Alle Publikationen
2013
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(2013): The impact of social context and language comprehension on behaviour. A kinematic investigation. In: PLoS one 8 (12). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085151
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24376869 Abstract: We investigated whether and how comprehending sentences that describe a social context influences our motor behaviour. Our stimuli were sentences that referred to objects having different connotations (e.g., attractive/ugly vs. smooth/prickly) and that could be directed towards the self or towards "another person" target (e.g., "The object is ugly/smooth. Bring it to you/Give it to another person"). Participants judged whether each sentence was sensible or non-sensible by moving the mouse towards or away from their body. Mouse movements were analysed according to behavioral and kinematics parameters. In order to enhance the social meaning of the linguistic stimuli, participants performed the task either individually (Individual condition) or in a social setting, in co-presence with the experimenter. The experimenter could either act as a mere observer (Social condition) or as a confederate, interacting with participants in an off-line modality at the end of task execution (Joint condition). Results indicated that the different roles taken by the experimenter affected motor behaviour and are discussed within an embodied approach to language processing and joint actions. zitiert von 4
Keywords: Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology, Comprehension/physiology, Context, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Interaction, Italy, Language, Motor Activity/physiology, Male, Motor Processes, Neuropsychological Tests, Observers, Sentence Comprehension, Social Environment, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult -
(2013): Moral maturity: Measuring the development of sociomoral reflection. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge
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(2013) : Personal service: A robot that greets people individually based on observed behavior patterns: 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Tokyo, Japan: IEEE, S. 129-130
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2013.6483535 Abstract: We are developing an interactive service robot which provides personal greetings to customers, using a machine-learning approach based on observations of a customer’s appearance or behavior from on-board or environmental sensors. For each visit, several features are recorded, such as “time of day” or “number of people in group.” A set of classifiers trained by human coders compare the current features with the person’s individual history, to determine an appropriate feature for a robot to speak about. This system enables the robot to make context-appropriate comments such as “good morning, you’re here very early today.” We present the design of our system and an encouraging set of preliminary prediction results based on one month of data taken from real customers at a shopping mall.
Keywords: Accuracy, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), context-appropriate comments, customer appearance, customer behavior, environmental sensors, Feature extraction, History, human coders, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, interactive service robot, learning (artificial intelligence), long-term interaction, machine-learning approach, observed behavior patterns, personal greetings, personal service, Robot sensing systems, Sensors, service robot, shopping mall -
(2013): Why we do things together. The social motivation for joint action. In: Philosophical Psychology 26 (4), S. 588-603. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2012.670905
Abstract: Joint action is a growing field of research, spanning across the cognitive, behavioral, and brain sciences as well as receiving considerable attention amongst philosophers. I argue that there has been a significant oversight within this field concerning the possibility that many joint actions are driven, at least in part, by agents' social motivations rather than merely by their shared intentions. Social motivations are not directly related to the (joint) target goal of the action. Instead, when agents are mutually socially motivated in joint action this is because they find acting with others rewarding in its own right. Moreover the involvement of social motivation in joint action typically enables individuals to achieve the long-term benefits associated with being part of a social bond. I argue that taking social motivations into account better prepares us for explaining a broader range of joint actions, including those that are of an antagonistic, competitive, or explorative character. Finally, I show that recognizing the importance of social motivations entails that joint actions (in general) should be understood as having the two primary functions of (1) achieving the intended target outcome of an action, and (2) attaining the benefits related to being part of a social bond.
Keywords: Herkunft von Sozialität, Intentionalität, Joint Action / Collective Agency, Joint Action, Joint Intentions, Social Bonds, Social Emotions, Social Motivation, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, kollektive Intentionalität, Neuropsychologie, Philosophical Psychology, Soziale Motivation, Spezifika von Menschen -
(2013): Creating a model of the dynamics of socio-technical groups. In: User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 23 (4), S. 345-379. DOI: 10.1007/s11257-012-9122-3
Abstract: Individuals participating in technologically mediated forms of organization often have difficulty recognizing when groups emerge, and how the groups they take part in evolve. This paper contributes an analytical framework that improves awareness of these virtual group dynamics through analysis of electronic trace data from tasks and interactions carried out by individuals in systems not explicitly designed for context adaptivity, user modeling or user personalization. We discuss two distinct cases to which we have applied our analytical framework. These two cases provide a useful contrast of two prevalent ways for analyzing social relations starting from electronic trace data: either artifact-mediated or direct person-to-person interactions. Our case study integrates electronic trace data analysis with analysis of other, triangulating data specific to each application. We show how our techniques fit in a general model of group informatics, which can serve to construct group context, and be leveraged by future tool development aimed at augmenting context adaptivity with group context and a social dimension. We describe our methods, data management strategies and technical architecture to support the analysis of individual user task context, increased awareness of group membership, and an integrated view of social, information and coordination contexts.
Keywords: Activity awareness, adaptivity, Communities of practice, Computerwissenschaft, Group awareness, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, Informations- & Kommunikationstechnik, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Networks of practice, Realtechnik, Social Simulation, Task context, Technik, Virtual groups -
(2013) : Das Wertekonzept in der Psychologie und die Wertetheorie nach Shalom H. Schwarz In: Erbes, Annegret; Giese, Charlotte; Rollik, Heribert (Hg.): Werte und Wertebildung in Familien, Bildungsinstitutionen, Kooperationen: Beiträge aus Theorie und Praxis: Berlin: Deutsches Rotes Kreuz e.V, S. 288-303
Abstract: Ausgehend vom Wertebegriff und den Schwierigkeiten seiner Bestimmung wird mit dem Circumplex-Modell der Werte von S. H. Schwartz das in der psychologischen Werteforschung seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre etablierteste Wertemodell vorgestellt. Schwartz unterscheidet Wertetypen und ihre motivationalen Inhalte (Universalismus, Selbstbestimmung, Stimulation, Hedonismus, Leistung, Macht, Sicherheit, Konformität, Tradition, Güte/Wohlwollen). Folgende Punkte, durch die sich diese Theorie gegenüber anderen Wertetheorien auszeichnet, werden hervorgehoben: (1) Das Circumplex-Modell wurde zunächst auf der Basis theoretischer Erwägungen formuliert und anschließend anhand von abgeleiteten Hypothesen empirisch überprüft (top down). (2) Es handelt sich um ein persönlichkeitspsychologisches Modell, dem ein deskriptives Werteverständnis zugrunde liegt. (3) Das Modell bietet im Vergleich zu anderen den feinsten Grad der inhaltlichen Differenzierung. (4) Die Circumplexstruktur konnte mit verschiedenen Instrumenten für verschiedene Einsatzmöglichkeiten unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Messmodelle empirisch unterstützt werden.
Keywords: Sozialpsychologie, Werte -
Gollwitzer, Mario; Lotz, Sebastian; Schlösser, Thomas; Streicher, Bernhard (Hg.) (2013): Soziale Gerechtigkeit. Was unsere Gesellschaft aus den Erkenntnissen der Gerechtigkeitspsychologie lernen kann. Göttingen: Hogrefe
Abstract: Gesetzliche Lohnuntergrenzen, Arbeitsaufteilung in Familien, Justizirrtümer, betriebliche Mitbestimmung, Managergehälter, frühkindliche Förderung, Studiengebühren–so unterschiedlich und unzusammenhängend diese Themen auf den ersten Blick auch klingen mögen, sie haben eines gemeinsam: Sie werfen Fragen auf, in denen mit „Gerechtigkeit “argumentiert wird und werden muss. Dass Gerechtigkeit ein wünschbares Ideal darstellt und Ungerechtigkeit zu Konflikten und unter Umständen sogar zu gewaltvollen …
Keywords: Fairnesstheorie, sanctions -
(2013) : Gerechtigkeitsaspekte sozialer Sanktionssysteme In: Gollwitzer, Mario; Lotz, Sebastian; Schlösser, Thomas; Streicher, Bernhard (Hg.): Soziale Gerechtigkeit. Was unsere Gesellschaft aus den Erkenntnissen der Gerechtigkeitspsychologie lernen kann: Göttingen: Hogrefe, S. 157-173
Abstract: Aus einer gerechtigkeitspsychologischen Sicht werden Fragen der Vergeltungsgerechtigkeit erörtert. Neben der Angemessenheit von Vergeltungsaktionen werden Funktionen von Strafe aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln (als Sühne oder Mittel zur Normbekräftigung) betrachtet und Implikationen von Strafen in und zwischen Gruppen erläutert. Zudem werden unterschiedliche Formen sozialer Sanktionen beleuchtet und Zusammenhänge des Strafrechts mit Rache und Vergeltung diskutiert.
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(2013): Design of social agents. In: Neurocomputing 114, S. 92-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2012.06.046
Abstract: Social behavior, as compared to the egoistic behavior, is known to be more beneficial to groups of subjects and even to individual members of a group. For this reason, social norms naturally emerge as a product of evolution in human and animal populations. The benefit of the social behavior makes it also an interesting subject in the field of artificial agents. Social interactions implemented in computer agents can improve their personal and group performance. In this study we formulate design principles of social agents and use them to create social computer agents. To construct social agents we take two approaches. First, we construct a social computer agent based on our understanding of social behavior. Second, we use an evolutionary approach to create a social agent. The social agents are shown to outperform agents that do not utilize social behavior.
Keywords: Constructing social computer based on social behaviour, Design, Disziplin, Ethologie (Verhaltensforschung), Favoriten, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Kooperation, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Realtechnik, Sozial Intelligente Agenten, Soziale Robotik, Technik, Volltreffer, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten -
(2013): Exploring influencing variables for the acceptance of social robots. In: Robotics and Autonomous Systems 61 (12), S. 1476-1486. DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2013.07.007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.07.007 Abstract: In order to introduce social robots successfully, we must first understand the underlying reasons whereupon potential users accept these robots to reside within their own homes. An extensive literature review has been conducted and provides an overview of variables influencing the acceptance of social robots categorized by utilitarian variables, hedonic variables, user characteristics, social normative beliefs and control beliefs. In a user study, in which 60 participants interacted with a social robot, both the robot itself and the interaction experience the users had with the robot were evaluated. The results indicate that especially the variables of usefulness, adaptability, enjoyment, sociability, companionship and perceived behavioral control are important evaluating the user acceptance of social robots. Hence, the present study contributes to human–robot interaction research by designating the variables that lead to social robot acceptance. Subsequently, this study may serve as a onset in developing an integral model which takes into consideration the relevant determinants of social robot acceptance.
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(2013): What matters to older people with assisted living needs? A phenomenological analysis of the use and non-use of telehealth and telecare. In: Social science & medicine (1982) 93, S. 86-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.036
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.036 Abstract: Telehealth and telecare research has been dominated by efficacy trials. The field lacks a sophisticated theorisation of [a] what matters to older people with assisted living needs; [b] how illness affects people's capacity to use technologies; and [c] the materiality of assistive technologies. We sought to develop a phenomenologically and socio-materially informed theoretical model of assistive technology use. Forty people aged 60-98 (recruited via NHS, social care and third sector) were visited at home several times in 2011-13. Using ethnographic methods, we built a detailed picture of participants' lives, illness experiences and use (or non-use) of technologies. Data were analysed phenomenologically, drawing on the work of Heidegger, and contextualised using a structuration approach with reference to Bourdieu's notions of habitus and field. We found that participants' needs were diverse and unique. Each had multiple, mutually reinforcing impairments (e.g. tremor and visual loss and stiff hands) that were steadily worsening, culturally framed and bound up with the prospect of decline and death. They managed these conditions subjectively and experientially, appropriating or adapting technologies so as to enhance their capacity to sense and act on their world. Installed assistive technologies met few participants' needs; some devices had been abandoned and a few deliberately disabled. Successful technology arrangements were often characterised by 'bricolage' (pragmatic customisation, combining new with legacy devices) by the participant or someone who knew and cared about them. With few exceptions, the current generation of so-called 'assisted living technologies' does not assist people to live with illness. To overcome this irony, technology providers need to move beyond the goal of representing technology users informationally (e.g. as biometric data) to providing flexible components from which individuals and their carers can 'think with things' to improve the situated, lived experience of multi-morbidity. A radical revision of assistive technology design policy may be needed.
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(2013): Can social intelligence be measured? Psychometric properties of the Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale—English Version. In: The Irish Journal of Psychology 34 (1), S. 1-12. DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.737758
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2012.737758 Abstract: Despite its intuitive appeal as a construct relevant to a number of psychological outcomes, adequate operationalisation of social intelligence has been problematic for researchers. This research aimed to extend the understanding of the measurement of social intelligence by investigating the psychometric properties of the English version of Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale by Silvera, Martinussen and Dahl. Factor analysis (N = 328; Maximum Likelihood with Promax rotation) revealed three clear factors that paralleled the original Norwegian measure: social skills, social information processing and social awareness. Construct validity was also examined (N = 116). As predicted, social intelligence was strongly and significantly related to political skill, emotional intelligence (EI) and empathy in both males and females. In addition, as predicted, there were weak relationships with social desirability; however, for males, there was no relationship between social intelligence and social desirability. Internal reliability was adequate to good, and temporal stability over a 2-week interval was excellent. It is concluded that the English version of the scale has sound psychometric properties, that the factor structure of the Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale is stable in the English version and that the relationships evident with political skill, EI and empathy suggest that the measure is successfully capturing the nature of social intelligence. While social intelligence remains a difficult construct to operationalise, consideration of the construct within a developing nomological network is indicated. The Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale—English Version may be a useful tool for researchers aiming to operationalise trait or typical social intelligence in an easy to administer, self-report format in English-speaking samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): Soziale Normen, Akzeptanz von Innovationen und die moderierende Rolle von Trendsetting. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O 57 (4), S. 177-184. DOI: 10.1026/0932-4089/a000121
DOI: https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1026/0932-4089/a000121 Abstract: Trendsetters are individuals who like to take up information on innovation and pass it on and explain it to others (Batinic et al., 2006). Trendsetting supposedly explains the diffusion of innovations because it describes individuals that are sensitive to innovations and less susceptible to social influence. However, contrary to these expectations, previous research has suggested that trendsetters strongly rely on social norms. This cross-sectional study—based on a sample of experts (n = 90) on agricultural innovations—analyses the effect of trendsetting, social norms, and their interaction on the acceptance of new technologies and innovations in precision farming. Consistent with results from an earlier study, trendsetters tend to take into account the attitudes of other persons when dealing with new technologies, and trendsetting seems to have a norm reinforcing function. Contrary to expectations, trendsetting does not seem to be a measure to identify individuals who are both high in innovativeness and less affected by the opinions of other people.
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(2013): Development and validation of Social Intelligence Scale for university students. In: Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 28 (1), S. 65-83
Abstract: The present research was undertaken to develop and validate the social intelligence scale. Attributes of social intelligence were elicited from 35 university students. After empirical validation, 431 university students were asked to rate themselves on the 98 item on a 4-point scale. Factor analysis revealed five factors namely; Social Manipulation (SM), Social Facilitation (SF), Social Empathy (SE), Extroversion (E), and Social Adaptability (SA). SM and SA appeared to be the two ends of social skills judged to be negative and positive. SM comprising rather devious set of items used to exploit others for selfish ends. SA represented honest and sincere interaction with others resulting in mutual benefit. SF was positively related to SE and SA whereas SM was not. Extroversion correlated highly with all factors. Construct validity was established with the help of Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-On, 1997) and test retest reliability was also found to be satisfactory. The findings are discussed in terms of the factor structure and function of SI in the context of the culture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): Causally Redundant Social Objects. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 44 (6), S. 798-809. DOI: 10.1177/0048393114521364
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393114521364 Abstract: In Elder-Vass’s response to my critical discussion of his social ontology, it is maintained (1) that a social object is not identical with but is merely composed of its suitably interrelated parts, (2) that a social object is necessarily indistinguishable in terms of its causal capacities from its interrelated parts, and (3) that ontological individualism lacks an adequate ontological justification. In this reply, I argue that in view of (1) the so-called redescription principle defended by Elder-Vass ought to be reformulated and renamed; that the conjunction of (1) and (2) renders social objects causally redundant; and that ontological individualism can be coherently formulated and theoretically justified within Elder-Vass’s own metaphysics of objects with causal powers.
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(2013): Emotions as signals of normative conduct. In: Cognition & emotion 27 (8), S. 1395-1404. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.791615
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23650979 Abstract: Social interactions are heavily norm-based and these norms need to be learned. For this, the emotional reactions of other's in response to a norm transgression can serve as signals. We were able to show that when a group responds with anger to a norm transgressing behaviour, participants were better able to correctly infer the norm than when the group responded with sadness or emotional neutrality. We further tested a process-model showing that this inference is based on the participants' understanding of the groups' appraisals of the behaviour. That is, participants who were able to reverse engineer the underlying appraisal of norm-incompatibility from the emotion expressions inferred the norm more readily. Humans as a social species, require efficient means to quickly adapt to new situations and to perform flawlessly in social contexts. Emotion information is one of the instruments that can be used in this quest.
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(2013): Finding a roadmap to achieve large neuromorphic hardware systems. In: Frontiers in neuroscience 7. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00118
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24058330 Abstract: Neuromorphic systems are gaining increasing importance in an era where CMOS digital computing techniques are reaching physical limits. These silicon systems mimic extremely energy efficient neural computing structures, potentially both for solving engineering applications as well as understanding neural computation. Toward this end, the authors provide a glimpse at what the technology evolution roadmap looks like for these systems so that Neuromorphic engineers may gain the same benefit of anticipation and foresight that IC designers gained from Moore's law many years ago. Scaling of energy efficiency, performance, and size will be discussed as well as how the implementation and application space of Neuromorphic systems are expected to evolve over time.
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(2013): Disentangling face, facework and im/ politeness. In: Sociocultural Pragmatics 1 (1), S. 46-73
Abstract: It is generally assumed in pragmatics that face is essentially a “socially attributed aspect of self”, and that politeness is one kind of facework, alongside other forms of facework such as impoliteness, mock impoliteness, mock politeness, self politeness and so on. In this paper, the assumed necessary link between face and im/politeness is questioned. Drawing from emic studies of face and im/politeness, it is argued that face and im/politeness should be studied, in the first instance, as distinct objects of study in their own right. It is also suggested that drawing from a wider range of emic conceptualisations of face and im/politeness opens up aspects of interpersonal phenomena that have been relatively neglected in pragmatics to date, namely, the importance of relationships as well as the sets of expectancies that underpin evaluations of im/politeness, as distinct areas for theorisation and analysis. It is concluded that while the Goffmanian face(work) paradigm has proven very productive in pragmatics, drawing from various other emic understandings affords further hitherto relatively under-explored analytical opportunities in the study of interpersonal phenomena.
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(2013): Im/politeness, social practice and the participation order. In: Journal of Pragmatics 58, S. 52-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.003 Abstract: Im/politeness is often conceptualised as the hearer's evaluation of a speaker's behaviour in discursive politeness research, representing the broader concern with the participant's perspective in current im/politeness research. Yet despite the importance afforded evaluations in such approaches, the notion of evaluation itself has remained, with just a few notable exceptions, remarkably under-theorised in pragmatics. In this paper it is proposed, building on work from discursive psychology and ethnomethodology, that im/politeness evaluations are intimately inter-related with the interactional achievement of social actions and pragmatic meanings vis-à-vis the moral order, and thus evaluations of im/politeness can be ultimately understood as a form of social practice. However, it is argued that an analysis of im/politeness as social practice necessitates a move away from a simplistic speaker–hearer model of interaction to a consideration of the broader participation framework (Goffman, 1981) within which they arise, and the positioning of the analysts vis-à-vis that participation order. A key finding from close analysis of evaluations of im/politeness in interaction relative to these participation footings is that they are distributed, variable and cumulative in nature.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy -
(2013): Embodiment of Social Status. Verticality Effects in Multilevel Rank-Orders. In: Social Cognition 31 (3), S. 374-389. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2013.31.3.374
Abstract: Social status appears to be represented as a vertical dimension. High status labels (e.g., master) are identified faster when presented higher as compared to lower in the perceptual field, and vice versa for low status labels (e.g., servant). In this research, participants constructed representations of a status rank order between novel target persons, A > B > C > D, based on interactions they read in a story. Subsequent status queries about pairs of wider distance on the rank order are responded to quicker and with higher accuracy (Experiment 1). The spatial consistency effect was replicated and shown to make an independent contribution to the distance effect. Similar results are obtained even in a condition that does not explicitly provide inferences about nonadjacent pairs in the order, but requires these inferences to be made via transitivity during learning (Experiment 2). Implications for current theories of embodied social status are discussed.
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(2013) : Theory of Reasoned Action In: Gellman, Marc D.: Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine: New York: Springer (Springer reference), S. 1964-1967
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(2013): Simple heuristics in a social world. Social learning: A route to good cue orders. New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press (Evolution and cognition)
Abstract: Discusses how individuals learn good cue orders in social learning. The process of how people can learn this both individually and socially by exchanging information is outlined. It is hypothesized that information exchange can help boundedly rational individuals efficiently solve the problem of learning which cues are good by the use of various heuristics. Illustrative data from recent experimental research regarding both individuals and groups are discussed. Results showed that individual learning of cue orders was slower than when engaged socially with others, likely due to the participant's imitation of a group's most accurate member. In conclusion, it is argued that an integrative view of both individual and social learning is most relevant when studying the learning of good cue orders.
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(2013): Toward an Understanding of Culture and the Performance of Teams in Complex Systems. In: IEEE Systems Journal 7 (4), S. 606-615. DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2012.2206153
Abstract: Systems are becoming ever more complex and the practice of systems engineering is becoming more formalized. However, this formalization is aimed primarily at the technical and process components of complex systems and systems of systems. National cultural variations in the human components of such systems (typically functioning as groups or teams) are not typically included in the formal specifications and, as a result, the technical end products do not fully compensate for these variations. This paper provides an introduction to culture, its sources, its measurement, and its effects on team performance. It presents a summary of the research literature on culture and teams, and an overview of a set of pilot studies carried out by the authors. It then describes a methodology and software tool developed by the authors for the assessment of the cultural traits of team members and the estimation of the effects of team member culture on team performance. This paper concludes that despite some disparities in the results of research studies, sufficiently strong relationships between culture and team performance have been established to justify the development of culture-sensitive team performance prediction tools.
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(2013): Metaphysik und Mantik. Die Deutungsnatur des Menschen. Frankfurt/M.: De Gruyter
Abstract: Die Mantik ist die älteste Kunstlehre des Verstehens der Menschheit, zeitlich bei weitem vor der Hermeneutik. Sie war es, die prognostisch relevante Wissensformen in sich enthielt, auf die es ehedem in einer Jäger- und Sammlerkultur ankam. Eben diese nehmen wir heute noch als Ahnungen, Stimmungen und Spürformen des Situativen in uns in Anspruch, um schneller zu sein als unsere Mitspieler. Hier finden wir eine anthropologische Basis als Quelle zeitübergreifenden Orientierungswissens, das heute in der Regel sehr schwach ist, aber unentbehrlich bleibt. Der Seher, dessen Fähigkeiten die Mantik als Kunstlehre einstmals theoretisch fassen wollte, konnte mitteilen, was war, was ist und was sein wird. Das ist uns heute nur sehr begrenzt möglich, weil geprüfte Wissensformen die Fragilität der alten Seher schon vor Platons Zeiten abgelöst hatten. Dennoch stehen wir immer noch im Schatten der Mantik, wenn wir nur ein gutes Gespür für etwas haben. Dieses Gespür beredt werden zu lassen, ist Aufgabe einer Metaphysik, die sich als Metaphysik von unten versteht. Im Vorwort dieser 2. Auflage berichtet der Autor über Stimulationen, die ihn zu diesem Text bewegt haben. Das war die Bedeutungsforschung, die er an der Universität Münster seit seinem ersten Semester 1967/68 bei Friedrich Ohly (1914–1996) kennenlernen durfte und die Geschichtssemantik, wie sie Joachim Ritter (1903–1974), ebenfalls in Münster, in seinen Lehrveranstaltungen entfaltete.
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Hojjat, Mahzad (2013): Positive psychology of love. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press ([Series in positive pychology])
Abstract: In this chapter, we focus on friendships because the bounty of research to date has emphasized romantic relationships, and we wanted to bring some new information to this body of work. More specifically, we emphasize the manner in which people retain satisfaction from their ongoing relationships through the use of what has become known as 'relational maintenance strategies.' In a word, we argue that strategic use of maintenance strategies increases partners' relational quality, which in turn affects one's happiness. The following sections elaborate on this position. We first discuss the link between personal happiness and ongoing personal relationships. We then develop how relational maintenance strategies support important and fundamental relational characteristics, such as satisfaction. Finally, we explain how assessments of fairness affect the link between maintenance strategy and relational quality. Here we rely on equity theory as a conceptual framework that explains how people in Western cultures assess fair treatment and how such assessments of fairness operate in close relationships to affect the use of maintenance strategies (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)