm violators are known and group members enforce cooperation among each other. However, in many situations norm violators are unknown and detection and punishment is enforced by third parties, such as in plagiarism, tax evasion, doping or even two-timing. Our contribution is threefold. Conceptually, we show the usefulness of inspection game experiments for studying normative behavior in these situations. Methodologically, we present a novel measurement of strategic norm adherence and enforcement, asking for continuous, "frequentistic" choice probabilities. Substantively, we demonstrate that norm adherence in these situations is best understood by coexisting distinct actor types. Self-regarding types learn the inspection rate and calibrate their norm violations to maximize own payoffs. Other-regarding types reciprocate experienced victimizations by stealing from other unknown group members; even at additional costs. We specify both mechanisms by agent-based simulation models and compare their relative explanatory strength by behavioral and attitudinal data in inspection game experiments (N=220). Our results suggest a modern sociological perspective, which combines homo oeconomicus with homo sociologicus. Further, our findings contribute to understanding conditional norm compliance in "broken windows" dynamics, since we show under controlled conditions that such dynamics may result jointly from self- and other regarding mechanisms.
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(2014): Experiential effects on mirror systems and social learning. Implications for social intelligence. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37 (2), S. 217-218. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X1300246X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X1300246X Abstract: Comments on an article by Richard Cook et al. (see record [rid]2014-16775-029[/rid]). Investigations of biases and experiential effects on social learning, social information use, and mirror systems can usefully inform one another. Unconstrained learning is predicted to shape mirror systems when the optimal response to an observed act varies, but constraints may emerge when immediate error-free responses are required and evolutionary or developmental history reliably predicts the optimal response. Given the power of associative learning, such constraints may be rare. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Animal Learning, Animals, Associative Processes, Biological Evolution, BRAIN, genetic adaptation, Genetics, human brain, Humans, Learning, Lerntheorien, mirror neurons, monkey brain, Monkeys, sensorimotor associative learning, Social intelligence, Social Perception, Soziale Intelligenz, Verhaltensforschung -
(2014): A towel less. Social norms enhance pro-environmental behavior in hotels. In: The Journal of Social Psychology 154 (2), S. 97-100. DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2013.855623
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24765814 Abstract: Previous research has shown that normative appeals to engage in environmentally friendly behavior were most effective when they were accompanied by a provincial norm (e.g., when norms matched individuals' immediate situational circumstances). Analyzing hotel guests' towel-use during their stay, the current study tests whether messages employing provincial norms were more effective in reducing towel-use than standard environmental messages. In line with previous findings, guests of two hotels used significantly fewer towels when provincial normative appeals--rather than standard environmental messages--were communicated. These findings corroborate to the body of research demonstrating the power of social norms on environmental behavior.
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(2014): What looks like sexism and why? The effect of comment type and perpetrator type on women's perceptions of sexism. In: The Journal of general psychology 141 (3), S. 263-279. DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2014.907769
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24940815 Abstract: Sexist comments are not perceived equally in the eyes of women. We extend previous research by examining the degree to which multiple types of potentially sexist comments made by multiple types of men are perceived as sexist. Further, we examine the degree to which three possible mediators--prototypicality, perceived intent, and interdependence--explained these effects. Female undergraduate students (N = 248) were randomly assigned to read a scenario in which a hostile sexist, benevolent sexist, or objectifying comment was made by one of three types of men: a stranger, their boss, or their boyfriend. Results demonstrate that hostile sexism was perceived as more sexist than benevolent sexism or objectification. Comments made by boyfriends were also rated as less sexist than those made by bosses or strangers. Furthermore, perceptions of prototypicality of the comment or perpetrator and perceived intent to harm mediated the effect of study manipulations on perceptions of sexism.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Beneficence, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Female, Hostility, Humans, Kommunikation, Male, Sexism, Social Perception, speech, Women, Young Adult -
(2014): Special Issue on “The Social Car. Socially-inspired Mechanisms for Future Mobility Services”. In: Pervasive and Mobile Computing 14, S. 66-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmcj.2014.08.007
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(2014): Signore e signori d'Italia. Una storia delle buone maniere. In: Journal of Modern Italian Studies 19 (5), S. 686-688. DOI: 10.1080/1354571X.2014.962264
Abstract: “A tavola signori si diventa. Fingere di essere lì per fini diversi da quelli del nutrirsi” I galatei sono lo specchio di come una società vorrebbe essere. Sono trattati di buone maniere che mostrano per lo più rigidità negli schemi e nelle regole. Nella struttura seguono il ciclo di vita, dal battesimo al funerale, distinguono tra sfera pubblica e privata, prestano attenzione soprattutto ai momenti di interazione tra i diversi attori sociali, prescrivono sempre norme dettagliate sul corpo, sulla conversazione, sul modo di comportarsi in pubblico e in privato, sull’organizzazione dello spazio. I protagonisti ricorrenti sono i medesimi, il vero signore, la vera signora, la signorina. Possono mutare i contesti, aggiungersi personaggi nuovi, ma norme e modelli paiono congelati nel tempo. In Italia si sono succedute tuttavia varie fasi per questi manuali: dall’Unità d’Italia al fascismo è l’epoca in cui si introducono tutti i temi canonici delle buone maniere, per una borghesia in ascesa; nell’epoca fascista il regime cerca di apparire quale artefice di un grande rinnovamento degli stili di vita; nel secondo dopoguerra e negli anni sessanta con il boom economico la società di massa influenza anche le norme di comportamento; nel passaggio dagli anni settanta agli ottanta i galatei mutano in manuali di sopravvivenza, in “contro galatei”; infine ai giorni nostri ci si domanda se essi esistano ancora, quale forma assumano, che ruolo abbiano.
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(2014): Robotics. Programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm. In: Science (New York, N.Y.) 345 (6198), S. 795-799. DOI: 10.1126/science.1254295
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124435 Abstract: Self-assembly enables nature to build complex forms, from multicellular organisms to complex animal structures such as flocks of birds, through the interaction of vast numbers of limited and unreliable individuals. Creating this ability in engineered systems poses challenges in the design of both algorithms and physical systems that can operate at such scales. We report a system that demonstrates programmable self-assembly of complex two-dimensional shapes with a thousand-robot swarm. This was enabled by creating autonomous robots designed to operate in large groups and to cooperate through local interactions and by developing a collective algorithm for shape formation that is highly robust to the variability and error characteristic of large-scale decentralized systems. This work advances the aim of creating artificial swarms with the capabilities of natural ones.
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(2014): An attributional analysis of moral emotions. Naive scientists and everyday judges. In: Emotion Review 6 (4), S. 344-352
Abstract: Analyzes moral emotions from an attributional point of view, guided by the metaphors of man as a naive scientist and as a moral judge. The theoretical analysis focuses on three concepts: (1) the distinction between the actor and the observer, (2) the functional quality of moral emotions, and (3) the perceived controllability of the causes of events. Moral emotions are identified (admiration, anger, awe, contempt, disgust, elevation, embarrassment, envy, gratitude, guilt, indignation, jealousy, pity, pride, rage, regret, remorse, resentment, respect, schadenfreude, scorn, shame, and sympathy). A classification of these moral emotions is suggested, and the empirical evidence is briefly summarized. Furthermore, unresolved issues awaiting further analyses and research are identified. zitiert von: 27
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Sagerer, Gerhard; Imai, Michita; Belpaeme, Tony; Thomaz, Andrea (Hg.) (2014): HRI'14. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction : March 3-6, 2014, Bielefeld, Germany. Unter Mitarbeit von Gerhard Sagerer und Michita Imai. the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference. Bielefeld, Germany, 3/3/2014 - 3/6/2014. Hri; Association for Computing Machinery; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; IEEE Robotics and Automation Society; ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
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(2014): Frustration and disappointment. In: Journal of Child Psychotherapy 40 (1), S. 36-57. DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2014.883136
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0075417X.2014.883136 Abstract: The paper describes research on children’s responses to failures of gratification. Although this has always been an important area of consideration in psychoanalytic thinking, arguments are put forward for the child’s actual feelings of disappointment being significant in ways that have yet to be fully realised theoretically and clinically within Kleinian object relations. Since Freud first used the term ‘frustration’, it has been applied in psychoanalysis as a means by which to describe in an undifferentiated way all those responses to failures of gratification that have an aggressive content. It will be argued that, in a context of the historical shift in thinking from drive to relational models, there is now perhaps scope to posit the existence instead of two discrete object relational positions towards such failures of aim—that frustrated responses can be differentiated in important structural and developmental ways from disappointed ones, by suggesting that the for mer are schizoid, whilst the latter are depressive in quality. To try and begin to test the hypothesis that there might be an object relational distinction between feelings of frustration and feelings of disappointment, selected process notes from two training cases became the subject of a combined piece of clinical and theoretical research. I will outline how this research was undertaken and present the findings that arose from the clinical part of it. With the use of a content analysis, a method for gathering interesting quantitative data about the children’s various responses to the failures of gratification was arrived at. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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Sankai, Yoshiyuki; Suzuki, Kenji; Hasegawa, Yasuhisa (Hg.) (2014): Cybernics: Fusion of human, machine and information systems. New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media
Keywords: Moral & Ethik -
(2014): Conceptual information processing. Amsterdam: Elsevier
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(2014): Investigating social competence in students with high intelligence. ProQuest Information & Learning, US.
Abstract: Social competence is vital for healthy development (Canto-Sperber & Dupuy, 2001; Spence, Barrett & Tuner, 2003). Beginning in childhood and heavily influenced by culture, social competence develops as we combine personal and environmental resources for positive social outcomes and includes the absence of negative behaviors alongside the presence of positive behaviors (Bierman & Welsh, 2008; Davidson, 2001). Social competence is particularly demonstrated through our verbal and nonverbal communication skills with others: categorized as pragmatic language. Often introduced in kindergarten, these skills include how to greet others, take turns, make requests, interpret cues and respond appropriately to others. Intellectual functioning has a role in social competence. While individuals may have the capacity to use long complex sentences with correct grammar, if they have not mastered the rules for social language their ability to communicate may be impaired. Most studies of the psychological characteristics of students with high intelligence have not demonstrated clinical symptoms beyond those of the general population, yet the absence of significant differences in clinical symptoms are often equated to having social competence (Lehman & Erdwins, 1985; Neihart, Reis, Robinson, & Moon, 2002; Rimm, 1995; Robinson, Lanzi, Weinberg, Ramey, & Ramey, 2002; Rose-Krasner, 2006). While the connection between communication skills and social competence is known for the general population and for students with diagnosed social difficulties, little is known about either the social competence of students with high intelligence, or the role pragmatic language skills have in their observed social competence (Merrell, Merz, Johnson, & Ring, 1992). This study replicates earlier research by affirming a negative relationship between high intelligence and psychopathology and poor social competence, yet goes beyond mere quantification of these characteristics to investigate the presence of underlying social language skills and association between pragmatic language and social competence. Multisource indices of social competence, clinical pathology and pragmatic language were gathered on a sample of 79 children, aged 7–10 years with intelligence quotient scores above 130 (FSIQ ≥ 130). Parents report lower incidence of clinically defined internalizing, externalizing and total problems for these students when compared to the general population. While students’ scores on the measure of pragmatic language did not predict their scores on the measure of social competence, they did demonstrate less frequency of clinical scores on pragmatic language than the general population and teachers report them as being more adjusted to school. This study contributes significantly to the literature by providing objective evidence of psychopathology, social competence and pragmatic language for a quantifiable sample of students with high intelligence. Methodological considerations are discussed, as are implications for further research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: clinical pathology, clinical scores, clinical symptoms, cognitive ability, communication skills, competence, correct grammar, diagnosed social difficulties, Entwicklungspsychologie, environmental resources, Gesundheit, healthy development, Intellectual functioning, Intelligence, intelligence quotient scores, Kommunikation, Language Disorders, language skills, lower incidence, Methodological considerations, Social intelligence, Social Skills, Soziale Intelligenz -
(2014): Are Hofstede's dimensions valid? A test for measurement invariance of uncertainty avoidance. In: Interculture Journal: Online Zeitschrift für interkulturelle Studien 13 (22), S. 11-26. Online verfügbar unter https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-454722
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(2014): Fuhrung und Macht. Warum Einflussnahme erfolgreicher ist. In: Wirtschaftspsychologie aktuell 21 (1), S. 28-32
Abstract: Die positiven und negativen Auswirkungen von Macht in Fuhrungspositionen auf die Zusammmenarbeit und die Produktivitat in hierarchisch organisierten Unternehmen werden dikutiert. Zunnachst erfolgt eine nahere Bestimmung des Fuhrungsbegriffs anhand der Abgrenzung von Machtausubung gegenuber Einflussnahme. Es wird die Auffassung vertreten, dass die gefuhlsbestimmte Wahrnehmung und Informationsverarbeitung aller sozialen Sachverhalte auf drei sozio-emotionalen Dimensionen beruht, der Gemeinschaft (Valenz), der Macht (Dominanz) und der Aktivierung (Erregung). Unterschiedliche Wirkungen von Einflussnahme und Machtausubung werden erortert. Im Anschluss werden Grunde fur die seltene Anwendung von kooperativer Fuhrung in der Praxis erlautert. Drei Dynamiken werden hier als relevant erachtet: (1) Korrumpierung durch Macht, (2) Streben nach mehr Macht verbunden mit Machtkampfen und (3) die Erwartung, dass Fuhrungskrafte in Wissen und Fertigkeiten den Untergebenen uberlegen sind. Abschliessend werden Hinweise zur Praxis positiver Fuhrung ohne Einfluss der drei genannten Dynamiken gegeben.
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(2014): Managing subjects, manufacturing citizens. Picturing sites of social control in nineteenth-century America. In: Early Popular Visual Culture 12 (2), S. 104-126. DOI: 10.1080/17460654.2014.923160
Abstract: This article examines structures of social control that became institutionalized in the United States in the 1870s and 1880s. In particular, it examines how key philanthropic and penal institutions within New York City, including the school, workhouse and prison, were represented in the illustrated popular press as sites for both controlling and training an industrializing workforce. Examining how the language of scientific management seeped into the social realm, this essay argues that visual representations of these sites helped to reinforce normative middle-class ideals about education, work and punishment. Examining the ways that artists interpreted and framed these sites for a group of primarily middle-class viewers and readers, this essay argues that social systems helped to construct an ideal, imagined citizen who is, first and foremost, an efficient worker. The purpose of these institutions was, in main part, to teach their inmates to labor and to replicate the state apparatus by maintaining social order. This article also deals with the increasingly structured and professional implementation of education and social work during the years leading up to the Progressive Era.
Keywords: Bildsemantik, education, Identitätsstiftung, Kulturtechnik, Kunst, Kunstgeschichte, labor, Rollen, social control, Social Rank, social systems, Soziale Klasse / Schicht, Soziale Ordnung, United States, Vergangenheit / Erziehung, visual culture, Vorurteile, Zuschreiben einer erwarteten Rolle -
(2014) : National Culture as Value Orientations. Consequences of Value Differences and Cultural Distance In: Ginsburgh, Victor; Throsby, Charles d. (Hg.): Handbook of the economics of art and culture: Amsterdam: Elsevier (Handbooks in economics), S. 547-586
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Schweizer, Katinka; Brunner, Franziska; Cerwenka, Susanne; Nieder, Timo O.; Briken, Peer (Hg.) (2014): Sexualität und Geschlecht. Psychosoziale, kultur- und sexualwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Eine Festschrift für Hertha Richter-Appelt. Unter Mitarbeit von Katinka Schweizer, Franziska Brunner, Susanne Cerwenka, Timo O. Nieder, Peer Briken, Inga Becker, Christina von Braun, Martin Dannecker, Arne Dekker, Annika Flöter, Harald J. Freyberger, Beatrix Gromus, Christina Handford, Vivian Jückstock, Uwe Koch, Susanne Krege, Silja Matthiesen, Birgit Möller, Karl-Josef Pazzini, Friedemann Pfäfflin, Konstanze Plett, Wilhelm F. Preuss, Ilka Quindeau, Rainer Richter, Volkmar Sigusch, Bernhard Strauß und Lucie G. Veith. Gießen, Lahn: Psychosozial-Verlag (Beiträge zur Sexualforschung)
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(2014) : Sexualität und Geschlecht : Psychosoziale, kultur- und sexualwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Eine Festschrift für Hertha Richter-Appelt In: Schweizer, Katinka; Brunner, Franziska; Cerwenka, Susanne; Nieder, Timo O.; Briken, Peer (Hg.): Sexualität und Geschlecht: Psychosoziale, kultur- und sexualwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Eine Festschrift für Hertha Richter-Appelt. Unter Mitarbeit von Katinka Schweizer, Franziska Brunner, Susanne Cerwenka, Timo O. Nieder, Peer Briken, Inga Becker, Christina von Braun, Martin Dannecker, Arne Dekker, Annika Flöter, Harald J. Freyberger, Beatrix Gromus, Christina Handford, Vivian Jückstock, Uwe Koch, Susanne Krege, Silja Matthiesen, Birgit Möller, Karl-Josef Pazzini, Friedemann Pfäfflin, Konstanze Plett, Wilhelm F. Preuss, Ilka Quindeau, Rainer Richter, Volkmar Sigusch, Bernhard Strauß und Lucie G. Veith: Gießen, Lahn: Psychosozial-Verlag (Beiträge zur Sexualforschung)
Abstract: Obwohl Sexualität und Geschlecht in unserer Gesellschaft allgegenwärtig sind, führt meist erst die Konfrontation mit Abweichungen von der vermeintlichen Norm zu einer ernsthaften Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Themen. Anlässlich des 65. Geburtstags der Sexualforscherin und Psychoanalytikerin Hertha Richter-Appelt werden Sexualität und Geschlecht aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln beleuchtet. Dabei werden Bezüge auf Religion, Politik, Körper, Identität, Partnerschaft und deutsche Geschichte hergestellt. Die Beiträge regen einen Diskurs zwischen kritischer Sexualwissenschaft, Psychoanalyse, Medizin, Psychologie, Selbsthilfe, Rechts-, Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften an. - Inhalt: (A) Geschlecht und Sexualität in Gesellschaft und Politik. (1) Christina von Braun: Religion und Geschlecht. (2) Volkmar Sigusch: Sexualität und Geschlecht in den letzten Jahrzehnten. (3) Konstanze Plett: Über die Notwendigkeit, Geschlecht interdisziplinär zu betrachten. (4) Friedemann Pfäfflin: Transgender Politics. (5) Uwe Koch: Die "Feminisierung" der Medizin: ein Problem? - (B) Psychoanalytische Blicke auf Geschlechtlichkeit. (6) Ilka Quindeau: Der janusköpfige Ödipus - der Kernkomplex in der Entwicklung von Sexualitäten und Geschlechtern? (7) Karl-Josef Pazzini: Liebesbegebenheiten. Notizen zu Übertragung, Trieb und Sexualität. (8) Martin Dannecker: Von den Schwierigkeiten der Psychoanalyse mit der männlichen Homosexualität. - (C) Geschlechtervielfalt: Menschen, Medizin und Lebenswelten. (9) Susanne Cerwenka: Soziale Ressourcen und Diskriminierungserfahrungen von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen mit Geschlechtsdysphorie. (10) Inga Becker und Birgit Möller: Besonderheiten und Herausforderungen in der Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Geschlechtsdysphorie. (11) Susanne Krege: Veränderungen im medizinischen Umgang mit Transsexualität und Intersexualität. (12) Lucie G. Veith: Vom Opfersein zum Menschsein in Würde: Intersexuelle Menschen auf dem Weg zurück in das gesellschaftliche Bewusstsein. 10 Jahre Intersexuelle Menschen e.V. (13) Franziska Brunner, Christina Handford und Katinka Schweizer: Geschlechtervielfalt und Intersexualität. (14) Timo O. Nieder: Von der dauerhaft transponierten Geschlechtsidentität zur Genderqueerness. Eine theoretische und praxisorientierte Annäherung. - (D) Sexualität, Körper und Geschlecht in der Psychotherapie. (15) Wilhelm F. Preuss: Geschichte einer Rückkehr aus der weiblichen in die männliche Geschlechtsrolle zwanzig Jahre nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung. (16) Annika Flöter und Vivian Jückstock: Therapeutin und Patient im forensischen Feld. Geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte in der psychodynamischen Behandlung von Männern mit Sexualdelinquenz. (17) Harald J. Freyberger: Heimkindheit in der DDR. Eine Kasuistik zu einer vernachlässigten Thematik. (18) Bernhard Strauß: Das subjektive Körpererleben in der Psychotherapieforschung. - (E) Partnerschaft, Sexualität und Liebe. (19) Katinka Schweizer: Ratgeberliebe - wie wir lieben sollen. (20) Arne Dekker und Silja Matthiesen: Flexible Orientierung? Bisexualität und nicht-monosexuelle Partnerwahl in vier Jahrzehnten. (21) Beatrix Gromus: Weibliche Sexualität. - (F) Persönliche Festschriftbeiträge. (22) Peer Briken: Sexualwissenschaftlerinnen-on-Board (SoB) - Index. Vorläufige Ergebnisse einer Studie für Hertha Richter-Appelt zur Gleichstellung in der Sexualwissenschaft. (23) Katinka Schweizer: Forschen - Lehren - Wissen schaffen. (24) Rainer Richter: Watchful waiting.
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Seibt, Johanna; Hakli, Raul; Nørskov, Marco (Hg.) (2014): Sociable robots and the future of social relations. Proceedings of Robo-Philosophy 2014. Conference Robo-Philosophy 2014 - Sociable robots and the future of social relations. Amsterdam: IOS Press (Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications)
Abstract: The robotics industry is growing rapidly, and to a large extent the development of this market sector is due to the area of social robotics – the production of robots that are designed to enter the space of human social interaction, both physically and semantically. Since social robots present a new type of social agent, they have been aptly classified as a disruptive technology, i.e. the sort of technology which affects the core of our current social practices and might lead to profound cultural and social change. Due to its disruptive and innovative potential, social robotics raises not only questions about utility, ethics, and legal aspects, but calls for “robo-philosophy” – the comprehensive philosophical reflection from the perspectives of all philosophical disciplines. This book presents the proceedings of the first conference in this new area, “Robo-Philosophy 2014 – Sociable Robots and the Future of Social Relations, held in Aarhus, Denmark, in August 2014. The short papers and abstracts collected here address questions of social robotics from the perspectives of philosophy of mind, social ontology, ethics, meta-ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, intercultural philosophy, and metaphilosophy. Social robotics is still in its early stages, but it is precisely now that we need to reflect its possible cultural repercussions. This book is accessible to a wide readership and will be of interest to everyone involved in the development and use of social robotics applications, from social roboticists to policy makers.
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(2014): Child–robot interaction across cultures. How does playing a game with a social robot compare to playing a game alone or with a friend?. In: Computers in Human Behavior 40, S. 86-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.043
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.043 Abstract: The present study investigates how children from two different cultural backgrounds (Pakistani, Dutch) and two different age groups (8 and 12 year olds) experience interacting with a social robot (iCat) during collaborative game play. We propose a new method to evaluate children’s interaction with such a robot, by asking whether playing a game with a state-of-the-art social robot like the iCat is more similar to playing this game alone or with a friend. A combination of self-report scores, perception test results and behavioral analyses indicate that child–robot interaction in game playing situations is highly appreciated by children, although more by Pakistani and younger children than by Dutch and older children. Results also suggest that children enjoyed playing with the robot more than playing alone, but enjoyed playing with a friend even more. In a similar vein, we found that children were more expressive in their non-verbal behavior when playing with the robot t han when they were playing alone, but less expressive than when playing with a friend. Our results not only stress the importance of using new benchmarks for evaluating child–robot interaction but also highlight the significance of cultural differences for the design of social robots. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 25
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(2014): Fairness: What it is, what it isn't, and what it might be for.. Yale U., US. Online verfügbar unter http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3571929, zuletzt geprüft am 24.02.2018
Abstract: From Capitol Hill to the schoolyard, fairness is an important concern in human interactions. Although adults and children clearly act selfishly and show favoritism toward the people they like, they also care about fairness—they prefer for resources to be distributed equally unless there is some other reason for an unequal division such as work or need (Hook & Cook, 1979). This concern with fairness is somewhat perplexing to evolutionary theorists. If a psychological system was shaped by natural selection, then it must have solved some adaptive problem—a recurrent problem that influenced one's chance of passing on one's genes, or copies of one's genes that exist in relatives (Tooby & Cosmides, 1992). What adaptive problem does fairness solve? In answering this question, it is first important to differentiate fairness from other psychological systems that may prompt people to pursue equality. Previous research tends to conflate a desire for equality with a desire to be generous and increase welfare overall. Generosity is usually directed toward those who have less, which often has the side effect of reducing inequality; but the aim of generosity is not to attain perfect equality. Would people still value fairness if it conflicted with generosity? I investigate this question in 6- to 8-yearold children: an ideal population for studying fairness since they have had experience sharing resources, but have likely not been exposed to philosophical theories of fairness. I find that children value fairness even when being fair means being ungenerous: children prefer to throw a resource away than to share unequally by giving one recipient more than another recipient. Children at this age also favor a person who shares resources equally (giving two resources to each recipient) to one who is more generous overall but shares unequally (giving two resources to one recipient and six to another), again suggesting that children at this age value fairness per se, not just generosity. I then explore some reasons why children might be fair, and suggest that part of the motivation behind children's fair behavior is a desire to socially signal to others that they are fair. That is, children are concerned with appearing fair to others rather than just being fair. Next, I present work which suggests that the desire to appear fair is really a desire to appear impartial; children will pay others unequally for equal work as long as they can use an impartial procedure to assign resources to others. Based on my work, I argue that fairness functions to promote the appearance of impartiality to others. I further argue that people are motivated to signal impartiality in order to avoid condemnation from others, who would judge them for trying to demonstrate or initiate alliances through preferential resource sharing. This theory has the potential to unite research programs on procedural and distributive fairness. It also emphasizes the delicate balance tha t people must maintain between public impartiality and private favoritism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: adaptive problem, age value fairness, children value fairness, delicate balance, distributive fairness, equal work, evolutionary theorists, fair behavior, human interactions, ideal population, impartial procedure, initiate alliances, natural selection, ph, Fairness, Interaktionsforschung, Pädagogische Psychologie, Verhaltensforschung -
(2014): Vorfragen zur Wahrheit: Ein Traktat über kognitive Sprachen. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter (Scientia nova). Online verfügbar unter https://books.google.de/books?id=d9-dCgAAQBAJ
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(2014): Anerkennung als Prinzip der praktischen Philosophie. Untersuchungen zu Hegels Jenaer Philosophie des Geistes. Hamburg: Meiner (Blaue Reihe). Online verfügbar unter http://www.meiner.de
Abstract: Der Gedanke der Anerkennung als Norm zwischenmenschlichen Verhaltens und Kriterium der Beurteilung von sozialen Lebensformen und Institutionen hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten weltweit eine bedeutende philosophische Karriere gehabt. Dabei hat die Rezeption des Deutschen Idealismus eine entscheidende Rolle gespielt. Das gilt auch für den amerikanischen Pragmatismus von Mead bis Taylor und Brandom oder den Existentialismus und die Phänomenologie in Frankreich von Kojève bis Ricoeur. Das Buch verfolgt die Entstehung von Hegels Philosophie des objektiven Geistes in der Jenaer Zeit, in der »Anerkennung« das organisierende Systemprinzip ist. Dabei werden zeitgenössische Theorien der Intersubjektivität (Sartre, Lacan) oder der gelungenen Sozialisation (Habermas, Dreitzel) als Maßstab sozialer Institutionen auf ihre Nähe zu Hegel hin untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf Hegels Methode, zum Verständnis und zur Kritik einer existierenden Gesellschaftsordnung auf die historische Genese von Normen und Institutionen zurückzugreifen. Ein solches genetisch-kritisches Verfahren scheint auch heute einem apriorisch-deduktiven überlegen (so auch M. Walzer oder R. Geuss). Hegel vermag das Potential seiner Theorie aber, wie auch anhand der Berliner Rechtsphilosophie gezeigt wird, aufgrund bestimmter metaphysischer Prämissen nur unvollkommen auszuschöpfen. Mit der internationalen Entwicklung der Anerkennungstheorie seit 1979 setzt sich die Einleitung dieser Neubearbeitung auseinander. Der Gedanke der Anerkennung als Norm zwischenmenschlichen Verhaltens und Kriterium der Beurteilung von sozialen Lebensformen und Institutionen hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten weltweit eine bedeutende philosophische Karriere gehabt. Dabei hat die Rezeption des Deutschen Idealismus eine entscheidende Rolle gespielt. Das gilt auch für den amerikanischen Pragmatismus von Mead bis Taylor und Brandom oder den Existentialismus und die Phänomenologie in Frankreich von Kojève bis Ricoeur. Das Buch verfolgt die Entstehung von Hegels Philosophie des objektiven Geistes in der Jenaer Zeit, in der »Anerkennung« das organisierende Systemprinzip ist. Dabei werden zeitgenössische Theorien der Intersubjektivität (Sartre, Lacan) oder der gelungenen Sozialisation (Habermas, Dreitzel) als Maßstab sozialer Institutionen auf ihre Nähe zu Hegel hin untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf Hegels Methode, zum Verständnis und zur Kritik einer existierenden Gesellschaftsordnung auf die historische Genese von Normen und Institutionen zurückzugreifen. Ein solches genetisch-kritisches Verfahren scheint auch heute einem apriorisch-deduktiven überlegen (so auch M. Walzer oder R. Geuss). Hegel vermag das Potential seiner Theorie aber, wie auch anhand der Berliner Rechtsphilosophie gezeigt wird, aufgrund bestimmter metaphysischer Prämissen nur unvollkommen auszuschöpfen. Mit der internationalen Entwicklung der Anerkennungstheorie seit 1979 setzt sich die Einleitung dieser Neubearbeitung auseinander.
Keywords: Anerkennung, Praktische Philosophie -
(2014): The role of selective attention and action selection in the development of multiple action capabilities. In: Connection Science 26 (4), S. 389-402. DOI: 10.1080/09540091.2014.942597
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540091.2014.942597 Abstract: In this paper we illustrate how the capacity to select the most appropriate actions when handling contexts affording multiple conflicting actions can be solved either through a selective attention strategy (in which the stimuli affording alternative actions are filtered out at the perceptual level through top-down regulation) or at later processing stages through an action selection strategy (through the suppression of the premotor information eliciting alternative actions). By carrying out a series of experiments in which a neuro-robot develops an ability to choose between conflicting actions, we were able to identify the conditions that lead to the development of solutions based on one strategy or another. Overall, the results indicate that the selective attention strategy constitutes the most simple and straightforward mechanism enabling the acquisition of such capacities. Moreover, the characteristics of the adaptive/learning process influence whether the adaptive robot converges towards a selective attention and/or action selection strategy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)