Alle Publikationen
1966
-
(1966): Social Perception and Moral Judgment. In: Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 26 (4). DOI: 10.2307/2106220
Abstract: 1. The Two Basic Concepts We shall use the term social perception, as we were using it in our previous publications, not without some misgivings. We shall continue, however, to use it because this term has been widely accepted in the contemporary social psychology. Yet social perception is only one among several modes of social consciousness, or social awareness. In order, therefore, to avoid any likely, or even possible confusion., it is neces- sary to clarify this concept quite at the, outset of this study. By "social perception," then, we shall understand on the following pages any kind of consciousness or awareness concerning other persons as well as any social relations among them, provided that either the inner aspects of those persons or relations is the object of our awareness and of our interest; or both the inner and the external aspect, i.e., if and when the "external aspect" is perceived or viewed as appearance, mani- festation, expression, or symbol of the inner personality, and not only as a merely physical fact. Thus, the counter-concept to social perception, defined in such a way, is physical or thing-perception, in which latter case the the inner aspect does either actually not exist, or does exist, but is disregarded because, for one reason or another, we are not interested in it. As already mentioned social perception is only one among several other modes of social consciousness or awareness, which other modes may consist not in perceiving, but in assuming, thinking, imagining, and the like. These different modes are not only phenomenologically different but play also a different dynamic role in the processes of social aware- ness, a fact which has to be taken into account in dealing with these problems. Whenever necessary, we shall indicate whether we are using the concept in terms of of perception proper, i.e., in the narrow meaning of this term, or in the broader meaning including the other modes of social perception. Hence, if no special qualification is inserted, "social perception" will mean any of its various modes (assuming, thinking, etc.). It is worth mentioning that often we do approach physical facts ("things") in terms of social perception, apprehending them as if they were "persons," or at least personalized. We are dealing then either with various forms of animism and anthropomorphism, or with various forms of aesthetic perception. Hence between the analysis and theory of social perception and of aesthetic perception there is a very close relationship, as is particularly clear when we are dealing with the facts of empathy, and many related problems. However, any further clarification of these concepts is not relevant in the context of our present inquiry and can, therefore, be here disregarded. Our second basic concept, namely that of moral judgment, we shall use in this essay also in a very broad sense. Hence by moral judgment we shall not only understand judgment proper, but any kind of reac- tions, attitudes, and sentiments insofar as they contain or imply approval or disapproval of "right" and "wrong," of "good" and "bad," of "virtue" and "vice." And again, we shall not pursue any further clarification of this concept, because what we just stated is sufficient in the context of our present interest.
-
(1966): Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill
-
(1966): La psychologie de l'enfant. Paris: Presses Universitaires de FranceKeywords: Psychologie
-
(1966): ELIZA - a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. In: Communications of the ACM 9 (1), S. 36-45. DOI: 10.1145/365153.365168
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168 Abstract: ELIZA is a program operating within the MAC time-sharing system at MIT which makes certain kinds of natural language conversation between man and computer possible. Input sentences are analyzed on the basis of decomposition rules which are triggered by key words appearing in the input text. Responses are generated by reassembly rules associated with selected decomposition rules. The fundamental technical problems with which ELIZA is concerned are: 1. the identification of key words, 2. the discovery of minimal context, 3. the choice of appropriate transformations, 4. generation of responses in the absence of keywords, and 5. the provision of an ending capacity for ELIZA "scripts". A discussion of some psychological issues relevant to the ELIZA approach as well as of future developments concludes the paper.
1965
-
(1965) : Inequity in social exchange In: Berkowitz, Leonard: Advances in experimental social psychology: Vol. 2: New York: Academic Press, S. 267-299
-
(1965): Social learning and personality development. 13. [print.]. New York: Holt Rinehart and WinstonKeywords: Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Soziales Lernen
-
Berkowitz, Leonard (1965): Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press
-
(1965): Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Massachusetts: MIT Press
Abstract: Beginning in the mid-fifties and emanating largely form MIT, an approach was developed to linguistic theory and to the study of the structure of particular languages that diverges in many respects from modern linguistics. Although this approach is connected to the traditional study of languages, it differs enough in its specific conclusions about the structure and in its specific conclusions about the structure of language to warrant a name, "generative grammar." Various deficiencies have been discovered in the first attempts to formulate a theory of transformational generative grammar and in the descriptive analysis of particular languages that motivated these formulations. At the same time, it has become apparent that these formulations can be extended and deepened.The major purpose of this book is to review these developments and to propose a reformulation of the theory of transformational generative grammar that takes them into account. The emphasis in this study is syntax; semantic and phonological aspects of the language structure are discussed only insofar as they bear on syntactic theory.
-
(1965): Entretien sur la technologie avec Yves Deforge . [ Video ]. In: Gilbert Simondon ’ s Psychic and Collective Individuation . A Critical Introduction and GuideKeywords: Technikphilosophie
1964
-
Berkowitz, Leonard (1964): Advances in experimental social psychology. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press
-
Berkowitz, Leonard (1964): Advances in experimental social psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press
Keywords: Sozialpsychologie -
(1964): Social Roles and Moral Responsibility. In: Philosophy 39 (147), S. 29-36
Abstract: THE concept of moral responsibility has many applications. We speak, for example, of a person's responsibilities, and mean his pro- fessional or domestic commitments. In this sense a person can be said to have too many responsibilities, or none at all, and he can be said to be responsible to or for another person. Again, we can speak of the person himself as being responsible or irresponsible, and mean that he is conscientious and trustworthy in the performance of his duties or that he has a sense of responsibility. Finally, we can speak of a person as accepting responsibility for an action or another person. A thorough analysis of these complexities of usage would require the investigation of a number of background concepts, but in this paper I have the more limited object of classifying some of the usages. I propose to do this by constructing three analytical models based on the concept of a social role.
-
(1964): L'individu et sa genèse physico-biologique : l'individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d'information. Online verfügbar unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3b8e77e63a30a2519750127bb9e0508c4266bdd1Keywords: Philosophie
-
(1964): Game Theory and "Social Value" States. In: Ethics 75 (1), S. 36-39. DOI: 10.1086/291518
Abstract: N HIS article, "Reflections on Game Theory and the Nature of Value" (Ethics, Vol. LXXII [April, 1962]), Rob- ert Paul Wolff takes the position that "'game theory is capable of providing a formal analysis only of those situations in which egoistic values are to be maximized." He further believes that "the game- theoretic concept of strategy, with its postulation of value-maximizing monads, cannot helpfully be applied to the prob- lems of realizing social values." It is my contention that Wolff's position involves a misunderstanding about the use of strategy -s a criterion of value. As a result, his taper shows that the application of game theory to "'social values" cannot be denied .or the reasons that he gives. Wolff takes "social values" to refer to those "valued states and experience" where the value in question depends upon the existence of some form of social inter- action. He gives as examples of social values "freedom of speech," "love," and "economic co-operation." These, he says, belong to that class of values "quite dis- tinct from the egoistic values" to which he thinks the application of game theory is limited. Game theory, as Wolff explains it in a footnote, is a way of understanding that, when parties are engaged in a problem, each has before him branching sets of alternatives
1963
-
(1963) : Compliant Behavior and Individual Personality In: Smelser, Neil J.; Smelser, William T. (Hg.): Personality and social systems: Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc, S. 55-67
Abstract: This reprinted article originally appeared in (American Journal of Sociology, 1952, Vol 58, 292-303). (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1953-04997-001.) One of the pitfalls in the integration of sociological and psychological research is the lack of awareness of the nature of the differences between the 2 disciplines. Propositions in sociology focus on what is true of large numbers of individuals, considered as social groups. Propositions in psychiatry focus on what is true of all men, while the underlying therapeutic evidence always deals with what is true of the individual. Psychiatric interpretations of collective behavior presuppose a non-existent integration between the individual and conventional behavior patterns. The experience of the Nazi regime suggests that people submit to social pressures regardless of their character structure. The mores and folkways of a society are the challenge with which people cope emotionally in a variety of ways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 70
-
(1963): Science, Perception, and Reality. Atascadero
-
Smelser, Neil J.; Smelser, William T. (Hg.) (1963): Personality and social systems. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Keywords: Compliant Behavior 1962
-
(1962) : Universal Categories of Culture In: Tax, Sol: Anthropology today : Selections: Chicago: University of Chicago Press, S. 304-321Keywords: Kategorien, Kultur
-
(1962): Principles of Gestalt-Psychology. London: Routledge & Kegan
-
(1962): On moral courage. New York N.Y.: Collins
-
(1962): Need for social approval and the operant conditioning of meaningful verbal behavior. In: Journal of Consulting Psychology 26 (1), S. 79-83. DOI: 10.1037/h0046129
Abstract: The verbal conditioning paradigm devised by Greenspoon (1955) along the lines of Skinnerian operant conditioning procedures has stimulated a considerable interest in factors related to the control of human verbal behavior. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that a variety of verbal behaviors can be conditioned by operant techniques, that various kinds of "social reinforcers" are ef- fective, and that conditioning of verbal behavior occurs in the absence of any awareness on the subjects' part as to the "response- reinforcement" relationship …
-
(1962): Need for social approval and the operant conditioning of meaningful verbal behavior. In: Journal of Consulting Psychology 26 (1)
-
Tax, Sol (1962): Anthropology today : Selections. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Keywords: Anthropologie, ANTHROPOLOGY 1961
-
(1961): Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. In: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 63 (3), S. 575-582. DOI: 10.1037/h0045925
-
(1961): 1961: Encounters: two studies in the sociology of interaction. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill