Alle Publikationen
2004
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(2004): Anger, Blame, and Dimensions of Perceived Norm Violations. Culture, Gender, and Relationships. In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34 (8), S. 1587-1603. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02788.x
Abstract: From a social cognitive perspective on anger, the structure of perceived norm violations and their relationships with anger were examined. 884 university students from 4 countries (United States, Germany, Japan, and Hong Kong) were asked to rate their experiences of being harmed in terms of norm violations, angry feelings, blame, and relationship with the harm doers. Two culturally common dimensions in perceived norm violations (informal interpersonal norms and formal societal norms) were found, and these dimensions substantially increased both angry feelings and blame in almost all cultural groups. The violation of interpersonal norms generally evoked anger more frequently than that of societal norms, but there were interactions between culture and relationship closeness and between gender and relationship closeness. zitiert von 58
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(2004): Cultural Differences in Ultimatum Game Experiments: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. In: Experimental Economics 7 (2), S. 171-188. DOI: 10.1023/B:EXEC.0000026978.14316.74
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(2004): Trust and etiquette in high-criticality automated systems. In: Communications of the ACM 47 (4), S. 51-55. DOI: 10.1145/975817.975844
Abstract: Whereas the other articles in this section discuss human-computer etiquette in traditional social interactions involving the use of computers that explicitly strive to elicit a perception of "personhood" from the human participant, we focus on computers that occupy more traditional roles as complex and largely unpersonified machines involved in high-criticality working relationships with humans—where the consequences of failure can be catastrophic in terms of lives, money, or both. Politeness and social niceties are important in many human-human social interactions, but in critical, highly technical work, there is the common misperception that we can "dispense with protocol" and get down to business, even with those who are not particularly courteous. In fact, excessive adherence to polite norms can seem stilted and sometimes frustrating in such settings. Here, we argue the etiquette exhibited1 by non-personified machines (that is, ones largely without human methods of expressiveness such as facial expressions, speech, voice tones, and gestures) and computer-based automation can profoundly affect users' perception and correct, optimal usage of them in work domains such as aviation, manufacturing, and power plant operation, among others. A primary candidate for a mechanism through which machine etiquette can influence usage is user trust [2, 6]. Trust influences when and whether users decide to use automation, and can therefore seriously affect the overall human + machine system reliability, efficiency, and safety.
Keywords: Automatisierung, Design, doppelter Treffer, Etikette, Etiquette, Human-Computer Etiquette, Interaktionspartner, Mensch oder Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Mensch-Technische Systeme, Modelle/Theorien, Realtechnik, Sozial Intelligente Agenten, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Robotik, Soziosensitive Systeme, special issue, Technik, Vertrauen, Vertrauenswürdigkeit einer Maschine, Volltreffer -
Payr, Sabine; Trappl, Robert (Hg.) (2004): Agent culture: Human-agent interaction in a multicultural world. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers
Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz -
Peterson, Christopher (2004): Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification.. Kapitel: Fairness. pp. 391-412. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, zuletzt geprüft am 08.03.2018
Abstract: In their book 'Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification,' Peterson and Seligman present a taxonomy of character strengths and virtues. This chapter specifically examines fairness. The chapter provides a consensual definition of fairness, and discusses its theoretical traditions; measures; correlates and consequences; development; enabling and inhibiting factors; gender, cross-national, and cross-cultural aspects; and deliberate interventions for cultivating fairness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Fairnesstheorie, Human Sex Differences, Cross Cultural Differences, Intervention, Fairness, Justice, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Morality, Personality Development, Personality Measures, Personality Theory, Personality Traits, Positive Psychology, Sociocultural Factors, Taxonomies -
(2004): Anti-oppressive Social Work Practice with Women in Prison. Discursive Reconstructions and Alternative Practices. In: BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK 34 (5), S. 693-707. DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bch085
Abstract: An anti-oppressive practice (AOP) framework emphasizes issues of power and oppression within the provision of social work services themselves as well as within the lives of clients who have been marginalized and oppressed (Preston-Shoot, 1995; Garcia and Melendez, 1997). AOP seeks to deindividualize clients' problems in order to see them within the wider social context of their lives. In addition, this framework attempts to move away from an 'expert' model of service delivery towards one that is more inclusive of clients' experiences and that incorporates a recognition of coping and resistence to oppression. In this paper I discuss how an AOP framework can contribute to our understanding of and interventions with women in prison. In particular, I will focus upon how we can better understand and respond to women's mental health issues and the experience of imprisonment. Peer support services are examined as an example of AOP programming for women in prison.
Keywords: Design -
(2004): Etiquette, Empathy and Trust in Communities of Practice: Stepping-Stones to Social Capital. In: Journal of Universal Computer Science 10 (3), S. 294-302
Abstract: Creating online communities of practice involves much more than creating software. Software houses online communities of practice activities but social interactions also depend on who is involved, what their goals are, their personalities and the community’s norms and policies. By paying attention to these sociability issues, community members can influence how their community develops. Norms that lead to good online etiquette, empathy and trust between community members provide stepping-stones for social capital development.
Keywords: Digitalisierung, doppelter Treffer, Etikette, Etiquette, Etiquette, empathy and trust as stepping-stones for social capital development, Favoriten, Informations- & Kommunikationstechnik, Interaktion, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Mensch-Technische Systeme, Modelle/Theorien, Normen, Online, online-communities, Realtechnik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Technik -
(2004): Etiquette online: From nice to necessary. In: Communications of the ACM 47 (4), S. 56-61. DOI: 10.1145/975817.975845
Abstract: Why is etiquette online important? As Internet settlers form cyber-communities, the importance of etiquette grows. Lack of etiquette is weakening sociability and even destroying online communities. Etiquette online is not just nice to have, it is necessary. Like the pioneers of the wild west, early Internet adopters were a rough and tumble gang. An occasional sarcastic comment, expletive, or confrontational challenge was part of thefun. But times have changed. Today’s settlers flock online in the millions. A single word aptly summarizes these settlers – ‘diverse’. These Internet users come from many cultures and walks of life. They arrive with a mix of expectations using a variety of technologies, which they access in different ways. The new settlers include children and adults, healthy and infirm, eager and reluctant. English-speakers dominate but other languages and cultures are gaining prominence. The number of women matches the number of men. Even, low-income families and those with limited education are beginning to appear (Pew, 2003). This diversity can have its charm, but also can lead to unpredictable encounters, misunderstandings, and frustrated expectations. One person’s clever joke is another person’s offensive insult. Connecting with others tops the ‘to do’ lists for new settlers. Internet shopping, gaming, and searching for information, particularly health information, are also near the top. The new settlers are a social bunch compared with the early pioneers, who focused on programming and information-oriented tasks. Different types of technology require different forms of etiquette (Marx, 1994).
Keywords: Computer Science, Design, Digitalisierung, doppelter Treffer, Etikette, Etiquette, Favoriten, Human-Computer Etiquette, Informations- & Kommunikationstechnik, Internetportale/Blogs, Kontexte mit sozialer Diversität, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Mensch-Technische Systeme, Modelle/Theorien, Online, Realtechnik, Soziale Angemessenheit, soziale Medien, special issue, Technik, Volltreffer -
(2004): Psychology. Is language the key to human intelligence?. In: Science (New York, N.Y.) 303 (5656), S. 318-320. DOI: 10.1126/science.1093993
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(2004): Suspect Disrespect toward the Police. In: Justice Quarterly 21, S. 241-268
Abstract: Research shows that suspects' behavior influences police officers' decisions. Those who are disrespectful to the police are more likely to have that behavior reciprocated. To date, the factors influencing whether suspects will show deference remain largely unexamined. Guided by social interactionist theory and recent developments in urban sociology, we use systematic social observations and census data to investigate. We find that elevated levels of police force can induce suspect disrespect, but more subtle forms tend to have the opposite effect. The size of the audiences observing the encounter also influences whether suspects behave disrespectfully. Hypothesized links between disinhibiting factors such as intoxicants and disrespect are confirmed. Excluding traffic encounters, suspects in disadvantaged neighborhoods are less likely to show deference. This finding helps explain why officers encountering African Americans are the targets of disrespect.
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(2004): The brain as hardware, culture as software. In: Inquiry 47 (3), S. 219-235. DOI: 10.1080/00201740410006348
Abstract: For the last fifty years or so there has been a struggle going on between the heirs of Carnap's 'unified science'movement and the followers of the later Wittgenstein. The differences between these two kinds of philosophers are best grasped, nowadays, by
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(2004): Tolerance of Sexual Harassment. An Examination of Gender Differences, Ambivalent Sexism, Social Dominance, and Gender Roles. In: Sex Roles 50 (7/8), S. 565-573. DOI: 10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd Abstract: In this study we examined the effects of gender, gender roles (masculinity and femininity), ambivalent sexism, and social dominance orientation with regard to tolerance of sexual harassment. It was predicted that women would be less tolerant than men of sexual harassment, however, men and women who were tolerant of sexual harassment would share ambivalence and hostility toward women, and they would exhibit higher levels of social dominance and masculinity. Results partially supported the hypotheses. Women were significantly less tolerant of harassment than men were, however, regression analyses showed that ambivalent sexism and hostility toward women accounted for the majority of total variance (35%), followed by gender (5%), social dominance (1%), femininity (0.7%), and nonsexism (0.6%). Masculinity and benevolent sexism were not significant predictors. Results suggest that ambivalence and hostility toward women are much greater predictors of tolerance of sexual harassme nt than is gender alone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2004) : Regelmäßigkeit und Regelhaftigkeit: Die Abschirmung des technischen Kerns als Leistung der Praxis In: Hörning, Karl H.; Reuter, Julia (Hg.): Doing Culture: Neue Positionen zum Verhältnis von Kultur und sozialer Praxis: Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, S. 108-126
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(2004): Entwicklungsveränderungen in Konformität und in kognitiven Folgen sozialer Beeinflussung. In: Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 36 (4), S. 173-181. DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637.36.4.173
Abstract: Thema der Studie sind Entwicklungsveränderungen bei sozialer Beeinflussung sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Erinnerungsleistung. 89 Kinder im Alter von sieben bis acht und neun bis zehn Jahren wurden nach einer Woche zum Inhalt eines Kinderfilms befragt. Im ersten Interview wurde die Erinnerungsleistung über offene Fragen ermittelt. Anschließend wurde die Stärke des sozialen Einflusses von irreführenden und richtig lenkenden Suggestionen zusätzlich durch die Anwesenheit und das Antwortverhalten einer Verbündeten der Interviewerin variiert. Am nächsten Tag wurde die suggestive Befragung ohne Verbündete wiederholt. Die Hälfte der Kinder durchlief als Kontrollgruppe beide suggestiven Befragungen ohne Verbündete. Es zeigten sich deutliche Alterseffekte in der Fähigkeit, sozialer Beeinflussung zu widerstehen: Während Sieben- bis Achtjährige noch durch Suggestionen sowie zusätzlich durch die Verbündete beeinflussbar waren, bestand bei Neun- bis Zehnjährigen nur noch ein Einfluss der Verbündeten. Dies zeigte sich auch in altersspezifischen Unterschieden in den Nachwirkungen der Befragungssituation mit der Verbündeten auf die spätere Befragung ohne Verbündete. zitiert von 11
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(2004): The measurement of effort–reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. In: Social Science & Medicine 58 (8), S. 1483-1499. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00351-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00351-4 Abstract: Using comparative data from five countries, this study investigates the psychometric properties of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work model. In this model, chronic work-related stress is identified as non-reciprocity or imbalance between high efforts spent and low rewards received. Health-adverse effects of this imbalance were documented in several prospective and cross-sectional investigations. The internal consistency, discriminant validity and factorial structure of 'effort', 'reward', and 'overcommitment' scales are evaluated, using confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, content (or external) validity is explored with respect to a measure of self-reported health. Data for the analysis is derived from epidemiologic studies conducted in five European countries: the Somstress Study (Belgium; n = 3796), the GAZEL-Cohort Study (France; n = 10,174), the WOLF-Norrland Study (Sweden; n = 960), the Whitehall II Study (UK; n = 3697) and the Public Transport Employees Study (Germany; n = 316). Internal consistency of the scales was satisfactory in all samples, and the factorial structure of the scales was consistently confirmed (all goodness of fit measures were > 0.92). Moreover, in 12 of 14 analyses, significantly elevated odds ratios of poor health were observed in employees scoring high on the ERI scales. In conclusion, a psychometrically well-justified measure of work-related stress (ERI) grounded in sociological theory is available for comparative socioepidemiologic investigations. In the light of the importance of work for adult health such investigations are crucial in advanced societies within and beyond Europe.
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Sommer, Gert (2004): Krieg und Frieden. Handbuch der Konflikt- und Friedenspsychologie. 1. Aufl.. Weinheim [u.a.]: Beltz PVU
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Sprague, Ralph H. (2004): Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Abstracts and CD-ROM of full papers : 5-8 January, 2004, Big Island, Hawaii. 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the. Big Island, HI, USA, 1/8/2004 - 1/8/2004. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences; IEEE Computer Society. Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society Press
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(2004): Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 8 (2), S. 60-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.12.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15588809 Abstract: Animals often aid others without gaining any immediate benefits. Although these acts seem to reduce the donor's fitness, they are only apparently altruistic. Donors typically help because they or their kin receive future benefits or avoid costly punishment. Reciprocal altruism--alternating the roles of donor and recipient--has been a well-studied form of cooperation among non-kin because of its intuitive appeal in explaining human cooperation. Despite immense theoretical interest, little empirical evidence substantiates the biological importance of reciprocal altruism in non-human animals. We propose that this is because psychological mechanisms constrain its application in cooperative contexts. In particular, we contend that cognitive limitations such as temporal discounting, numerical discrimination and memory make reciprocity difficult for animals.
Keywords: Altruism, Animals, Biologie, Cooperative Behavior, Evolutionsbiologie, Game Theory, Genese, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Humans, Interaktion, Kooperation, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Problem Solving, reziproker Altruismus, Reziprozität, Social Behavior, Soziale Angemessenheit, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten -
(2004): Entstehungsbedingungen von Antwortverzerrungen durch soziale Erwünschtheit : Ein Vergleich der Prognosen der Rational-Choice Theorie und des Modells der Frame-Selektion. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie 33 (4), S. 303-320
Abstract: Die Rational-Choice Theorie und deren Generalisierung im Modell der Frame Selektion beanspruchen beide eine vollständige und die Interdependenz der Entstehungsfaktoren berücksichtigende Erklärung des sozial erwünschten Antwortverhaltens in Umfragen. Die hierbei vorhergesagten Erklärungsfaktoren wurden bisher nur unvollständig und oft mit widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen empirisch untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag überprüft daher theorievergleichend zentrale Vorhersagen der beiden Ansätze am Antwortverhalten über Einstellungen zu Ausländern. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen im ersten Schritt die Vorhersagen der "reinen" Rational-Choice Theorie, wonach mit sozial erwünschtem Antwortverhalten nur dann zu rechnen ist, wenn die motivationalen, kognitiven und sozialen Vorbedingungen gleichzeitig erfüllt sind. Diese bereits sehr differenzierte Prognose erweist sich allerdings bei der Analyse der im Modell der Frame-Selektion zusätzlich angenommenen kulturellen Faktoren als unvollständig. Mit diesen Determinanten einer "kooperativen" Rahmung der Interviews lässt sich die vollständige Ausschaltung instrumentell rationaler Anreize durch soziale Erwünschtheit vorhersagen. Die Gültigkeit der Rational-Choice Theorie ist demnach auf wichtige, aber eben nur spezielle und im Rahmen des Modells der Frame-Selektion vorhersagbare Bedingungen beschränkt. (Autorenreferat)
Keywords: Soziale Erwünschtheit, Soziologie -
(2004): Sozialperspektivität - theoretische Bezüge, Forschungsmethodik und wirtschaftliche Praktikabilität eines beziehungsdiagnostischen Konstrukts. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen. Online verfügbar unter http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=610319
Abstract: Sozialperspektivität bezeichnet die menschliche Fähigkeit, zwischen der eigenen Sicht und dem Blick anderer zu wechseln, somit Metaperspektiven einzunehmen und die verschiedenen (vermuteten) Sichtweisen aufeinander zu beziehen. Die Einnahme von Metaperspektiven und die Perspektivenreflexion sind Voraussetzungen für sozial intelligentes Handeln. Wer weiß, wie sich die Welt in den Augen des Interaktionspartners darstellt, kann dessen Handlungsbereitschaften antizipieren und diese bei der eigenen Handlungsplanung strategisch berücksichtigen. Micha Strack stellt im vorliegenden Band den Diskussionsstand zur Sozialperspektivität in der aktuellen psychologischen Forschung vor, ergänzt diesen durch eigene empirische Studien und zeigt die Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der Wirtschafts- und Sozialpsychologie auf Social perspective defines the human skill of changing between the point of view of oneself and the other. It takes meta-perspectives and applies them to the different (suspected) point of views. If one knows how the interaction-partner sees the world, one can assume the partner´s willingness to act and consider it for one´s own plan of action
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(2004): Geschlechtsspezifische Ideale im Wandel der Zeit. In: Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie 25 (3), S. 165-176. DOI: 10.1024/0170-1789.25.3.165
Abstract: Ausgehend von Hypothesen zu einer zeitlichen Veränderung der sozialen Erwünschtheit der femininen und maskulinen Eigenschaften des "Bem Sex-Role Inventory" (BSRI) für Frauen und Männer wurden insgesamt 90 Eigenschaften von 42 Studierenden der Universität Wien eingestuft. Für acht feminine und fünf maskuline Eigenschaften des BSRI wurde eine Abweichung zwischen den neu erhobenen Werten und jenen von 1978 festgestellt. Zusätzlich ergaben sich aus diesem und einem zweiten Datensatz für einige weitere Eigenschaften Hinweise eines zeitlichen Wandels der Sozialen Erwünschtheit. Diese wurden im Zuge einer zusätzlichen Datenerhebung überprüft, wobei jene 90 Eigenschaften nun von 314 Psychologiestudierenden eingestuft wurden. Die Ergebnisse der ersten Erhebung wurden bestätigt; ferner wurde für weitere sieben maskuline und vier feminine Eigenschaften ein Anstieg der Sozialen Erwünschtheit für das jeweils andere Geschlecht festgestellt. Die erfassten Unterschiede zu früheren Normen werden im Sinne einer veränderten Auffassung über weibliche und männliche Ideale in unserer Gesellschaft interpretiert.
Keywords: Geschlechterforschung, Soziale Erwünschtheit -
(2004): On the Conceptual, Psychological, and Moral Status of Zombies, Swamp-Beings, and Other ?. Behaviourally Indistinguishable?Creatures. In: Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 69 (1), S. 173-186. DOI: 10.1111/j.1933-1592.2004.tb00389.x
Abstract: Zombies are presently generating much discussion in the philosophy of mind and consciousness studies.2 For if a creature could be physically, functionally and behaviourally indistinguishable from humans (in the rich sense implied) yet lack conscious experience, then the theories of mind that tie the nature of the mental too closely to physical, functional, or behavioural conditions will seem to have left something crucially mental out of their theories. If having conscious experiences is necessary for being conscious – as these discussions assume – then the theories that cannot accommodate it will fail as theories of mind.
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(2004): From Sounds To Music. The Contextualizations of Pitch. In: Music Perception 21 (3), S. 431-456. DOI: 10.1525/mp.2004.21.3.431
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2004.21.3.431 Abstract: In this chapter we present a new approach to research in music perception allowing one to investigate how musical sound representations are formed in the human brain. By studying subjects' brain responses to unattended stimuli we can determine, for instance, whether neural circuits are more readily activated by musical sounds implicitly learned than by unfamiliar sounds even in non-musicians. Indeed, neuronal populations seem to respond more efficiently to pitch deviations within sound patterns following the rules of Western scale structure, rather than to deviations inside patterns artificially created. Moreover, neural circuits are selectively activated by mistunings inside tonal melodies or by out-of-key chords inside harmonic cadences even when attention is not directed towards the sounds. These data together suggest that incoming sounds are more efficiently processed when they match the neural templates derived from our musical culture. The existence of 'musical memories' in the auditory cortex that are effortlessly activated enabling us, e.g., to identify and recognize speech vs. music sounds can thus be postulated.
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Tolmach Lakoff, Robin; Bucholtz, Mary (Hg.) (2004): Language and woman's place. Text and commentaries. Rev. and expanded ed.. New York: Oxford University Press. Online verfügbar unter http://site.ebrary.com/lib/academiccompletetitles/home.action
Abstract: The 1975 publication of Robin Tolmach Lakoff's Language and Woman's Place, is widely recognized as having inaugurated feminist research on the relationship between language and gender, touching off a remarkable response among language scholars, feminists, and general readers. For the past thirty years, scholars of language and gender have been debating and developing Lakoff's initial observations. Arguing that language is fundamental to gender inequality, Lakoff pointed to two areas in which inequalities can be found: Language used about women, such as the asymmetries between seemingly parallel terms like master and mistress, and language used by women, which places women in a double bind between being appropriately feminine and being fully human. Lakoff's central argument that "women's language" expresses powerlessness triggered a controversy that continues to this day. The revised and expanded edition presents the full text of the original first edition, along with an introduction and annotations by Lakoff in which she reflects on the text a quarter century later and expands on some of the most widely discussed issues it raises. The volume also brings together commentaries from twenty-six leading scholars of language, gender, and sexuality, within linguistics, anthropology, modern languages, education, information sciences, and other disciplines. The commentaries discuss the book's contribution to feminist research on language and explore its ongoing relevance for scholarship in the field. This new edition of Language and Woman's Place not only makes available once again the pioneering text of feminist linguistics; just as important, it places the text in the context of contemporary feminist and gender theory for a new generation of readers.
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(2004): Leadership, self, and identity: A review and research agenda. In: The Leadership Quarterly 15 (6), S. 825-856. DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.002 Abstract: This article reviews empirical research on the role of follower self-conception in leadership effectiveness, and specifies an agenda for future research in this area. The review shows that several aspects of follower self-conception (i.e., self-construal, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-consistency) may be affected by leadership, and may mediate the effects of leadership on follower behavior. There also is consistent evidence that follower self-construal moderates the impact of leadership on follower attitudes and behavior. Two key themes for future research are defined. First, future research should focus on the development of theory about the role of relational self-construal in the leadership process. Second, it seems particularly valuable to develop theory about the interplay of different aspects of follower self-conception in leadership effectiveness, including the interactive effects of these aspects of self. Working backwards from these theoretical models of follower self-conception, specific leader behavior relevant to these aspects of self should then be identified.