Alle Publikationen
2011
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(2011) : Using F-formations to analyse spatial patterns of interaction in physical environments In: Hinds, Pamela: Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work: New York, NY: ACM, zuletzt geprüft am 01.10.2019
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(2011): The explanation of social action. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Abstract: Conventional understanding of what it means to "explain" something in the social sciences provokes unnecessary confusion and conflict, and indeed is often based more on analysts' imaginations than actors' realities. The Explanation of Social Action lays out a sustained critique of this understanding, pointing out that the root of the problem is an attempt to counterpose two radically different types of answers to the question of why someone did a certain thing—first person responses and third person ones. John Levi Martin illustrates how this tendency is epitomized in attempts to explain human action in "causal" terms. He shows how this causality has little to do with the real world, but instead involves the creation of imaginary worlds, stemming from an intellectual history whereby social scientists began to distrust the self-understanding of actors and accepted fundamentally anti-democratic epistemologies, due to an epistemic hiatus in social knowledge and the adoption of practices in the intensely hierarchic setting of forced incarceral institutions for the insane. Martin moves on to highlight other traditions that do not assume that the cognitive schemes of actors are fundamentally arbitrary. These traditions in turn suggest that the analytic problems that now arise require attention to the nature of judgment, implying the need for an understanding of the process whereby actors intuit intersubjectively valid qualities of complex social objects. Tackling the very way in which social scientists analyze why people do things, The Explanation of Social Action is a novel and essential take on the evidence on which their explanations are based.
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(2011): Understanding the Link Between Spatial Distance and Social Distance. In: Social Psychology 42 (3), S. 185-192. DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000062
Abstract: Why do people use spatial language to describe social relationships? In particular, to what extent do they anchor their thoughts about friendship in terms of space? Three experiments used drawing and estimation tasks to further explore the conceptual structure of social distance using friendship as a manipulation. In all three experiments, participants read short narratives and then drew what they imagined happened during the narrative and estimated passing time. Overall, the results of these exploratory studies suggest that the conceptual structure of friendship is linked to thought about space in terms of path drawing. Results are discussed in light of social distance and intercharacter interaction. zitiert von 33
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(2011) : Linking Norms and Culture: 2011 Second International Conference on Culture and Computing (Culture Computing): 2011 Second International Conference on Culture and Computing (Culture Computing): Kyoto, Japan: 10/20/2011 - 10/22/2011: Kyoto, Japan: IEEE / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated, S. 9-14
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to propose a method of modelling the evolution of social norms in different cultural settings. We analyse the role of culture in shaping agents' normative reasoning and hence their behaviour. The general notion of 'value' is discussed from the perspective of the BDI framework as a means to represent cultural regularities in social interactions. Culture is described as a system of shared values, which are linked to the Hofstede dimensions of culture. This system is represented by so-called metanorms that define appropriate, culturally-varying, behaviour in different relational contexts. In this way culture affects the possibility of normative changes, in particular the acceptance of policies designed to issue new norms in a society. Throughout the paper a scenario related to the enactment of smoking ban policies in Europe is presented to discuss the evaluation of normative change in specific cultural settings.
Keywords: BDI, culturally-varying, Culture, FRAMEWORK, Gert Jan Hofstede, Gesetze, Kultur, modelling, Normen, norms, rauchen, relational context, Smoking -
(2011): Decorum of the Minuet, Delirium of the Waltz. A Study of Dance-Music Relations in 3/4 Time. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press (Musical Meaning and Interpretation). Online verfügbar unter https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gbv/detail.action?docID=4766639
Abstract: Much music was written for the two most important dances of the 18th and 19th centuries, the minuet and the waltz. In Decorum of the Minuet, Delirium of the Waltz, Eric McKee argues that to better understand the musical structures and expressive meanings of this dance music, one must be aware of the social contexts and bodily rhythms of the social dances upon which it is based. McKee approaches dance music as a component of a multimedia art form that involves the interaction of physical motion, music, architecture, and dress. Moreover, the activity of attending a ball involves a dynamic network of modalities—sight, sound, bodily awareness, touch, and smell, which can be experienced from the perspectives of a dancer, a spectator, or a musician. McKee considers dance music within a larger system of signifiers and points-of-view that opens new avenues of interpretation.
Keywords: Anblick, Architektur (allg), Berührung, Electronic books, Geräusch, Geruch, Gestik, History and criticism, Kinematik, Klang, Kleidung, Körperbewegungen, Körperbewusstsein, Körperrhythmus, Kulturelle Rituale, Mikrobiologische Zusammensetzung von Körpersekreten, Mimik, Minuet (Dance), Musik, Originaltitel zu einem berits eingepflegten book review, ort, Proxemik, Raum, Sonstiges, Soziale Rituale, Tanz, Teilnehmender vs. Zuschauer, Visuelle Wahrnehmung, Waltzes -
(2011): A politeness effect in learning with web-based intelligent tutors. In: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 69 (1), S. 70-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.09.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.09.001 Abstract: College students learned to solve chemistry stoichiometry problems with a web-based intelligent tutor that provided hints and feedback, using either polite or direct language. There was a pattern in which students with low prior knowledge of chemistry performed better on subsequent problem-solving tests if they learned from the polite tutor rather than the direct tutor (d=.78 on an immediate test, d=.51 on a delayed test), whereas students with high prior knowledge showed the reverse trend (d=−.47 for an immediate test; d=−.13 for a delayed test). These results point to a boundary condition for the politeness principle—the idea that people learn more deeply when words are in polite style. At least for low-knowledge learners, the results are consistent with social agency theory—the idea that social cues, such as politeness, can prime learners to accept a web-based tutor as a social partner and therefore try harder to make sense of the tutor’s messages.
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(2011): Polite web-based intelligent tutors: Can they improve learning in classrooms?. In: Computers & Education 56 (3), S. 574-584. DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.09.019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.09.019 Abstract: Should an intelligent software tutor be polite, in an effort to motivate and cajole students to learn, or should it use more direct language? If it should be polite, under what conditions? In a series of studies in different contexts (e.g., lab versus classroom) with a variety of students (e.g., low prior knowledge versus high prior knowledge), the politeness effect was investigated in the context of web-based intelligent tutoring systems, software that runs on the Internet and employs artificial intelligence and learning science techniques to help students learn. The goal was to pinpoint the appropriate conditions for having the web-based tutors provide polite feedback and hints (e.g., ’Let’s convert the units of the first item’) versus direct feedback and hints (e.g., ’Convert the units of the first item now’). In the study presented in this paper, 132 high school students in a classroom setting, grouped as low and high prior knowledge learners according to a pre-intervention knowledge questionnaire, did not benefit more from polite feedback and hints than direct feedback and hints on either an immediate or delayed posttest, both of which contained near transfer and conceptual test items. Of particular interest and contrary to an earlier lab study, low prior knowledge students did not benefit more from using the polite version of a tutor. On the other hand, a politeness effect was observed for the students who made the most errors during the intervention, a different proxy for low prior knowledge, hinting that even in a classroom setting, politeness may be beneficial for more needy students. This article presents and discusses these results, as well as discussing the politeness effect more generally, its theoretical underpinnings, and future directions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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Metelmann, Jörg; Beyes, Timon (Hg.) (2011): Anstand. Berlin: Berlin University Press. Online verfügbar unter http://berlinuniversitypress.de/das-programm/fruehjahr-11/anstand.html
Abstract: "Anstand" dient einer Gesellschaft als Begriff, um ein menschlich korrektes und für breite Schichten akzeptables Handeln zu benennen - und das ganz praktisch in verschiedenen Bereichen, vom Partnerschaftlichen über Geschäftsgepflogenheiten bis hin zur Politik. Jenseits von Moralimperativen zeigen sich in der Verständigung über anständiges Verhalten die unsichtbaren Regeln, die das Funktionieren einer komplexen Gesellschaft garantieren. So dient der Rückgriff auf den Begriff "Anstand" gerade in Krisenzeiten immer wieder dazu, sich auf diese Grundlagen zu besinnen und Fehlentwicklungen mit Verweis auf das Gemeinverträgliche zu kritisieren und zur Besserung aufzurufen. Kaum etwas scheint in Anbetracht der gegenwärtigen Krisensymptome daher so wichtig zu sein wie eine Neuverständigung darüber bzw. Vergegenwärtigung dessen, wofür "Anstand" steht.
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(2011) : A communication structure for human-robot itinerary requests In: Billard, Aude: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction: the 6th international conference: Lausanne, Switzerland: 3/6/2011 - 3/9/2011. ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence; ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction: New York, NY: ACM, S. 205-206
Abstract: To analyze the formula for success of human communication, we examined dialogs between human interactors who were asking for directions in public place and extracted those elements that are responsible for making a dialog succeed or fail. Then, we tried to rate the elements according to the grade of their influence. Based on this rating and on the Shannon & Weaver model of communication, we created a communication structure for successful human-robot communication on which further research may be based to make human-robot communication as effective as possible.
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(2011): Assessment of awareness of connectedness as a culturally-based protective factor for Alaska native youth. In: Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology 17 (4), S. 444-455. DOI: 10.1037/a0025456
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988583 Abstract: Research with Native Americans has identified connectedness as a culturally based protective factor against substance abuse and suicide. Connectedness refers to the interrelated welfare of the individual, one's family, one's community, and the natural environment. We developed an 18-item quantitative assessment of awareness of connectedness and tested it with 284 Alaska Native youth. Evaluation with confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory identified a 12-item subset that functions satisfactorily in a second-order four-factor model. The proposed Awareness of Connectedness Scale (ACS) displays good convergent and discriminant validity, and correlates positively with hypothesized protective factors such as reasons for living and communal mastery. The measure has utility in the study of culture-specific protective factors and as an outcomes measure for behavioral health programs with Native American youth.
Keywords: Adolescent, Alaska, Awareness, Child, "Connectedness", Culture, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Indians, North American/psychology, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Rural Population, social connectedness, Social Environment, Social Identification, Substance-Related Disorders/ethnology/prevention & control, Suicide/ethnology/prevention & control, Surveys and Questionnaires, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten, Zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen / Social Interaction -
(2011): Gadamer and Ricoeur. Critical horizons for contemporary hermeneutics. London; New York: Continuum (Continuum studies in Continental philosophy)
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(2011) : Human-robot proxemics: Physical and psychological distancing in human-robot interaction: 2011 6th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): 2011 6th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 331-338
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1957656.1957786 Abstract: To seamlessly integrate into the human physical and social environment, robots must display appropriate proxemic behavior-that is, follow societal norms in establishing their physical and psychological distancing with people. Social-scientific theories suggest competing models of human proxemic behavior, but all conclude that individuals’ proxemic behavior is shaped by the proxemic behavior of others and the individual’s psychological closeness to them. The present study explores whether these models can also explain how people physically and psychologically distance themselves from robots and suggest guidelines for future design of proxemic behaviors for robots. In a controlled laboratory experiment, participants interacted with Wakamaru to perform two tasks that examined physical and psychological distancing of the participants. We manipulated the likeability (likeable/dislikeable) and gaze behavior (mutual gaze/averted gaze) of the robot. Our results on physical distancing showed that participants who disliked the robot compensated for the increase in the robot’s gaze by maintaining a greater physical distance from the robot, while participants who liked the robot did not differ in their distancing from the robot across gaze conditions. The results on psychological distancing suggest that those who disliked the robot also disclosed less to the robot. Our results offer guidelines for the design of appropriate proxemic behaviors for robots so as to facilitate effective human-robot interaction.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Atmospheric measurements, Computers, disclosure, distancing, Gaze, human proxemic behavior, humanlike robots, human-robot interaction, human-robot proxemics, ieee xplore, individual psychological closeness, Particle measurements, physical distancing, Predictive models, Proxemics, proximity, psychological distancing, PSYCHOLOGY, robot gaze behavior, Robot kinematics, robot likeability, social-scientific theories, societal norms, Wakamaru -
(2011): Social robotics. Third international conference, ICSR 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 24 - 25, 2011 ; proceedings. Berlin: Springer (Lecture notes in computer science Lecture notes in artificial intelligence)Keywords: AAL-Technik, Affective computing, Artificial intelligence, Computer Science, Computer vision, Data processing, elderly, haptic communication, Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation, multimodal interaction, Multimodales System, Nichtverbale Kommunikation, persuasive technology, Research, Robotik, social sciences, Software engineering, Soziale Robotik, spatial dynamics
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Mutlu, Bilge; Bartneck, Christoph; Ham, Jaap; Evers, Vanessa; Kanda, Takayuki (Hg.) (2011): Social Robotics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
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(2011): Psychologie der Dienstleistung. Göttingen: Hogrefe
Abstract: Die Psychologie der Dienstleistung erforscht das Erleben und Verhalten von Dienstleistern und Kunde sowie die Interaktionsprozesse zwischen diesen beiden Akteuren. Die Wahrnehmung und emotionalen Bewertungen dieser Interaktionsprozesse spielen eine wichtige Rolle für die Bewertung der erfolgten Dienstleistung und beeinflussen somit maßgeblich deren Erfolg. Das Buch liefert einen aktuellen Überblick über den Stand der Forschung zu den psychologischen Aspekten der Dienstleistung. Auf der Seite des Dienstleisters werden Einflussgrößen wie beispielsweise die Persönlichkeit, die Entstehungsbedingungen von Kundenorientierung und die Analyse des konkreten Verhaltens im Kundenkontakt betrachtet. Mit Blick auf den Kunden wird den Fragen nachgegangen, wie Kundenzufriedenheit entsteht und welche Aspekte Einfluss auf die Wahrnehmung der Dienstleistungsqualität haben. Der Band beleuchtet schließlich auch die Rolle der Organisation und diskutiert dabei Interventionsmöglichkeiten auf den Ebenen der Mitarbeiterauswahl, der Führung, des Trainings und des Dienstleistungsklimas.
Keywords: Dienstleistung, Wirtschaftspsychologie -
(2011): A pilot study of social competence group training for adolescents with borderline intellectual functioning and emotional and behavioural problems (SCT-ABI). In: Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 55 (2), S. 231-241. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01369.x
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21199047 Abstract: BACKGROUND Emotional and behavioural problems as well as a lack of social competence are common in adolescents with borderline intellectual functioning and impair their social and vocational integration. Group interventions specifically developed for this target group are scarce and controlled evaluation studies are absent. METHODS A cognitive-behavioural group training (Social Competence Training for Adolescents with Borderline Intelligence) was developed and its effectiveness was examined in students attending special vocational schools. A total of 77 adolescents with borderline intelligence were randomised either to the intervention (n=40) or to the control group (n=37). Outcome measures at post-treatment and at a 6-month follow-up comprised self-reports, caregiver reports and behavioural observations. RESULTS The adolescents in the intervention group showed temporally stable improvement in their social competence, especially in social problem solving (F=17.6, P<0.001) and attainment of individual behavioural goals in everyday life (self-reports: F=15.9, P<0.001; caregiver reports: F=87.9, P<0.001). Effects of the intervention on other outcomes such as problem-solving competence and skills performed in standardised role plays were weak or absent. CONCLUSIONS Social Competence Training for Adolescents with Borderline Intelligence is a promising treatment for adolescents with borderline intellectual functioning and associated emotional/behavioural symptoms. Further studies examining long-term effects on the participants' social and vocational integration are needed.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Psychiatry/methods, Affective Symptoms/complications/therapy, Behavioral Symptoms/complications/therapy, Cognitive Therapy/methods, Disziplin, Gruppentraining, Humans, Intellectual Disability/complications/psychology/therapy, Interpersonal Relations, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, Mensch mit Behinderung, Mentally Disabled Persons/psychology/rehabilitation, Pilot Projects, Postkasten, Psychologie, Psychology, Adolescent, Psychotherapy, Group/methods, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, social competence training, social competences, social learning, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialkompetenz, SV, Therapie, Treatment Outcome, Ziele sozial angemessenen Verhaltens -
(2011): Im/polite reader responses on British online news sites. In: Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 7 (2), S. 187-214. DOI: 10.1515/jplr.2011.010
Abstract: Impolite and aggressive behaviour of anonymous users appears to be an important feature of online newspaper comments. This paper identifies and investigates how impoliteness is utilized strategically by newspaper readers to attack the author of an article. Empirical data is drawn from "Have-your-say" sections of the Guardian Online, Times Online and Telegraph Online. Results illustrate that impolite moves frequently involve face-threats that question the jourbalists' authority, credibility and trustworthiness. In the main part of the paper a categorization scheme for different types of impolite moves is introduced and a working definition of impoliteness in the context of "Have-your-say" sections presented. After having sketched a number of fundamental methodological and theoretical challenges in impoliteness research, the paper also demonstrates how the communicative setting and medium influence the realization and interpretation of impolite behaviour in those forms of public debates. Given the challenge of identifying and conceptualizing impoliteness in general and more specifically in a computer-mediated environment, etiquette rules prove especially useful for norms of appropriateness. It is also argued that the strength of those face-threats may be boosted by the fact that they are uttered in front of large audience and more specifically the journalist's readership.
Keywords: Art des Kommunikationsmediums, Diskurse in Anwesenheit von Zuhörerschaft/Leserschaft/Audience, Face, Face-threatening acts, Have-your-say sections for readers, Impolite Talk, Infragestellen von Autorität, Infragestellen von Glaubwürdigkeit, Infragestellen von Vertrauenswürdigkeit, Medien, Öffentlicher vs. privater Raum, Online-Journalismus, Rolle (Beruf), Situationsbedingter Kontext, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, time -
(2011): Design and the Digital Divide: Insights from 40 Years in Computer Support for Older and Disabled People. In: Synthesis Lectures on Assistive, Rehabilitative, and Health-Preserving Technologies 1 (1), S. 1-195. DOI: 10.2200/S00369ED1V01Y201106ARH001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2200/S00369ED1V01Y201106ARH001 Abstract: Demographic trends and increasing support costs means that good design for older and disabled people is an economic necessity, as well as a moral imperative. Alan Newell has been described as "a visionary who stretches the imagination of all of us" and "truly ahead of his time." This monograph describes research ranging from developing communication systems for non-speaking and hearing-impaired people to technology to support older people, and addresses the particular challenges older people have with much modern technology. Alan recounts the insights gained from this research journey, and recommends a philosophy, and design practices, to reduce the "Digital Divide" between users of information technology and those who are excluded by the poor design of many current systems. How to create and lead interdisciplinary teams, and the practical and ethical challenges of working in clinically related fields are discussed. The concepts of "Ordinary and Extra-ordinary HCI", "User Sensitive Inclusive Design" , and "Design for Dynamic Diversity", and the use of "Creative Design" techniques are suggested as extensions of "User Centered" and "Universal Design." Also described are the use of professional theatre and other methods for raising designers' awareness of the challenges faced by older and disabled people, ways of engaging with these groups, and of ascertaining what they "want" rather than just what they "need." This monograph will give all Human Computer Interaction (HCI) practitioners and designers of both mainstream and specialized IT equipment much food for thought.
Keywords: Alltag, augmentative and alternative communication, awareness raising, Demographie, digital inclusion, HCI design, historical, Human Computer Interaction, ieee xplore, older and disabled people, ordinary and extra-ordinary HCI, requirements gathering, Research Methodology, user sensitive inclusive design -
(2011): Vom Nutzen intelligenter Technik im Alter : Akzeptanz von Assistenzsystemen für Gesundheit und Sicherheit. In: Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit 42 (3). Online verfügbar unter Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit, 42, (3), pp. 40-50. 2011. URL: http://verlag.deutscher-verein.de/index.php?main
Abstract: Die neue Generation von intelligenten Technologien unterstützt die selbstständige Lebensführung im Alter. Besonders wichtig werden solche Lösungen und Systeme, die Gesundheit, Sicherheit und "Home Care" unterstützen, da es immer mehr ältere Menschen mit gesundheitlichen Einschränkungen geben wird. Die Frage ist jedoch, ob ältere Menschen diese Technologien akzeptieren. In der Studie "Akzeptanz von Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) - Technologien zur Unterstützung der Gesundheit und Sicherheit" wurde untersucht, ob moderne Technik von älteren, kranken oder auch behinderten Menschen, also den potenziellen Nutzern, akzeptiert und gewünscht wird. (Autorenreferat)
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(2011): Multimodal integration processes in plan-based service robot control. In: Tsinghua Science and Technology 16 (1), S. 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/S1007-0214(11)70001-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(11)70001-3 Abstract: Cross-modal integration processes are essential for service robots to reliably perceive relevant parts of the partially known unstructured environment. We demonstrate how multimodal integration on different abstraction levels leads to reasonable behavior that would be difficult to achieve with unimodal approaches. Sensing and acting modalities are composed to multimodal robot skills via a fuzzy multisensor fusion approach. Single modalities constitute basic robot skills that can dynamically be composed to appropriate behavior by symbolic planning. Furthermore, multimodal integration is exploited to answer relevant queries about the partially known environment. All these approaches are successfully implemented and tested on our mobile service robot platform TASER.
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(2011): Sharing moral values: Anticipated ingroup respect as a determinant of adherence to morality-based (but not competence-based) group norms. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 37 (8), S. 1117-1129. DOI: 10.1177/0146167211406906
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540366 Abstract: This research examines how moral values regulate the behavior of individual group members. It argues that group members behave in line with moral group norms because they anticipate receiving ingroup respect when enacting moral values that are shared by ingroup members. Data from two experimental studies offer evidence in support. In Study 1 (N = 82), morality-based (but not competence-based) ingroup norms determined whether members of a low-status group opted for individual versus collective strategies for status improvement. This effect was mediated by anticipated ingroup respect and emerged regardless of whether group norms prescribed collectivistic or individualistic behavior. These effects were replicated in Study 2 (N = 69), where no comparable effect was found as a result of moral norms communicated by a higher status outgroup. This indicates that social identity implications rather than interdependence or more generic concerns about social approval or importance of cooperation drive these effects.
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(2011) : Die Gewalt der Scham. Elias, Duerr und das Problem der Historizität menschlicher Gefühle In: Bauks, Michaela; Meyer, Martin F. (Hg.): Zur Kulturgeschichte der Scham: Hamburg: Meiner, S. 195-216
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(2011): Preliminary validation of the construct of trait social intelligence. In: Personality and Individual Differences 50 (6), S. 874-877. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.029
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.029 Abstract: Trait social intelligence (trait SI or trait social self-efficacy) refers to a constellation of social self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies. We present results from two studies testing the validity of this construct, operationalized via the Trait Social Intelligence Questionnaire (TSIQue). From a pool of 130 individuals, 15 high and 15 low trait SI scorers were selected to participate in two laboratory studies. In Study 1, high trait SI participants were significantly more accurate than their low trait SI peers in identifying facial expressions presented on a computer screen; in Study 2, they were significantly more likely to judge some form of apology as appropriate, following a social transgression described in a short vignette. The results provide preliminary support for the validity of the construct of trait SI and of the TSIQue as its operationalization vehicle. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2011): The con man as model organism. The methodological roots of Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical self. In: History of the Human Sciences 24 (2), S. 138-154. DOI: 10.1177/0952695111398828
Abstract: This article offers a historical analysis of the relationship between the practice of participant-observation among American sociologists and Erving Goffman's dramaturgical model of the self. He was a social scientist who privileged ethnography in the field over the laboratory experiment, the survey questionnaire, or the mental test. His goal was a natural history of communication among humans. Rather than rely upon standardizing technologies for measurement, Goffman tried to obtain accurate recordings of human behavior through secretive observations. During the 1950s, he conducted three major studies as a participant-observer, disguised from those studied through insincere performances. As originally presented, his dramaturgical theory did not draw upon the theater as the governing metaphor, but rather the confidence game. It is suggested that Goffman's writings exemplify what Gerd Gigerenzer calls the tools-to-theories heuristic. Goffman's depiction of the confidence man's behavior closely mirrored how he and his fellow sociologists described the practice of participant-observation. Both were represented as embedded and attentive yet coolly detached observers skilled at playing different roles as the situation necessitated. The similarities between his own professional behavior and the activities of the confidence man may have suggested to Goffman the latter as a model for human nature
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(2011) : Evaluating fairness: Critical assessment of equity theory.: Theories in social psychology.: Hoboken, USA: Wiley-Blackwell, S. 163-190
Abstract: This chapter discusses equity theory which concerns interpersonal relationships in social psychology. Most interpersonal relationships are built around trust, mutual respect, and genuine concern for the other person. Generally, people do not enter a relationship with fairness issues at the forefront of their minds. However, many people of all different backgrounds are familiar with the 'golden rule'—treat others as you would like to be treated. Many people believe that if everyone subscribed to this rule, fairness would prevail, leading to perfectly satisfying relationships. Whereas these ideas may be very intuitively appealing, they create some potential problems when people in relationships—whether it is a business relationship, a friendship, or a romance—experience difficulties. Difficulties may involve one person getting his or her way more often or experiencing hurt feelings. In reality, sometimes people feel they put more into a relationship than they get out of it. I t takes effort to build, maintain, and repair relationships, regardless of the type of relationship. Many people, both researchers and laypersons, are interested in what makes for satisfying relationships as well as what factors keep people together or drive them apart. A number of theories have been developed to help explain how people evaluate their relationships. One of them is equity theory. Equity theory is a theory that stems from economic principles. In fact, when John Stacy Adams first introduced the theory in 1963, he intended it to serve as an explanation for the fairness of exchanges between employers and their employees. Whereas researchers initially used this theory to explain employee-employer relationships, over the years, the theory has been expanded to explain various other types of relationships. Walster, Walster, and Berscheid continued to refine and to adapt the theory to help people understand how people evaluate their interactions in other kinds of rela tionship s, such as casual interpersonal relationships and intimate relationships. This type of research includes the harm-doer-victim relationship, helping relationships, collegial relationships, friendships, marital relationships, and homosexual relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)