Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Task oriented control of a humanoid robot through the implementation of a cognitive architecture. In: Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 85 (1), S. 3-25. DOI: 10.1007/s10846-016-0383-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-016-0383-7 Abstract: This work presents a novel approach on task oriented control of a humanoid robot through the implementation of a cognitive architecture. The architecture developed here provides humanoid robots with systems that allow them to continuously learn new skills, adapt these skills to new contexts and robustly reproduce new behaviours in dynamical environments. This architecture can be thought of as a first stepping stone upon which to incrementally build more complex cognitive processes, providing this way a minimum degree of intelligence for the humanoid robot. Several experiments are conducted to prove the validity of the system and to test the operation of the architecture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2015
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(2015): Near or far? It depends on my impression. Moral information and spatial behavior in virtual interactions. In: Acta psychologica 161, S. 131-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26386781 Abstract: Near body distance is a key component of action and social interaction. Recent research has shown that peripersonal space (reachability-distance for acting with objects) and interpersonal space (comfort-distance for interacting with people) share common mechanisms and reflect the social valence of stimuli. The social psychological literature has demonstrated that information about morality is crucial because it affects impression formation and the intention to approach-avoid others. Here we explore whether peripersonal/interpersonal spaces are modulated by moral information. Thirty-six participants interacted with male/female virtual confederates described by moral/immoral/neutral sentences. The modulation of body space was measured by reachability-distance and comfort-distance while participants stood still or walked toward virtual confederates. Results showed that distance expanded with immorally described confederates and contracted with morally described confederates. This pattern was present in both spaces, although it was stronger in comfort-distance. Consistent with an embodied cognition approach, the findings suggest that high-level socio-cognitive processes are linked to sensorimotor-spatial processes.
2014
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(2014): An attentional approach to human–robot interactive manipulation. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 6 (4), S. 533-553. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-014-0236-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0236-0 Abstract: Human robot collaborative work requires interactive manipulation and object handover. During the execution of such tasks, the robot should monitor manipulation cues to assess the human intentions and quickly determine the appropriate execution strategies. In this paper, we present a control architecture that combines a supervisory attentional system with a human aware manipulation planner to support effective and safe collaborative manipulation. After detailing the approach, we present experimental results describing the system at work with different manipulation tasks (give, receive, pick, and place). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2013
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(2013): Kultur und Kognition. Wie das Selbst das Denken formt
Abstract: Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie die Kultur das Selbstkonzept einer Person beeinflusst und welche Konsequenzen das Selbstkonzept fur personliches Erleben und Handeln hat. Das Verhaltnis zwischen dem Einzelnen und sozialen Gruppen, denen der Mensch angehort, bzw. die relative Betonung von Autonomie versus sozialer Eingebundenheit, stellen eine der wichtigsten Kulturdimensionen dar. Entlang dieser Dimension finden sich auch Unterschiede in den Selbstkonzepten der jeweiligen Kulturmitglieder. So konnen Personen sich selbst einerseits vorwiegend durch solche Aspekte definieren, die die eigene Unabhangigkeit betonen (etwa eigene Ansichten, Fahigkeiten oder Eigenschaften). Andererseits kann das Selbst durch solche Merkmale definiert werden, die den sozialen Bezug zu anderen Personen herstellen (zum Beispiel eigene Gruppenmitgliedschaften oder soziale Rollen). Wann immer ein psychologischer Prozess die eigene Person betrifft, wirkt sich der Unterschied in den Selbstkonzepten auf das Ergebnis aus. Dies gilt etwa auch fur subjektive Erklarungen von eigenen und fremden Handlungen. Personen neigen generell dazu, den Einfluss von internen Merkmalen des Handelnden (etwa seine Motive oder Einstellungen) zu uberschatzen, situative Einflusse jedoch nicht ausreichend zu berucksichtigen. Eigene Entscheidungen werden uberdies als Ausdruck der personlichen Identitat angesehen und als solche oftmals auch im Nachhinein gerechtfertigt. Diese Urteilstendenzen sind in solchen Kulturen, die die Autonomie des Einzelnen betonen, besonders stark ausgepragt. Der Vortrag wurde anlasslich des Symposiums turmdersinne "Bewusstsein - Selbst - Ich: Die Hirnforschung und das Subjektive" vom 04. bis 06. Oktober 2013 in Furth aufgezeichnet.
2012
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(2012): Building bridges across cognitive sciences across the world. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, Tex.: Cognitive Science Soc. Online verfügbar unter https://mindmodeling.org/cogsci2012/papers/0145/paper0145.pdf
Abstract: People seamlessly generate moral intuitions about a wide range of events they observe, but to date the cognitive processes underlying this competency are poorly understood. We propose that our moral intuitions are grounded in force-dynamic intuitions. We show how the evaluation of entities engaged in schematized interactions can be predicted from specific force-dynamic properties of those interactions, and we point out how these evaluative tendencies relate to our moral norm of not interfering with others' interests. zitiert von: 6
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(2012) : Social facilitation with social robots? In: Yanco, Holly: Proceedings of the seventh annual ACMIEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction: the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference: Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 3/5/2012 - 3/8/2012. ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction; ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence: New York, NY: ACM
Abstract: Regarding the future usage of social robots in workplace scenarios, we addressed the question of potential mere robotic presence effects on human performance. Applying the experimental social facilitation paradigm in social robotics, we compared task performance of 106 participants on easy and complex cognitive and motoric tasks across three presence groups (alone vs. human present vs. robot present). Results revealed significant evidence for the predicted social facilitation effects for both human and robotic presence compared to an alone condition. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the consideration of the interaction of robotic presence and task difficulty in modeling robotic assistance systems.
2009
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(2009): Culture and social cognition in human interaction
Abstract: Discusses the relationship between culture and social cognition and examines fundamental cognitive processes involved in social interaction. Topics include universalistic and relativistic positions, culture-specific construals of the individual and the social situation, culture-specific aspects of personal agency, social situation, and personality patterns, and empirical evidence for cultural variation and social cognition underlying self-regulation, self-evaluation, social perception, and social interaction. The influences of independent and interdependent self-knowledge on information processing through semantic and procedural application mechanisms are illustrated. Attributes of social interaction including perception, behavior, and communication are discussed. It is concluded that a person's mental construals regarding the person, the self, and the social situation influence social interaction. Culture determines the frequency with which information about these variables is accessible, and cross-cultural research provides valuable information in the study of the social-cognition paradigm. zitiert von 16
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(2009) : Conversational inference. Social cognition as interactional intelligence In: Strack, Fritz; Förster, Jens; Strack, Fritz (Ed); Förster, Jens (Ed) (Hg.): Social cognition: The basis of human interaction: New York, NY, US: Psychology Press, S. 71-92
Abstract: The term social cognition has been used by psychologists to describe distinct objects of study. In one meaning, social cognition can be characterized as the application of cognitive psychology to understand how judgments are made about social objects. So, cognitive theories about category prototypes were used to understand stereotypes about social groups, and the distinction between automatic and controlled processing has been used by social psychologists to better understand social judgment processes such as sentencing offenders in a criminal court. In this chapter, the author is concerned with a different sense of social cognition, namely, the social psychology of higher mental processes. In this view, social cognition informs the process of understanding itself through equipping individuals with the interactional intelligence that enables them to communicate with others through successful language use and understanding. The author presents some recent thinking in linguistics to illustrate this perspective before returning to its implications for the psychology of reasoning and judgment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adjudication, Cognition, Cognitions, Cognitive Processes, Cognitive psychology, Comprehension, Conversation, conversational inference, higher mental processes, Inference, interactional intelligence, Interpersonal Interaction, Judgment, Kognitionswissenschaften, Language, LANGUAGE USE, Linguistics, PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, Social Cognition, Reasoning, Social intelligence, social judgments, Soziale Intelligenz, Sozialpsychologie, understanding 2005
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(2005) : Robot emotion: A functional perspective In: Fellous, Jean-Marc; Arbib, Michael A. (Hg.): Who Needs Emotions?: Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, S. 271-310
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166194.003.0010 Abstract: Robots are becoming more and more ubiquitous in human environments. The time has come when their ability to intelligently and effectively interact with us needs to match the level of technological sophistication they have already achieved, whether these robots are tools, avatars (human surrogates), partners (as in a team) or cyborg extensions (prostheses). Emotion-inspired mechanisms can improve the way autonomous robots operate in a human environment with people, and can improve the ability of these robots to effectively achieve their own goals. Such goals may be related to accomplishing tasks or satisfying motivations, and they may be achieved either autonomously or in cooperation with a person. In order to do this in a way that is natural for humans, the robot needs to be designed with a social model in mind. We illustrate this concept by describing in detail the design of Kismet, an anthropomorphic robot that interacts with a human in a social way, focusing on its facial and vocal expressions and gaze direction. Kismet’s architecture includes a cognitive system that is tightly coupled to a separate emotive system. Each is designed as interacting networks of ’specialists’ that are activated when specific conditions are met. The cognitive component is responsible for perceiving and interpreting events, and for selecting among a hierarchy of goal-achieving behaviors, in accordance with its current motivational drives. It is primarily concerned with homeostasis and ’well being.’ The emotive system implements eight basic emotions that are proposed to exist across species. It detects those internal and external events that have affective value, and motivates either task-based or communicative behavior to pursue beneficial interactions and to avoid those that are not beneficial by modulating the operation of the cognitive component. When placed in a realistic social setting, these two systems interact to achieve lifelike attention bias, flexible decision making, goal prioritization and persistence, and effective communication where the robot interacts in a natural and intuitive way with the person to achieve its goal (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2003
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(2003): What friends are for! The use of routine standards in social comparison. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 85 (3), S. 467-481
Abstract: Investigated the use of routine standards of social comparison in self-evaluation. Experiments 1-3 studied whether information about subjects' best friends is used as a routine standard and is therefore more accessible immediately after self-evaluative judgments. A lexical-decision task was performed by 36 college students in Experiment 1 after they had evaluated themselves or a well-known celebrity on several dimensions. Lexical decisions for the best friend's name (but not the name of a former friend) were facilitated after self-evaluation. Experiment 2 required 33 college students to evaluate a best friend or former friend immediately after self-evaluation on the same dimensions, and showed faster response times for friends compared to former friends. This response advantage resulted even in Experiment 3, where 58 college students rated their best friend on dimensions on which they considered themselves dissimilar. The role of an experimentally created routine standard was studied in Experiment 4: 28 college students received information about two fictitious persons either immediately before self-evaluations (routine standard) or in an isolated format (non-routine standard). Results showed an influence of the routine standard on self-evaluation. It is concluded that in self-evaluation, individuals activate information about persons they routinely compare themselves with. The use of routine standards in social comparison is considered an efficient strategy in self-evaluation. Moreover, implications for social comparison theory, the mechanisms of forming and using routine standards, as well as the limits or routine standard use are outlined. zitiert von 138
2000
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(2000): Culture and cognitive development. In: Current Directions in Psychological Science 9 (2), S. 37-40
Abstract: Human beings are biologically adapted for culture in ways that other primates are not. The difference can be clearly seen when the social learning skills of humans and their nearest primate relatives are systematically compared. The human adaptation for culture begins to make itself manifest in human ontogeny at around 1 year of age as human infants come to understand other persons as intentional agents like the self and so engage in joint attentional interactions with them. This understanding then enables young children (1) to employ some uniquely powerful forms of cultural learning to acquire the accumulated wisdom of their cultures, especially as embodied in language, and also (2) to comprehend their worlds in some uniquely powerful ways involving perspectivally based symbolic representations.
1997
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(1997) : The social intelligence hypothesis In: Weingart, Peter; Mitchell, Sandra D.; Richerson, Peter J.; Maasen, Sabine (Hg.): Human by nature. Between biology and the social sciences: Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, S. 157-179
Abstract: Examines the different components of the social intelligence hypothesis (SIH), which states that the natural intelligence of primates (including humans) originated in the social domain. A working definition of primate intelligence is formulated. A comparison is made between the complexity of social environments and that of ecological ones. Special character traits of primate sociality are described. Preliminary evidence in support of the SIH is discussed. Regarding the question of whether primates are more intelligent in the social domain than in other domains, the following issues are discussed: (1) individuation of group members, (2) combinatorial prediction and action in polyadic encounters, (3) the complexity of physical vs social tools, and (4) the ability to develop a theory of mind. Various selective pressures in primates are described. Examples of traces of social intelligence in ecological intelligence are pointed out. Some suggestions are provided regarding possible methods for testing the SIH.
Keywords: Altruism, Altruismus, Cognitive Processes, combinatorial prediction & action & theory of mind & selective pressures & reciprocal altruism, Evolutionstheorie, Intelligence, Intelligenz, Kognitive Prozesse, Primaten, Primates (Nonhuman), Social & Instinctive Behavior, Social Behavior, Social intelligence, social intelligence hypothesis, Social Perception & Cognition, Social Skills, Sozial- und Instinktverhalten, Soziale Fertigkeiten, Soziale Intelligenz, Soziale Wahrnehmung und soziale Kognition, soziales Verhalten, theoretical study, Theory of Evolution 1991
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Anderson, Norman H. (1991): Contributions to information integration theory. Moral-social development. pp. 137-187. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Abstract: moral development is not autonomous, but an integral part of general social and personality development / a theory of moral development cannot be self-contained, therefore, but must be part of a larger theory that includes social-personality development, and indeed, much perceptual-cognitive development as well this view is explicit in information integration theory, which seeks a unified treatment of moral development within a general theory of judgment and action / in this view, the processes involved in moral judgment are not essentially different from those involved in other social and cognitive judgment / the following discussion of moral development is accordingly set within the framework of social cognition this chapter illustrates how information integration theory can be used to study moral-social development / the first part gives a theoretical overview of three basic concepts, valuation, integration, and action, within a functional, goal-oriented framework / this leads to a discussion of several issues of cognitive analysis, mainly concerned with moral attitudes and values the second part of the chapter considers a schema approach to blame / begins with an illustration to show how much information can be gained from a single experiment through the integration approach / a more general discussion is then given, with an emphasis on social learning / the third part discusses unfairness and deserving in similar manner / the integration approach provides cognitive analysis that entails substantial revision of previous developmental studies / popular methods based on verbal report are shown to be seriously invalid the final part compares the integration approach with current stage formulations and makes some suggestions for collaboration between these two approaches / of primary concern is the development of a theoretical framework that can combine phenomenology with experimental method theoretical overview [integration, valuation, action, cognitive analysis] / blame and punishment / deserving and fairness [deserving, unfairness, equity and inequity, developmental analysis of deserving and equity, fairness studied with interviews, equity studies with children] / stage theories [Piaget's interview method, Kohlberg's approach, Rest's approach] / combined approach to moral development [integration, moral development, everyday life] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1982
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(1982) : Moralisches Urteil und Aggression: Zur Systematisierung und Präzisierung des Aggressionskonzeptes sowie einiger empirischer Befunde In: Hilke, Reinhard; Kempf, Wilhelm; Aschenbach, Günter (Hg.): Aggression: Naturwissenschaftliche und kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven der Aggressionsforschung: Bern: Hans Huber, S. 208-280
Abstract: Die Beziehung zwischen Aggression und moralischem Urteil wird zu klären versucht. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst Binnengliederung, logischer Status und Beziehung der Aggression zu anderen Motivarten umrissen und Begriffe wie Handlung, Aktivität, Konfliktlösung und andere definiert. Moralische Urteile werden als Konfliktlösungsvorstellungen verstanden. Im Rahmen dieser Terminologie werden vier Handlungsthemen erörtert: Altruismus, Aggression, Egoismus, Askese. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit aggressive Handlungen auch den übrigen Themen untergeordnet sein können. Kohlbergs Stufenmodell moralischer Entwicklung wird im Zusammenhang mit entsprechenden Forschungsergebnissen referiert, und Inhalte moralischen Urteils werden aufgezeigt, die sich den genannten Handlungsthemen zuordnen lassen. Bedingungen ihrer Aktualgenese werden präzisiert. Sodann wird eine Beschreibung der jeweiligen Handlungsabläufe versucht, wobei kognitive und emotionale Prozesse in einem komplexen Schema dargestellt werden. Die Bedeutung des moralischen Urteils in den einzelnen thematisch unterschiedenen Handlungstypen wird, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung "aggressiver" Handlungen, ausfuehrlich dargelegt, wobei Bezug genommen wird auf theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Befunde anderer Autoren. Forschungs- und therapiepraktische Konsequenzen werden angesprochen. Hauptwerk zitiert von: 10
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