Alle Publikationen
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2018
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Gray, Kurt James; Graham, Jesse (Hg.) (2018): Atlas of moral psychology. What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character? - Helzer, Erik G.; Critcher, Clayton R.. New York, NY: The Guilford Press
Abstract: What do people evaluate when they assess another person’s moral character? In this chapter, we define moral character in novel social cognitive terms and offer empirical support for the idea that the central qualities of moral character are those deemed essential for social relationships. We approach this chapter from the theoretical standpoint that the centrality of character evaluation is due to its function in social life. Evaluation of character is, we think, inherently a judgment about a person’s qualifications for being a solid long-term social investment. That is, people attempt to suss out moral character because they want to know whether a particular agent is the type of person who likely possesses the necessary (even if not sufficient) qualities they expect in a social relationship. In developing these ideas theoretically and empirically, we consider what form moral character takes, discuss what this proposal suggests about how people may and do assess other s’ mor al character, and identify an assortment of qualities that our perspective predicts will be central to moral character evaluation. In developing these ideas theoretically and empirically, we consider what form moral character takes, discuss what this proposal suggests about how people may and do assess others’ moral character, and identify an assortment of qualities that our perspective predicts will be central to moral character evaluation. We begin by putting forward a new idea of what we think moral character means, rooted in a social-cognitive view of the person as a moral being. We introduce the idea that a person’s moral character takes the form of moral cognitive machinery—essentially a processor that accepts inputs that, if the processor functions well, should output morally relevant judgments and behavior. We next take on the question of content: What are the more specific characteristics of a person with good moral character? That is, instead of considering t he abstr act form that moral character may take, we ask what qualities define moral character. In this section, we present several forms of preliminary evidence suggesting that moral qualities are those that describe necessary conditions of social investment. In so doing, we engage with two questions. First, we consider how our perspective is compatible with both moral pluralism and moral universalism— how moral codes may show variety and consistency across cultural contexts. Second, we consider in what circumstances people should be more or less likely to assume that others’ character is more or less upstanding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 3 "This comprehensive and cutting-edge volume maps out the terrain of moral psychology, a dynamic and evolving area of research. In 57 concise chapters, leading authorities and up-and-coming scholars explore fundamental issues and current controversies. The volume systematically reviews the empirical evidence base and presents influential theories of moral judgment and behavior. It is organized around the key questions that must be addressed for a complete understanding of the moral mind"-- "Description: This comprehensive and cutting-edge volume maps out the terrain of moral psychology, a dynamic and evolving area of research. In 56 concise chapters, leading authorities and up-and-coming scholars explore fundamental issues and current controversies. The volume systematically reviews the empirical evidence base and presents influential theories of moral judgment and behavior. It is organized around the key questions that must be addressed for a complete understanding of the moral mind. Key Words: altruism, badness, beliefs, convictions, ethical behavior, evil, evolutionary psychology, free will, goodness, human behavior, immorality, justice, moral character, moral emotions, moral judgments, moral philosophy, moral psychology, moral reasoning, personality, social cognition, social norms, social psychology, values"--
Keywords: Moral, Morality, Peer Evaluation, Personality Traits, Social Cognition, social sciences, Sonstiges 2017
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(2017): Employee conscientiousness, agreeableness, and supervisor justice rule compliance. A three-study investigation. In: The Journal of applied psychology 102 (11), S. 1564-1589. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000248
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000248 Abstract: Researchers have paid limited attention to what makes organizational authority figures decide to treat their employees either justly or unjustly. Drawing from the actor-focused model of justice, as well as the stereotype content model, we argue that employee conscientiousness and agreeableness can impact the extent to which supervisors adhere to normative rules for distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice, as a result of supervisors' evaluations of their employees' effort and their liking of the employees. Supervisory compliance with justice rules may, in turn, impact the extent to which employees judge themselves to be treated either justly or unjustly. We tested these possibilities in 3 studies. In Study 1, we utilized a meta-analysis to demonstrate positive relationships between employees' conscientiousness, agreeableness, and their justice perceptions. In Study 2, we conducted 3 experiments to test the causal relationship between employee personality and supervisor intentions to comply with justice rules. In Study 3, we conducted an employee-supervisor dyadic field survey to examine the entire mediation model. Results are discussed in terms of the potential roles that both employees and supervisors may play in shaping employees' justice perceptions. (PsycINFO Database Record zitiert von 1
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(2017): Emotional intelligence predicts peer-rated social competence above and beyond personality traits. In: Current Issues in Personality Psychology 5 (2), S. 91-101. DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2017.64490
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2017.64490 Abstract: Background: This study investigated the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and social competences (SC), which determine effective functioning in three types of social situations: intimate situations, situations of social exposure and situations requiring self-assertion. Social competences were assessed using a peer nomination method. It was hypothesized that trait EI predicts SC above and beyond personality traits. Participants and Procedure: Data were collected from among 111 adolescents (46.95% girls). The study was conducted among five classes from three public high schools. Participants first completed the Personality Inventory NEO-FFI and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF). Subsequently, the descriptions of three different persons were presented to the participants. Each description concerned one of the SC: intimate competence, social exposure competence and assertive competence. Participants were asked to nominate three classmates who suited each description best. Results: A series of hierarchical regression analyses was performed. Personality traits and trait EI were regressed on each competence. Analyses involved two-step hierarchical regressions, entering personality traits at step 1 and adding trait EI at step 2. The results demonstrated that personality traits explained a substantial portion of the variance in each SC. Beyond these variables, trait EI was significant as a predictor of nominations for each SC, explaining an additional amount of the unique variance. Conclusions: The results complement existing evidence that trait EI contributes to successful social functioning. The relationships between trait EI and SC remained statistically significant even after controlling for Big Five variance. The results demonstrate incremental validity of trait EI over and above personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): The Malleability of Stereotype Effects on Spontaneous Trait Inferences. In: Social Psychology 48 (1), S. 3-18. DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000288
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000288 Abstract: Past research has demonstrated that perceivers are more likely to draw spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) from stereotype-consistent behaviors than from stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Four studies were conducted to examine the moderating role of power in stereotype effects on STIs. Priming power using the scrambled sentence task, Study 1 found that high-power participants drew STIs from elderly stereotype-consistent but not from elderly stereotype-inconsistent sentences, while low-power participants did not draw STIs from elderly stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 by exploring the moderating role of power in gender stereotype effects on STIs. Measuring participants’ dispositional power via the Personal Sense of Power, Study 3 found that dispositional power also moderated the effects of gender stereotype on STIs. Study 4 found that compared with the baseline condition (no-power manipulation), the low-power condition inhibited STIs from stereotype-consistent behaviors, but the high-power condition did not facilitate STI formation from stereotype-consistent behaviors. The current study is the first to show that power influences the reliance on stereotypes when spontaneously inferring traits from behaviors.
2016
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(2016): Ein bisschen Wut tut gut - warum Manager moralisch motivierte Wut ernst nehmen sollten. In: Wirtschaftspsychologie aktuell 23 (1), S. 57-60
Abstract: Es wird die Wut im Arbeitsleben als alltagliches Phanomen und normale Begleiterscheinung bei Interaktionsprozessen zwischen Individuen erortert. Dabei geht es vor allem um den sensiblen Umgang von Fuhrungskraften mit Emotionen von Mitarbeitern. Haufig handelt es sich dabei um prosoziale oder moralisch motivierte Wut (MMW), die sich von herkommlicher Wut unterscheidet. Die MMW ist eine Emotion, die ein Fehlverhalten bewertet, um es dann verantwortungsbewusst zu korrigieren. In diesem Sinne ist MMW ein erregter Gemutszustand, der durch die Verletzung moralischer Standards hervorgerufen wird, andere mehr betrifft als das handelnde Individuum selbst und ein Korrekturverhalten nach sich zieht, selbst wenn es fur dieses Individuum ein Risiko darstellt. Dafur werden zwei Praxisbeispiele (Der Fall Edward Snowden und der VW-Abgasskandal) zitiert und am Beispiel des Films "Die zwolf Geschworenen"wird aufgezeigt, wie Handeln durch MMW beeinflusst wird. Fur Fuhrungskrafte ist es wichtig, verschiedene Arten der Wut zu erkennen und zwischen Wut als Personlichkeitsmerkmal (trait anger) und situationsbedingte Emotion (state anger) zu differenzieren. Nur so konnen Warnsignale von MMW erkannt und richtig eingeordnet werden.
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(2016): Co-development of personality and friendships across the lifespan. An empirical review on selection and socialization. In: European Psychologist 21 (4), S. 254-273. Online verfügbar unter https://www.hogrefe.ch/produkte/zeitschriften/ep
Abstract: Changes in the co-development of personality characteristics and friendships across the lifespan are examined. How personality traits shape friendship development (i.e., selection effects) and how friendships shape personality traits (i.e., socialization effects) is adressed. By integrating separate empirical studies, The authors look at how selection and socialization effects change across the lifespan. A review of longitudinal research supports the hypothesis that selection effects on friendships intensify during adolescence, peak in young adulthood, and diminish throughout middle and late adulthood. Socialization effects through friendships seem to be moderately sized during adolescence, then small to negligible from young adulthood onwards. For future directions, effects of the transactional development of friendships and personality regarding associated dispositions within individuals, associated individuals within friendship dyads, and individuals associated within wider social networks are discussed. zitiert von 11
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(2016): Co-development of personality and friendships across the lifespan. An empirical review on selection and socialization. In: European Psychologist 21 (4), S. 254-273
Abstract: Changes in the co-development of personality characteristics and friendships across the lifespan are examined. How personality traits shape friendship development (i.e., selection effects) and how friendships shape personality traits (i.e., socialization effects) is adressed. By integrating separate empirical studies, The authors look at how selection and socialization effects change across the lifespan. A review of longitudinal research supports the hypothesis that selection effects on friendships intensify during adolescence, peak in young adulthood, and diminish throughout middle and late adulthood. Socialization effects through friendships seem to be moderately sized during adolescence, then small to negligible from young adulthood onwards. For future directions, effects of the transactional development of friendships and personality regarding associated dispositions within individuals, associated individuals within friendship dyads, and individuals associated within wider social networks are discussed. zitiert von 11
2015
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(2015): Moral identity: Identification and validation of moral traits.. In: Developmental Psychology: Journal of Iranian Psychologists 11 (44), S. 367-378
Abstract: In order to construct a moral identity scale primarily based on Aquino and Reed (2002) model, two pilot studies were conducted. The first study aimed to identify moral traits among college students. One hundred and twenty two students (56% females) participated in a free-listing task. The participants were asked to list characteristics that a moral person possessed. A content analysis of the traits based on five criteria (Hardy et al, 2011) resulted in 26 non-redundant traits. In order to obtain further evidence that these 26 traits had sufficient content validity, in a sample different from the first study 217 students (58% females) were asked to rate each trait using a scale ranging from 1(absolutely unnecessary) to 5 (absolutely necessary). The results indicated that 24 traits were judged to be above the midpoint of the scale. Investigating the results of females and males students led to identification of nine traits that had the highest ratings: polite, trustworthy, honest, self-respect, rational, loyal, fair, religious, and patient. These nine traits were considered as identity-invoking stimuli for constructing moral identity scale. The implications of the findings were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015): Tipping customs. The effects of national differences in attitudes toward tipping and sensitivities to duty and social pressure. In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 57, S. 158-166. DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2014.07.005
Abstract: Consumers around the world often give voluntary sums of money (called 'tips') to the service workers who have served them, but the set of tipped professions and the amounts tipped to any one profession differ from country to country. One explanation for these national differences in tipping customs is that they reflect national differences in attitude toward tipping, sensitivity to duty/obligation to tip, and sensitivity to social pressure to tip. Furthermore, these variables have been hypothesized to mediate the previously observed effects on tipping customs of national extraversion, psychoticism and neuroticism respectively. Analyses of secondary data found support for these explanations of national differences in tipping customs, but only partial support for their roles as mediators of national personality effects on tipping customs. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed along with study limitations and directions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 6
2014
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(2014): Personality traits and living arrangements in young adulthood. Selection and socialization. In: Developmental Psychology 50 (3), S. 683-698
Abstract: Based on the social investment principle and theories of social relationship differentiation, the present study was conducted to investigate whether personality differences in high school predict young adults' living arrangements (with roommates or a romantic partner, alone, or staying with parents) 2 years later (selection) and whether these different social contexts provoke long-term personality changes (socialization). Using data from a 3-wave longitudinal study of 8,052 high school graduates in Germany, multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed substantial selection effects of the Big Five traits on living arrangements. Propensity score matching was applied to provide a strong test of the socialization effects of these living arrangements. Young adults who lived with roommates showed increases in Openness but the smallest increases in Conscientiousness. Living with a romantic partner was the most beneficial arrangement for the development of Conscientiousness. These results highlight the importance of social contexts for personality development in young adulthood. zitiert von 14
2013
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(2013): Why are you looking like that? How the context influences evaluation and processing of human faces. In: Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 8 (4), S. 438-445. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss013
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22287265 Abstract: Perception and evaluation of facial expressions are known to be heavily modulated by emotional features of contextual information. Such contextual effects, however, might also be driven by non-emotional aspects of contextual information, an interaction of emotional and non-emotional factors, and by the observers' inherent traits. Therefore, we sought to assess whether contextual information about self-reference in addition to information about valence influences the evaluation and neural processing of neutral faces. Furthermore, we investigated whether social anxiety moderates these effects. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, participants viewed neutral facial expressions preceded by a contextual sentence conveying either positive or negative evaluations about the participant or about somebody else. Contextual influences were reflected in rating and fMRI measures, with strong effects of self-reference on brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and right fusiform gyrus. Additionally, social anxiety strongly affected the response to faces conveying negative, self-related evaluations as revealed by the participants' rating patterns and brain activity in cortical midline structures and regions of interest in the left and right middle frontal gyrus. These results suggest that face perception and processing are highly individual processes influenced by emotional and non-emotional aspects of contextual information and further modulated by individual personality traits. zitiert von 56
Keywords: Affective Valence, Amygdala, Brain Mapping, Brain/physiology, Cerebral Blood Flow, Context, Emotions/physiology, Face Perception, Face/physiology, Facial Expression, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, Female, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Fusiform Gyrus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Male, Neuroanatomy, Neurowissenschaften, Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology, Perception/physiology, Personality Traits, Photic Stimulation/methods, Self Reference, social anxiety 2011
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(2011): Preliminary validation of the construct of trait social intelligence. In: Personality and Individual Differences 50 (6), S. 874-877. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.029
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.029 Abstract: Trait social intelligence (trait SI or trait social self-efficacy) refers to a constellation of social self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies. We present results from two studies testing the validity of this construct, operationalized via the Trait Social Intelligence Questionnaire (TSIQue). From a pool of 130 individuals, 15 high and 15 low trait SI scorers were selected to participate in two laboratory studies. In Study 1, high trait SI participants were significantly more accurate than their low trait SI peers in identifying facial expressions presented on a computer screen; in Study 2, they were significantly more likely to judge some form of apology as appropriate, following a social transgression described in a short vignette. The results provide preliminary support for the validity of the construct of trait SI and of the TSIQue as its operationalization vehicle. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2007
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(2007) : Dynamics of sex-role stereotypes: Stereotype dynamics. Language-based approaches to the formation, maintenance, and transformation of stereotypes.: Hove, UK: Psychology Press, S. 135-161
Abstract: Presents an overview of research investigating the impact of socio-cultural changes on male and female social roles. Previous studies have explored perceived changes in gender stereotypes and gender-specific personality traits. Another focus of research has been the correspondence between changes in female/male social roles on the one hand, and changes in sex-stereotypic beliefs about female/male leaders and in leadership-specific personality traits on the other. Empirical evidence suggests that the dynamic nature of gender stereotypes is rooted in widespread beliefs about the distribution of men and women in social roles. The increase of females assuming traditionally male-dominated roles in recent decades has coincided with heightened perception of greater agency in women, decreased sex-stereotypic beliefs about female leaders, and decreased sex differences in leadership-specific personality traits. While men's roles have remained relatively stable, moderate changes have occurred in sex-stereotypic beliefs about men and also in men's own self-reported personality traits. zitiert von 27
2005
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(2005): Understanding and being understood. The impact of intelligence and dispositional valuations on social relationships.
Abstract: The current dissertation investigated the role of cognitive personality traits on the mutual understanding between interaction partners. For this purpose, main effects of intelligence and dispositional valuations were studied (n=1099). In addition, it was asked whether within-dyad personality differences affect mutual understanding and whether gifted individuals differ from a comparison group of university students in their level of social adjustment. Results indicated that individuals perceive a relation between the intelligence level of their interaction partners and the quality of their social relationships. However, such an effect could not be replicated with psychometric intelligence measures (with the exception of vocabulary). Second, the results of the current study did not support the contention that dyadic personality differences constrain communication quality. Third, it could be shown that the sample of gifted individuals was less well adjusted than the sample of college graduates. However, several indications were found that this was not due to their extremely high intelligence but to an oversampling of gifted individuals with adjustment problems. Together, the results showed that mutual understanding is an important factor in the development of close relationships. However, the limited impact of intelligence and dispositional valuations on the quality of dyadic interactions suggests that most people are able to cope with the demands of interpersonal interactions without having a high intelligence level. In addition, most conversation partners seem able to understand each other in spite of within-dyad personality differences.
Keywords: Comprehension, Dyaden, Dyads, Freundschaft, friendship, Gruppenverhalten, impact of intelligence & dispositional valuations on mutual comprehension in close social relationships, Intelligence, Intelligenz, Interpersonal Interaction, Interpersonale Interaktion, Intimacy, Intimität, perceived quality of relationship & dyadic interactions, Personal Values, Personality Traits, Persönliche Werte, Persönlichkeitsmerkmale, Social Perception & Cognition, Soziale Intelligenz, Soziale Wahrnehmung und soziale Kognition, Sozialpsychologie, Verständnis -
(2005): Culture, essentialism, and agency. Are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups?. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 35 (2), S. 147-169. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.237
Abstract: Compared how human individuals and social groups are perceived as social entities across different cultures. College students from East Asia (n=357, mean age 20 years), three English-speaking countries (n=300, mean age 20 years), and continental Europe (n=225, mean age 21 years) completed a questionnaire assessing two aspects of perceived "entitativity" (psychological essentialism and agency) as well as causal beliefs determining this perception. Perceptions concerning individuals, families, friendship groups, and society were reported. Individuals were considered more essence-like and unchangeable than social groups across all cultures. Similarly, more agency was ascribed to individuals, but only in Western cultures: East Asians conferred an equal level of agency to individuals and groups. Moreover, individuals were generally assigned more psychological essentialism than friendship groups and societies. The results are discussed with reference to concepts of individualism and collectivism. zitiert von 137
2004
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Peterson, Christopher (2004): Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification.. Kapitel: Fairness. pp. 391-412. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, zuletzt geprüft am 08.03.2018
Abstract: In their book 'Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification,' Peterson and Seligman present a taxonomy of character strengths and virtues. This chapter specifically examines fairness. The chapter provides a consensual definition of fairness, and discusses its theoretical traditions; measures; correlates and consequences; development; enabling and inhibiting factors; gender, cross-national, and cross-cultural aspects; and deliberate interventions for cultivating fairness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Fairnesstheorie, Human Sex Differences, Cross Cultural Differences, Intervention, Fairness, Justice, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Morality, Personality Development, Personality Measures, Personality Theory, Personality Traits, Positive Psychology, Sociocultural Factors, Taxonomies 2001
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(2001): Niceness and the Limits of Rules. In: Journal of Moral Education 30 (4), S. 349-360. DOI: 10.1080/03057240120094841
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240120094841 Abstract: Teachers (and parents) responsible for the acculturation of young children have an investment in 'niceness'. While the moral worthiness of this norm is obvious, niceness when enshrined as a set of rules is questionable. Because we want children to be honest, strong-minded and bold, to resist peer pressure and speak out against wrongdoing, protection against hurt must sometimes give way to other priorities. Through the presentation of two early childhood scenarios--a small child asks questions of strangers that insult them; a somewhat older one rejects the overture of a child who wants to join his play--I explore the downside of tactfulness and the difficulties of determining who is injured by bluntness. The argument proceeds that in order to balance both the interests of the parties and the different values at stake--fairness as well as niceness--we need to contextualise our judgements by avoiding general rules. Finally, I suggest several benchmarks that should be incorpo rated in to this contextualised decision-making--the act itself, its consequences and the motives and personal history of the players. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 5
1931
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(1931): The correlation of direct suggestibility with certain character traits. In: Journal of Applied Psychology 15 (1), S. 1-15. DOI: 10.1037/h0072934
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0072934 Abstract: Hull's test of suggestibility used on 56 subjects showed consistently low correlations with rankings of the subjects on the traits of honesty, sympathy, 'sweet temper,' tactfulness, and suggestibility. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 25
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