Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Automatic actions. Agency, intentionality, and responsibility. In: Philosophical Psychology 30 (5), S. 616-644. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2017.1291928
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2017.1291928 Abstract: This article discusses a challenge to the traditional intentional-causalist conceptions of action and intentionality as well as to our everyday and legal conceptions of responsibility, namely the psychological discovery that the greatest part of our alleged actions are performed automatically, that is unconsciously and without a proximal intention causing and sustaining them. The main part of the article scrutinizes several mechanisms of automatic behavior, how they work, and whether the resulting behavior is an action. These mechanisms include actions caused by distal implementation intentions, four types of habit and habitualization, mimicry, and semantically induced automatic behavior (which is later disregarded because of its lack of clarity). According to the intentional-causalist criterion, the automatic behaviors resulting from all but one of these mechanisms turn out to be actions and to be intentional; and even the behavior resulting from the remaining mechanism (natural ly acquired habits) is something we can be responsible for. Hence, the challenge, seen from close up, does not really call the traditional conception of action and intentionality into question. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
Keywords: agency, Automatism, Causality, Habits, Habitualization, Intention, Philosophie, Verhaltensforschung -
(2017): Self-prophecies and cognitive dissonance. Habit, norms and justification of past behavior. In: North American Journal of Psychology, S. 65-86
Abstract: Asking someone to predict his/her behavior increases the probability that it will occur. We tested the production of dissonance in the paradigm of self-prophecies by clarifying the role of past behavior and normative beliefs. We also tested the effects of justifying transgressions as a way of reducing dissonance in a situation of prediction. Habit and normative beliefs about recycling were measured. The results showed that self-prophecies are a source of psychological discomfort only when the recycling habit is weak. The psychological discomfort experienced is reduced when the participants had the opportunity to justify their transgressions. Our measures enabled us to test the effects of the level of inconsistency between habit and normative beliefs on psychological discomfort. The results showed that psychological discomfort is determined by a high level of inconsistency between habit and normative beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Habit in Personality and Social Psychology. In: Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 21 (4), S. 389-403. DOI: 10.1177/1088868317720362
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737111 Abstract: Habits are largely absent from modern social and personality psychology. This is due to outdated perspectives that placed habits in conflict with goals. In modern theorizing, habits are represented in memory as implicit context-response associations, and they guide responding in conjunction with goals. Habits thus have important implications for our field. Emerging research shows that habits are an important mechanism by which people self-regulate and achieve long-term goals. Also, habits change through specific interventions, such as changes in context cues. I speculate that understanding of habits also holds promise for reducing intergroup discrimination and for understanding lay theories of the causes for action. In short, by recognizing habit, the field gains understanding of a central mechanism by which actions persist in daily life. zitiert von 6
2016
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(2016): Email-free collaboration. An exploratory study on the formation of new work habits among knowledge workers. In: International Journal of Information Management 36 (1), S. 113-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.11.001
Abstract: Social collaboration technologies have rapidly spread across organizations, offering a unique opportunity to improve the exchange of knowledge among employees, especially in distributed work environments. The increasing popularity of social-collaboration tools as an employee-oriented communication channel, inevitably raises questions about the future of email as its intensive use by knowledge workers is more and more perceived as being inefficient and unproductive. Through a quantitative case study methodology, this study seeks to explore the role played by the notion of habit in explaining employee knowledge sharing capability for firms implementing social collaborative practices in the context of no-email initiatives. Data collected within a large international IT services company, which is among the first firms having made such shift, were used to test the developed conceptual model. The findings suggest that habit is positively influenced by relative advantage and perceived ease of use while relative advantage was found to positively impact knowledge sharing capability. Besides, habit moderates the relationships between three attributes (relative advantage, perceived ease of use, and compatibility to a lesser extent) and knowledge sharing capability. Theoretical and practical implications developed from these findings are then discussed. zitiert von 14
2015
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(2015): Has the World Changed?. My Neighbor Might Know: Effects of Social Context on Routine Deviation. In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 28 (1), S. 50-66. DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1828
Abstract: Investigated the effects of social context on deviations from routines. 94 students (mean age 21 years) were asked to repeatedly choose among four gambles that were represented by four decks of cards. After the routine acquisition phase, unbeknownst to the participants, the underlying payoff structure of the game was altered so that the routine choice no longer yielded a profit. In addition, a confederate served as a behavioral model who made the normative choice most of the time in the acquisition phase, the test phase, in both phases, or in no phase at all (baseline). Results showed that participants were influenced by prior success of a routine; however, they were not immune to new counterevidence. The new evidence had to compensate prior knowledge before individuals decided to abandon their routine. Participants were most likely to adapt if the confederate served as a behavioral model in both the acquisition and test phases. It is concluded that participants could detect a lasting change in the environment and trustworthy behavioral models helped participants overcome a previously adaptive routine. zitiert von 5
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(2015): Determining the effects of technological tool use habits on social lives. In: Computers in Human Behavior 48, S. 457-462. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.012
Abstract: Differences have arisen between newly developed technology and the consequently changing generation’s integration of this technology into their social lives. In this study, research has been undertaken on students who use many different kinds of technological devices all together and their effects on their social lives. Also, students’ habits of technological device use, social media, educational life and communication types are discussed in this study. The general scanning model was used in the study in order to determine the effects of students’ technological device use on their social lives. These students are studying in educational departments at universities. The method determined was applied to the sampling group of the research. The questionnaire was determined in accordance with the method and was applied to all the educational faculties of universities during the scanning process. A total of 2334 students participated to the research. When the research findings were analysed in terms of friend choice, the students preferred communicating with people who use technology of the same quality as themselves. Also, the students claimed that they went through some problems with their families and friends as a result of intense technology use. It is obvious that students who spend more time on technological devices are more behind in their lessons and also have some inconveniences in their social lives. For instance; even when they go to the cinema they surf the Internet on their smart phones and while choosing a place to go they prefer places with a Wi–Fi connection. It has been observed that students can express themselves more easily in the Internet environment and they prefer places that are popular on the Internet. zitiert von 18
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(2015) : Habit. History of the Concept In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 475-479
Abstract: This article examines aspects of the history of the concept of habit in Western social thought. As an expression, the concept of habit has generally referred to a disposition to act as one has previously acted, whether in regard to simple behaviors, more complex forms of conduct, or broader characterological tendencies (habitus). Among social thinkers who have used the concept, habit has generally been applied to recurrent forms of moral, economic, political, and religious conduct insofar as these occur more or less automatically, thus differing from reflective forms of human action that entail the deliberative selection of means and ends by normative standards. While the history of the concept of habit has been roughly coextensive with the entirety of Western intellectual history, four phases are distinguished. The first phase, running from antiquity to the early 1800s, was marked by the frequent discussion of the role and significance of habit by thinkers ranging from Aristotle to the philosophers of the Enlightenment. The second phase, extending from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century, was characterized by two contending developments. One of these was the invocation of the concept of habit by a great many European and American social theorists, including Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, and the use of the concept, in tandem with models of reflective action, to analyze human conduct in the social world. The second development in this period was the effort on the part of natural scientists to restrict habit to more elementary human and subhuman behaviors. The third phase, beginning roughly in the late 1910s, saw the successful appropriation of habit, narrowly conceived, by behaviorist psychologists and, in a strong countermovement, the abandonment of the concept by a majority of European and American social thinkers, who for the next half century conceptualized all human conduct exclusively in reflective terms. The fourth phase, extending from the early 1980s to the present time, has witnessed steps by social theorists and empirical researchers to revive and elaborate the concept of habit and to examine the relationship between habitual and reflective forms of human action. zitiert von 5
2014
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(2014): Don't do it again! Directed forgetting of habits. In: Psychological science 25 (6), S. 1242-1248. DOI: 10.1177/0956797614526063
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24714574 Abstract: Most daily routines are determined by habits. However, the experienced ease and automaticity of habit formation and execution come at a cost when habits that are no longer appropriate must be overcome. So far, proactive and reactive control strategies that prevent inappropriate habit execution either by preparation or "on the fly" have been identified. Here, we present evidence for a third, retroactive control strategy. In two experiments using the list method of directed forgetting, the accessibility of newly learned and practiced stimulus-response rules was significantly reduced when participants were cued to forget the rules rather than to remember them. The results thus show that directed forgetting, so far observed and investigated only for episodic memory traces, can also be applied to habits. The findings further emphasize the adaptive value of forgetting and can be taken as evidence of a retroactive strategy of habit control. zitiert von 12
2009
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(2009): Stress prompts habit behavior in humans. In: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 29 (22), S. 7191-7198. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0979-09.2009
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494141 Abstract: Instrumental behavior can be controlled by goal-directed action-outcome and habitual stimulus-response processes that are supported by anatomically distinct brain systems. Based on previous findings showing that stress modulates the interaction of "cognitive" and "habit" memory systems, we asked in the presented study whether stress may coordinate goal-directed and habit processes in instrumental learning. For this purpose, participants were exposed to stress (socially evaluated cold pressor test) or a control condition before they were trained to perform two instrumental actions that were associated with two distinct food outcomes. After training, one of these food outcomes was selectively devalued as subjects were saturated with that food. Next, subjects were presented the two instrumental actions in extinction. Stress before training in the instrumental task rendered participants' behavior insensitive to the change in the value of the food outcomes, that is stress led to habit performance. Moreover, stress reduced subjects' explicit knowledge of the action-outcome contingencies. These results demonstrate for the first time that stress promotes habits at the expense of goal-directed performance in humans. zitiert von 319
Keywords: Analysis of Variance, Blood Pressure/physiology, Conditioning, Operant/physiology, Emotions, Extinction, Psychological/physiology, Female, Goals, Habits, Humans, Hydrocortisone/metabolism, Learning, Male, MEMORY, Neurowissenschaften, Operant Conditioning, performance, Probability, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Saliva/metabolism, Satiation/physiology, Reinforcement (Psychology), Stress, Stress, Psychological/physiopathology, Young Adult 2007
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(2007): Aufbau eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils. Kapitel: Körperliche Aktivität und die Macht der Gewohnheit. Göttingen [u.a.]: Hogrefe (Sportpsychologie)
Abstract: Die Bedeutung von Gewohnheiten im Rahmen von Sport- und Bewegungsaktivitäten und eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils wird erörtert. Dabei wird auf folgende Fragen eingegangen: (1) Was sind Gewohnheiten? (2) Welche Rolle spielen das intentionale und das habituelle System bei der Verhaltenssteuerung? (3) Wie entwickeln sich Gewohnheiten? (4) Wie lassen sich Gewohnheiten verändern bzw. neu aufbauen? (5) Warum sind Gewohnheiten so stark? (6) Wie sind Gewohnheiten im Gedächtnis abgespeichert? Es wird besonders hervorgehoben, dass Gewohnheiten das Verhalten automatisch in die Richtung lenken, die auch in der Vergangenheit erfolgreich eingeschlagen wurde, und dass die Macht der Gewohnheit ganz wesentlich auf die Macht der Situation über das Verhalten zurückzuführen ist. zitiert von 13
2005
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(2005): Wie beeinflussen Routinen das Entscheidungsverhalten?. In: Psychologische Rundschau 56 (4), S. 261-270. DOI: 10.1026/0033-3042.56.4.261
Abstract: Es wird ein Überblick über neuere Untersuchungen gegeben, die sich mit dem Einfluss von Routinen auf Entscheidungen befassen. Es zeigt sich, dass Routinen systematisch die Generierung von Alternativen, die Informationssuche, die Bewertung, die Wahl und schließlich die Implementierung des gewählten Verhaltens beeinflussen. Mit Blick auf die Befunde wird ein breites Rahmenmodell empfohlen, das das Lernen von Routinen als integralen Bestandteil von Entscheidung versteht. zitiert von 40
Keywords: Decision Making, entscheiden, Habits, heuristics, Information Seeking, Learning, Routines, Strategies -
(2005): Gewohnheiten im Alter. In: Psychotherapie im Alter 2 (2), S. 9-20
Abstract: Vor dem Hintergrund eines "gesundheitspolitischen Managements von Gewohnheiten im Alter" wird die Bedeutung der zukunftigen Einubung und Stabilisierung von Gewohnheiten bei alteren Menschen mit Blick auf widerspruchliche Haltungen erortert. Gewohnheiten und ihre Verfestigungen zu Ritualen sind Ausdruck des Alltagslebens und helfen es gleichzeitig zu strukturieren. Sie vermitteln uber die ihnen innewohnenden Wiederholungen Handlungssicherheit und Berechenbarkeit. Wenn sie entfallen, werden zwar neue Freiheitsraume erfahrbar, doch steigert sich auch die Komplexitat der Erfordernisse zum Handeln. Gewohnheiten im hoheren Lebensalter werden deutlich kritischer bewertet und mit traditionellen Stereotypen des Alters verbunden. Da sich in Zukunft die Erfahrungswelten fur das hohere Lebensalter deutlich ausweiten werden, ist eine Vielzahl von Altersgewohnheiten zu erwarten, fur die traditionelle Ordnungsmuster alleine keine Aussagekraft mehr besitzen.
1990
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(1990): "Habits", "Frames" und "Rational Choice". Die Reichweite von Theorien der rationalen Wahl (am Beispiel der Erklarung des Befragtenverhaltens). In: Zeitschrift fur Soziologie 19 (4), S. 231-247
Abstract: Discusses the breadth of theories of rational choice. It is first pointed out that rational-choice explanations of social processess have frequently been criticized in the social sciences by pointing out that they presuppose an optimally informed and maximation-oriented actor. Therefore, traditional action and phenomena related to the definition of the situation principally cannot be assessed with this approach. It is shown that orientations of action toward routines (habits) or the situational dominance of specific goals and codes (frameworks) can be conceived as special cases of the theory of rational choice. In this theoretical concept, it is then possible to explain why institutions are often very resistant to environmental changes: because the actors know how to deal rationally with their bounded rationality. The theoretical reconstruction is illustrated with examples of respondent behavior in interviews. Die Reichweite von Theorien der rationalen Wahl wird erortert. Zunachst wird darauf hingewiesen, dass "Rational-Choice"-Erklarungen sozialer Prozesse in den Sozialwissenschaften haufig mit dem Hinweis kritisiert worden sind, sie setzten einen perfekt informierten und kalkulierenden Akteur voraus. Traditionales Handeln und Phanomene der Definition der Situation seien daher mit diesem Ansatz prinzipiell nicht zu erfassen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Orientierung des Handelns an Routinen (habits) bzw. die situationelle Dominanz bestimmter Ziele und Codes (frames) als Spezialfalle der Theorie der rationalen Wahl konzipierbar sind. In dieser theoretischen Fassung wird dann auch erklarbar, warum Institutionen gegenuber Anderungen in der Umwelt oft sehr resistent sind. Deswegen namlich, weil die Akteure mit ihrer "bounded rationality" rational umzugehen verstehen. Die theoretische Rekonstruktion wird am Beispiel des Befragtenverhaltens im Interview illustriert. zitiert von 467
1986
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(1986): Konsument und Gewohnheit. Eine theoretische und empirische Untersuchung zum habituellen Kaufverhalten. Heidelberg, Germany: Physica-Verlag HD
Abstract: Verhaltenswissenschaftliche Theorien zur Entstehung von Kaufgewohnheiten werden dargestellt und diskutiert. Die vorhandenen Ansätze werden in einem konzeptuellen Rahmen diskutiert, dessen Elemente in einer empirischen Studie zum Produktbereich Babyartikel überprüft werden. - Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: (1) Kaufgewohnheiten im Rahmen der verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Konsumentenforschung. (2) Lernpsychologische Ansätze der Entstehung von Kaufgewohnheiten. (3) Soziologische Ansätze der Entstehung von Kaufgewohnheiten. (4) Ansätze der Konsumentenforschung zur Entstehung von Kaufgewohnheiten. (5) Design und Ziele einer empirischen Studie zur Habitualisierung ("Baby-Design"). (6) Informationsverarbeitung und Habitualisierung. (7) Interpersonelle Kommunikation und Habitualisierung. (8) Evoked-Set und Habitualisierung. (9) Kaufverhalten und Habitualisierung. (10) Empirische Habitualisierungsphasen beim Kauf von Windeln. (11) Das empirische Konzept der Habitualisierung - Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung der Ergebnisse. zitiert von 18
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Abstract: Unter Bezugnahme auf K. Foppas Konzept des rezeptiven Gedächtnisses, das er in seinem Beitrag "Über Lernen" (in Psychology Science 2003, 45, Supplement III) beschreibt, werden einige Recherchen und Reflexionen zum Thema "Gewohnheit" angestellt. Gewohnheit wird als ein Grundlagenphänomen des Verhaltens aufgefasst, das in der Psychologie nicht unbedingt adäquat behandelt wird und das mit dem rezeptiven Gedächtnis zusammenhängt. Kurze Betrachtungen unterschiedlicher Zugänge zu diesem Phänomen in ausgewählten Gebieten der Psychologie (Behaviorismus, Entwicklungspsychologie und kognitive Psychologie) und in der Philosophie lassen Bezüge zum rezeptiven Gedächtnis erkennen, die in der Zukunft theoretisch und empirisch vertieft werden müssen. - Der Beitrag ist mit einem Kommentar von K. Foppa versehen.
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