Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018) : Values and the human being. In: van Zomeren, Martijn; Dovidio, John F. (Hg.): The Oxford handbook of the human essence: New York, NY: Oxford University Press (Oxford library of psychology), S. 219-231
Abstract: This chapter examines psychological and philosophical traditions in the study of values. It explores two perspectives on values that are useful for thinking about their role in understanding what it means to be human. The internal perspective focuses on the roles values play in the psychological functioning of people and how they relate to human essence. The external perspective describes how values are produced and acquired both in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis and how that contributes to human essence. It is suggested that the phylogenetic perspective explains the pan-cultural agreement in value hierarchies and the ontogenetic perspective explains both the assimilation of the cultural system of values and inter-individual diversity. The chapter also considers relations between personality and values and the metaphysical interpretation of values. Finally, it reflects on the relevance of values to human essence.
Keywords: Gesellschaft, Werte -
(2018): Learning moral values. Another's desire to punish enhances one's own punitive behavior. In: Journal of experimental psychology. General, S. 1211-1224. DOI: 10.1037/xge0000405
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29878807 Abstract: There is little consensus about how moral values are learned. Using a novel social learning task, we examine whether vicarious learning impacts moral values-specifically fairness preferences-during decisions to restore justice. In both laboratory and Internet-based experimental settings, we employ a dyadic justice game where participants receive unfair splits of money from another player and respond resoundingly to the fairness violations by exhibiting robust nonpunitive, compensatory behavior (baseline behavior). In a subsequent learning phase, participants are tasked with responding to fairness violations on behalf of another participant (a receiver) and are given explicit trial-by-trial feedback about the receiver's fairness preferences (e.g., whether they prefer punishment as a means of restoring justice). This allows participants to update their decisions in accordance with the receiver's feedback (learning behavior). In a final test phase, participants again directly experience fairness violations. After learning about a receiver who prefers highly punitive measures, participants significantly enhance their own endorsement of punishment during the test phase compared with baseline. Computational learning models illustrate the acquisition of these moral values is governed by a reinforcement mechanism, revealing it takes as little as being exposed to the preferences of a single individual to shift one's own desire for punishment when responding to fairness violations. Together this suggests that even in the absence of explicit social pressure, fairness preferences are highly labile. (PsycINFO Database Record
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(2018): Voluntary Simplicity Strongly Backed by All Three Main Normative-Ethical Traditions. In: Ethical Perspectives 25 (1), S. 87-116
Abstract: We examine the growing ‘Voluntary Simplicity’ (VS) movement from the perspectives of Utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, and Virtue Ethics. We argue that, from each of these three diverse perspectives, there is a compelling argument to the conclusion that citizens of the ‘developed’ world ought to embrace such simplicity in their own lives, and to facilitate its greater adoption societally and globally. We conclude by asking why it is that this compelling conclusion has not already been more widely found and acted upon. In reflecting on this question we outline some arguments for why a culture of voluntary simplicity may be needed to drive political and macroeconomic change.
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(2018): The social values development of preschoolers. An investigation of the joint impact hypothesis. In: Developmental Psychology 54 (6), S. 1063-1071. DOI: 10.1037/dev0000497
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29504775 Abstract: We investigated the role of sociocultural (between-groups) and individual (within-group) factors on the development of preschoolers' resource-allocation preferences. We tested claims of the joint impact hypothesis of social values development that social-emotional understanding skills would predict the transition from simpler (individualistic allocations) to more complex (cooperative, competitive allocations) social values and that cultural background would determine which values emerged. American children ages 37-67 months from Spanish-speaking Latino (n = 134), English-speaking Latino (n = 50), and English-speaking Caucasian (n = 98) backgrounds twice completed a resource-allocation task and a social-emotional understanding assessment, separated by 6 months. Contrary to predictions, results revealed that for no group were complex choice allocations more common at Time 2 than at Time 1. Moreover, for the Caucasian group, social-emotional understanding did not predict time-dependent choice allocation behavior. For Latinos, however, results revealed differential social values development according to language background. For Spanish-speaking Latinos, higher social-emotional understanding scores predicted emergent cooperative choices, and for English-speaking Latinos, higher scores predicted emergent competitive choices. Findings are consistent with differential socialization wherein social-emotional understanding skills facilitate the development of culturally mainstream values for more acculturated Latinos and ethnic cultural values for less acculturated Latinos. (PsycINFO Database Record
Keywords: Entwicklungspsychologie, Werte -
(2018): Normative expectations about fairness. The development of a charity norm in preschoolers. In: Journal of experimental child psychology 165, S. 66-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.016
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28477951 Abstract: This study investigated preschool children's normative expectations about the fair distribution of resources. We examined whether preschool children have a norm of charity, that is, a norm to give more to poor individuals than to wealthy individuals. To this end, we presented 3- to 6-year-olds (N=81) with two different resource allocation situations. In one situation, an agent complied with a norm of charity by allocating more resources to a poor recipient than to a rich recipient. In the other situation, a different agent violated the norm by allocating more resources to a wealthy recipient. We assessed (a) children's verbal protest and affirmation during the resource allocation situations, (b) their punishing and rewarding behavior toward the agents, and (c) their evaluations of the agents' behavior. The results show that older (5- and 6-year-old) preschool children enforced norm-compliant behavior and protested against the norm violation of the protagonist who gave more items to the wealthy recipient, but this was not the case in younger preschool children. These findings demonstrate that older preschool children consider charity as a norm and enforce this norm toward third parties.
Keywords: Child, Child Behavior/psychology, Child, Preschool, Entstehung von Normen, Entwicklungspsychologie, Fairness, Female, Gerechtigkeit, Gerechtigkeit in Bezug auf demographische Observablen, Gleichverteilung, Humans, Male, Moral Development, Normenwandel, Psychology, Child, Punishment, Resource Allocation, Reward, Social Justice/psychology, Social Norms, Werte 2017
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(2017): A social justice approach to survey design and analysis. In: European Journal of Social Work 20 (2), S. 303-305. DOI: 10.1080/13691457.2016.1164917
Abstract: A Social Justice Approach to Survey Design and Analysis is written for students, teachers, researchers and anyone who is interested in conducting research. It draws heavily on current discussions regarding social justice, equity, health disparities and social determinants of health to provide a framework for researchers to use both to engage in social justice research as well as to evolve as social justice practitioners. This research book includes a framework of the continuum of social justice research, a presentation on how to provide an active voice for the community in the design and exaction of research, examples of social justice data sources along with how researchers have used that data to measure social inequities, and an overview of how to analyze data, using the social justice research framework. The book also includes several in depth case scenarios that highlight how social justice research has been used to document, monitor and evaluate inequities encountered by underserved populations
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(2017): Regulatory focus and human values. In: Psihologija 50 (2)
Abstract: The present article connects two approaches to the study of human motivation and behavior: The Schwartz model of human values and Higgins' regulatory focus theory. Considering a prominent model of human motivation-the Rubicon Model of Action Phases-reveals that although both approaches refer to goals and standards as crucial constructs, human values are specifically relevant concerning the so-called deliberation and evaluation phases whereas self-regulatory orientations are specifically relevant concerning the volitional phases (i.e., planning and action). It may be due to the selective focus on specific aspects of human motivation that up to date hardly any (empirical) work has tried to connect human values and self-regulatory orientations. The reported studies assessed the relation between the endorsement of values proposed in the Schwartz model of human values and individual differences in the two self-regulatory orientations (promotion and prevention) proposed in regulatory focus theory. Findings reveal that prevention-focused self-regulation is positively related to conservation values (security, conformity) and negatively related to values reflecting openness to change (stimulation, self-direction). Moreover, promotion-focused self-regulation was positively related to self-enhancement values (power, achievement) and negatively related to values reflecting self-transcendence (universalism, benevolence). In addition, the observed relations were found using different instruments to measure human values and self-regulatory orientations. In combination, the observed findings support the proposed two-dimensional structure of the value system as well as fundamental assumptions of regulatory focus theory.
Keywords: Gesellschaft, Werte -
(2017): Searching for Moral Dumbfounding. Identifying Measurable Indicators of Moral Dumbfounding. In: Collabra: Psychology 3 (1). DOI: 10.1525/collabra.79
Abstract: Moral dumbfounding is defined as maintaining a moral judgement, without supporting reasons. The most cited demonstration of dumbfounding does not identify a specific measure of dumbfounding and has not been published in peer-review form, or directly replicated. Despite limited empirical examination, dumbfounding has been widely discussed in moral psychology. The present research examines the reliability with which dumbfounding can be elicited, and aims to identify measureable indicators of dumbfounding. Study 1 aimed at establishing the effect that is reported in the literature. Participants read four scenarios and judged the actions described. An Interviewer challenged participants’ stated reasons for judgements. Dumbfounding was evoked, as measured by two indicators, admissions of not having reasons (17%), unsupported declarations (9%) with differences between scenarios. Study 2 measured dumbfounding as the selecting of an unsupported declaration as part of a computerised task. We observed high rates of dumbfounding across all scenarios. Studies 3a (college sample) and 3b (MTurk sample), addressing limitations in Study 2, replaced the unsupported declaration with an admission of having no reason, and included open-ended responses that were coded for unsupported declarations. As predicted, lower rates of dumbfounding were observed (3a 20%; 3b 16%; or 3a 32%; 3b 24% including unsupported declarations in open-ended responses). Two measures provided evidence for dumbfounding across three studies; rates varied with task type (interview/computer task), and with the particular measure being employed (admissions of not having reasons/unsupported declarations). Possible cognitive processes underlying dumbfounding and limitations of methodologies used are discussed as a means to account for this variability.
Keywords: A Social Model of Moral Dumbfounding, Dominanz, Präzision und Argumentation, Erfüllen erwarteter Erwartungen, Erfüllen von erwarteten Erwartungen ohne geistige Eigenbeteiligung, erwartungen und Erwartungserwartungen, Erwartungserfüllung, Moralphilosophie, Moralpsychologie, Normen, Psychologie, Werte -
(2017): Servant Leadership and the Effect of the Interaction Between Humility, Action, and Hierarchical Power on Follower Engagement. In: Journal of Business Ethics 141 (1), S. 13-25. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-015-2725-y
Abstract: Servant leadership has been theorized as a model where the moral virtue of humility co-exists with action-driven behavior. This article provides an empirical study that tests how these two apparently paradoxical aspects of servant leadership interact in generating follower engagement, while considering the hierarchical power of the leader as a contingency variable. Through a three-way moderation model, a study was conducted based on a sample of 232 people working in a diverse range of companies. The first finding is that humble leaders showed the highest impact on follower engagement regardless of their hierarchical position. Less humble leaders in lower hierarchical positions seem to be able to compensate for that through a strong action-oriented leadership style. Most notably for leaders in high hierarchical positions, the moral virtue of humility seems to strengthen the impact of their action-oriented leadership the most. These findings provide empirical support and a better understanding of the interplay between the moral virtue of humility and the action-oriented behaviors of servant leadership.
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(2017): Wert(e) der Familie. In: Report Psychologie 42 (11-12)
Abstract: m Rahmen eines Interviews wird die Bedeutung innerfamiliärer Beziehungen für die Werteentwicklung bei Eltern und Kindern im Allgemeinen und für die Integration von Bürgern mit Migrationshintergrund im Besonderen erläutert. Zudem wird darauf hingewiesen, dass für eine gelungene Integration sowohl Migrantinnen und Migranten als auch Einheimische lernen müssen, mit vielfältigen und zum Teil gegensätzlichen Werten und damit verbundenen Verhaltensweisen umzugehen. Im Folgenden werden dann Daten skizziert, die für einen Wertewandel in verschiedenen Kulturen in Richtung Autonomie, Selbstständigkeit und Individualismus sprechen. Erste in Deutschland durchgeführte Untersuchungen ergaben allerdings Hinweise darauf, dass die Ähnlichkeit hinsichtlich einer familienorientierten (versus individualistischen) Einstellung zwischen Enkeln und Großeltern größer war als zwischen Enkeln und ihren Eltern. Eine Balance zwischen Autonomie und Verbundenheit als Wertorientierungen wird als gute Voraussetzung für den Umgang mit Werten und deren Wandel sowohl in der Familie als auch in der Gesellschaft betrachtet.
Keywords: Gesellschaft, Werte -
(2017): Needs and values. An exploration. In: The Humanistic Psychologist 45 (3), S. 295-311. DOI: 10.1037/hum0000054
Abstract: Maslow contended that different needs are associated with different values. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify the values that are correlated with each of the needs in Maslow’s hierarchy using an Indian sample of young adults. The Deficiency-Need Preoccupation Checklist, a measure of preoccupation with each of the deficiency-needs (d-needs), was developed for the purpose of the present study. Participants (N = 200) completed 4 assessments: the Deficiency-Need Preoccupation Checklist, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Short Index of Self-Actualization, and Portrait of Values Questionnaire–Revised. We found support for a 4-factor structure of d-need preoccupation, in accordance with Maslow’s hierarchy. Furthermore, d-need preoccupation correlated negatively with self-actualization; the magnitude of the coefficient between d-need preoccupation and self-actualization strengthened as the theoretical proximity between the need and self-actualization increased. In addition, the values that correlated positively with d-needs and negatively with self-actualization belonged to the value clusters 'self-enhancement' and 'conservation'; conversely, the values that correlated negatively with d-needs and positively with self-actualization belonged to the value clusters 'self-transcendence' and 'openness to change.'
Keywords: Sozialpsychologie, Werte -
(2017): Politeness and Compassion Differentially Predict Adherence to Fairness Norms and Interventions to Norm Violations in Economic Games. In: Scientific reports 7 (1). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02952-1
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28611410 Abstract: Adherence to norms and interventions to norm violations are two important forms of social behaviour modelled in economic games. While both appear to serve a prosocial function, they may represent separate mechanisms corresponding with distinct emotional and psychological antecedents, and thus may be predicted by different personality traits. In this study, we compared adherence to fairness norms in the dictator game with responses to violations of the same norms in third-party punishment and recompensation games with respect to prosocial traits from the Big Five and HEXACO models of personality. The results revealed a pattern of differential relations between prosocial traits and game behaviours. While norm adherence in the dictator game was driven by traits reflecting good manners and non-aggression (the politeness aspect of Big Five agreeableness and HEXACO honesty-humility), third-party recompensation of victims-and to a lesser extent, punishment of offenders-was uniquely driven by traits reflecting emotional concern for others (the compassion aspect of Big Five agreeableness). These findings demonstrate the discriminant validity between similar prosocial constructs and highlight the different prosocial motivations underlying economic game behaviours.
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(2017): When Fair Is Not Equal. In: Social Psychological and Personality Science 8 (8), S. 847-857. DOI: 10.1177/1948550616683018
Abstract: Growing evidence has highlighted the importance of social norms in promoting prosocial behaviors in economic games. Specifically, individual differences in norm adherence—captured by the politeness aspect of Big Five agreeableness—have been found to predict fair allocations of wealth to one’s partner in the dictator game. Yet, most studies have used neutrally framed paradigms, where players may default to norms of equality in the absence of contextual cues. In this study (N = 707), we examined prosocial personality traits and dictator allocations under salient real-world norms of equity and need. Extending on the previous research, we found that—in addition to politeness—the compassion aspect of agreeableness predicted greater allocations of wealth when they were embedded in real-world norms. These results represent an important step in understanding the real-world implications of laboratory-based research, demonstrating the importance of both normative context and prosocial traits.
2016
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(2016): Personal values and their structure under universal and lexical approaches. In: Personality and Individual Differences 96 (96)
Abstract: Investigated the degree to which universal versus lexical approaches to personal value ratings support the value circle concept, according to which human judgments are derived from important, competing values. Prior evidence for the value circle concept was based on the theory of universals in values' assumption that judgments represent a compromise between several universal basic values, which may be somewhat similar but partially incompatible. 233 Estonian volunteers (mean age 25 years) completed the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) and the Estonian Value Inventory (EVI). Multidimensional scaling of the data revealed that the value circle emerged for both the universal SVS and the lexical EVI. It is demonstrated how universal and lexical methods provide somewhat complementary information. The combination of methods also yields greater stability of value circle effects. Factors identified in prior EVI and SVS factor analyses can be embedded into the multidimensional-scaling solutions identified in the present investigation.
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(2016): Humans, robots and values. In: Technology in Society 45, S. 19-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.01.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.01.002 Abstract: From the 1950s onwards the threat automation posed to human labour became a persistent theme in popular science fiction [26,1]. Authors explored what it meant to be human, by contrasting us with hypothetical robots. Such robots were generally seen as coming into existence centuries into the future. In the last decade the rate of progress in robotics has accelerated way beyond popular expectation. The timescales of Asimov and Dick look generous, whereas the dystopian near future of 'Player Piano' [71] seems grimly real. This anxiety is not limited to novelists. Even Stephen Hawkins told the BBC:. "The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race." [11].Robotics is made possible by advances in mechanical engineering but, above all, by informatics. In this essay we look at how ideas derived from informatics allow us a more precise view of what differentiates us from robots and, on the other hand, how information science can give us a deeper insight into the nature of human labour. Having gained this understanding, we can go on to examine what sort of threat robots really pose to us, as humans.
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(2016): Data Science and Designing for Privacy. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 20 (1), S. 51-68. DOI: 10.5840/techne201632446
Abstract: Unprecedented advances in the ability to store, analyze, and retrieve data is the hallmark of the information age. Along with enhanced capability to identify meaningful patterns in large data sets, contemporary data science renders many classical models of privacy protection ineffective. Addressing these issues through privacy-sensitive design is insufficient because advanced data science is mutually exclusive with preserving privacy. The special privacy problem posed by data analysis has so far escaped even leading accounts of informational privacy. Here, I argue that accounts of privacy must include norms about information processing in addition to norms about information flow. Ultimately, users need the resources to control how and when personal information is processed and the knowledge to make information decisions about that control. While privacy is an insufficient design constraint, value-sensitive design around control and transparency can support privacy in the information age.
Keywords: Daten, Datenschutz & Privatssphäre, Design, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, Informationelle Selbstbestimmung, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Öffentlicher vs. privater Raum, Philosophie, Privacy and data, Privatsphäre, Reflexionen über MTR, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Value-Sensitive-Design, Werte, Zeitschrift: techne -
(2016): Unser Wertesystem - hochhalten und öffnen?. In: Bewusstseinswissenschaften 22 (2)
Abstract: Werden die aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Krisen und Brüche als geistige Herausforderung verstanden, bedarf es zuerst einer Vergewisserung über unser Wertesystem. Im kritischen Blick wird offenbar, dass es geschwächt ist und in vielen Streitfragen weder gezielt herangezogen noch verteidigt wird. Es wird aufgezeigt, warum das so ist. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird dafür plädiert, sich auch der Wandlungen des Wertesystems bewusst zu sein sowie sich von da aus für neue Perspektiven und Erfahrungen zu öffnen. Dazu werden einige neue Befunde aus sozialwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen referiert. Die Schwächung der Politik erschwert es den Menschen, sich zuversichtlich auf Öffnungen einzulassen. Im dritten Abschnitt wird dargelegt, wie die Situation und die Kultur der bei uns lebenden Migrantinnen und Migranten und neuerdings der Asylbewerber und Flüchtlinge zu beurteilen sind. Daraus ergeben sich weitere Herausforderungen an eine aktive, tolerante, Zivilgesellschaft, die, wenn nötig, sich robust einsetzt für Respekt und Menschenwürde.
Keywords: Werte -
(2016): Logical Dualism. Human Values and Method in the Social Sciences. In: Cultural Hermeneutics 2 (1), S. 61-73. DOI: 10.1177/019145377400200103
Abstract: The process of erosion undermines our sense of values. To seek what we depreciate gives much meaning and purpose to value and to avoid what we human life. Yet all this may be illusory. To be sure, it is a fact that human beings make value judgments. But that specific individuals value specific things is as open to scientific explanation as is everything done by humans. What is valued has nothing to do with the intrinsic excellence of the object, it may be only the reflection of one’s genetic make-up, of laws of learning and conditioning, of habits that we had no choice in acquiring. And if this is so, then moral goodness, aesthetic excellence, political justice are not ideals worthwhile in themselves, but mere projections of inevitable feelings caused by unchosen factors. Values, in that case, are just labels for things we cannot help liking or disliking.
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(2016): ON DECORUM. FROM THE CLASSICS TO POSTMODERNITY. In: QUAESTIO IURIS 9 (3)
Abstract: Considering that the observance of decorum is important to assure good human relationships, especially in the public sphere, and, also, that episodes of breach of decorum are recurrent in Brazilian public life, I propose to recover this classical concept, since its re-evaluation is opportune and urgent. I present therefore a historical revision of the concept of decorum starting from the classics and find that, although this concept has undergone changes, its fundamental aspect, the intimate connection with ethics, has been maintained until the present day. Evidence that this classical concept still survives is the existence, in many countries, of “codes of ethics and decorum” of legislative, judicial and other organs. I find, however, that this concept is sensitive to culture, which is proven in the contrastive analysis of a sample of episodes of the violation of decorum by judges of the American Supreme Court and of the Brazilian Supreme Court. I found that, although violations of Americans are less severe than Brazilians, the reactions of the media and American citizens are much more energetic, because decorum for the Americans is a value that they hold dear, while in Brazil it is a dead letter, lacking be ressurected. I also present some reflections on the arrogance of those who hold power, an attitude to which I attribute the cause of many occurrences of the breach of decorum nowadays.
Keywords: Brasilien, Breach of decorum, decorum, Decorum in der Öffentlichkeit, Ethik, Fehlverhalten, Gericht, Grenzen, Grenzüberschreitung, Judikative, Kommunikation, Kultur, Kulturvergleich, Macht, Medien, Medienwirksamkeit, Öffentliche, diskursive Aushandlung von Anstand, Öffentlicher Diskurs, Rechtswissenschaft, Rhetorik, Richter, Soziale Angemessenheit, Umgangsformen, USA, Werte -
(2016): Vom Wert der Werte. In: TZI Themenzentrierte Interaktion 30 (1)
Abstract: Nutzen und Funktionen von Werten werden reflektiert. Nach einer Begriffsdefinition und einer Abgrenzung von verwandten Begriffen wird ein Einblick in die Geschichte des Wertebegriffs gegeben. Anschließend wird die Bedeutung von zwischenmenschlichen Interaktionen bei der Festlegung von Werten verdeutlicht und die Auseinandersetzung mit konfligierenden Werten skizziert.
Keywords: Gesellschaft, Werte 2015
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(2015): On the Relative Importance of Personal Values. In: Journal of Individual Differences 36 (2), S. 119-129. DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000162
Abstract: The relative importance of values is a central feature in Schwartz's value theory. However, instruments used for validating his theory did not assess relative importance directly. Rather, values were independently rated and scores then statistically centered, person-by-person. Whether these scores match those that result from explicitly comparing values has not been tested. This is studied here using the Computerized Paired Comparison of Values (CPCV). This instrument was applied to samples from Germany, Brazil, Spain, and Israel, together with Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ). CPCV- and PVQ-data were analyzed by separate and joint multidimensional scaling, generalized procrustes, and response time analyses. Results support the validity of Schwartz's structural theory, independently of the assessment instrument used.
Keywords: Individualpsychologie, Werte -
(2015): Normativität und Macht. Zur Analyse sozialer Rechtfertigungsordnungen. Erste Auflage. Berlin: Suhrkamp (Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch Wissenschaft)
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(2015): Cultural practices, norms, and values. In: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 46 (10)
Abstract: Discusses the differences between cultural practices, norms, and values and their differentiated functionalities. Cultural practices are shared perceptions of routine behavior within a culture, while values are shared ideals. Cultural norms lead to cultural practices and vice versa, and are inferred from perceptions of others' actual common behavior. Values are internal, whereas norms and cultural practices are driven by a a desire to conform to one's culture. The role of morals in values and behavior, cultural transmission, and relationships between values and practices are outlined.
Keywords: Gesellschaft, Werte -
(2015): Whose social values?. Evaluating Canada’s ‘death of evidence’ controversy. In: Canadian Journal of Philosophy 45 (3), S. 404-424. DOI: 10.1080/00455091.2015.1079003
Abstract: With twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy of science's unfolding acceptance of the nature of scientific inquiry being value-laden, the persistent worry has been that there are no means for legitimate negotiation of the social or non-epistemic values that enter into science. The rejection of the value-free ideal in science has thereby been coupled with the spectres of indiscriminate relativism and bias in scientific inquiry. I challenge this view in the context of recently expressed concerns regarding Canada's death of evidence controversy. The worry, raised by Stathis Psillos, is that as constructivist accounts of science demoted the previously secure status of evidence for drawing justified conclusions in science, we were left with no rational delineation between the right and wrong values for science. The implication for the death of evidence controversy is that we may have no rational grounds for claiming that the Canadian Government is wrong to interfere with scientific enterprise. But he does offer another avenue for reaching the conclusion that the wrong social values are directing the current stifling of some sectors of Canadian science. Psillos draws from standpoint epistemologies to devise a salient defence of "valuing evidence' as a universalizable social value. That is, government bodies ought to enable scientific research via adequate funding as well as political non-interference. In this paper, I counter that (i) non-epistemic values can be rationally evaluated and that (ii) standpoint epistemology's universalizable standpoint provides an inadequate framework for negotiating social values in science. Regarding (i), I draw from the evidence-based medicine debate in philosophy of medicine and from feminist empiricist investigations into the science-values relationship in order to make the argument for empirically driven value arbitration. If social values can be rationally chosen in the context of justification, then we can have grounds for charging the Canadian leadership with being "at war with science'. (ii) I further argue that my recommended empiricist methodology is preferable to Psillos's search for universalizable perspectives for negotiating social values in science because the latter method permits little more than the trivial conclusion that evidence is valuable to science.
Keywords: Begründungsdiskurs, Disziplin, Gründe, kanada, Philosophie, values AND social, Werte, Werte, konstruktivismus -
(2015): Valuing myself over others. The Dark Triad traits and moral and social values. In: Personality and Individual Differences 81
Abstract: Investigated the Dark Triad traits and their relation to moral and social value systems. Measures for 585 participants (mean age 33 years) in Study 1, 252 subjects (mean age 20 years) in Study 2, and 516 individuals (mean age 23 years) in Study 3 included the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen measure, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP), the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. A token system decision-making paradigm with taboo trade-off items was also employed to asses individual differences in moral values. Results showed that Machiavellianism was associated with moral flexibility and psychopathy with lowered collective interests. Narcissism was positively linked to individual interests, especially self-enhancement, but not to self-transcendence. Individual differences in the value systems may explain proximal factors that account for sex differences in the traits.
Keywords: Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Werte