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2019
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(2019) : An Exploratory Study on Proxemics Preferences of Humans in Accordance with Attributes of Service Robots: 2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): 2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): New Delhi, India: IEEE, S. 1-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/RO-MAN46459.2019.8956297 Abstract: Service robots that possess social interactive capabilities are vital to cater to the demand in emerging domains of robotic applications. A service robot frequently needs to interact with users when performing service tasks. The comfortability of users depends on the human-robot proxemics during these interactions. Hence, a service robot should be capable of maintaining proper proxemics that improves the comfort of users. The proxemics preferences of users might depend on diverse attributes of a robot, such as emotional state, noise level, and physical appearance. Therefore, it is vital to gain a better understanding of a robot's attributes which influence human-robot proxemics behavior. This paper contributes to an exploratory study to analyze the effects on human-robot proxemics preferences due to a robot's attributes; facial and vocal emotions, level of internal noises, and the physical appearance. Four sub-studies have been conducted to gather the required human-robot proxemics data. The gathered data have been analyzed through statistical tests. The test statistics reveal that facial and vocal emotions, internal noise level, and the physical appearance of a robot have significant effects on proxemics preferences of humans. The outcomes of this exploratory study would be useful in designing and developing human-robot proxemics strategies of a service robot that would enhance social interaction.
Keywords: emotion & social robotics, Human Factors, human-robot interaction, human-robot proxemics behavior, human-robot proxemics data, human-robot proxemics preferences, human-robot proxemics strategies, ieee xplore, Proxemics, robotic applications, service robot, service robotic, Social robotic, statistical testing, statistical tests 2018
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(2018) : Ethical and Social Considerations for the Introduction of Human-Centered Technologies at Work: 2018 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO): Genoa, Italy: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 131-138
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ARSO.2018.8625830 Abstract: Human-centered technologies such as collaborative robots, exoskeletons, and wearable sensors are rapidly spreading in industry and manufacturing because of their intrinsic potential at assisting workers and improving their working conditions. The deployment of these technologies, albeit inevitable, poses several ethical and societal issues. Guidelines for ethically aligned design of autonomous and intelligent systems do exist, however we argue that ethical recommendations must necessarily be complemented by an analysis of the social impact of these technologies. In this paper, we report on our preliminary studies on the opinion of factory workers and of people outside this environment on human-centered technologies at work. In light of these studies, we discuss ethical and social considerations for deploying these technologies in a way that improves acceptance.
Keywords: Collaboration, collaborative robots, control engineering computing, ethical aspects, ethical considerations, ethical issues, ethical recommendations, ethically aligned design, exoskeletons, Human Computer Interaction, Human Factors, human-centered technologies, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Interviews, knowledge based systems, Moral & Ethik, Production facilities, Robot sensing systems, social aspects of automation, social considerations, societal issues, user centred design, wearable sensors, working conditions -
(2018) : A Wizard of Oz Study of Human Interest Towards Robot Initiated Human-Robot Interaction: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Nanjing, China: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 515-521
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525583 Abstract: Service robots have become a widely used tool in human-friendly assistive tasks in many aspects including social environments. Maintaining a sustainable interaction with humans is essential in performing assistive tasks in this regard. Therefore, a robot must be equipped with intelligent cognitive skills in decision making as well as in making friendly relationships with its human user. Human-like capabilities such as initiating a conversation at the right moment without distracting and maintaining an appropriate interaction are important cues in this context. This paper presents a human study conducted by means of a wizard-of-oz (WoZ) experiment to identify the behavioral features in humans that can be utilized by an assistive robot in a domestic environment to assess the situation prior to an interaction. Both verbal and nonverbal responses of participants towards an interaction initiated by a robot were recorded and analyzed to identify human behavioral changes that portray an interest towards interaction. The experiment was conducted in a simulated domestic environment and findings of the experiment are presented and discussed so that these findings could be made use of when designing human-like social robots in future. Furthermore, human behavioral changes observed during the study are analyzed and critical observations are highlighted.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), assistive robot, Attitude control, Cognition, Decision Making, Emotional Intelligence, human behavioral changes, Human Factors, human interest, Human robot interaction, human user, human-friendly assistive tasks, human-like social robots, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, intelligent cognitive skills, interaction initiation, robot initiated human-robot interaction, service robot, Social Environments, Social intelligence, Task Analysis, Tools, wizard of oz, wizard-of-oz experiment, WoZ experiment 2016
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(2016): Personhood and social robotics. A psychological consideration. London: Routledge (Explorations in social psychology series)
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(2016): Human-robot spatial interaction in a hallway Technische Universität Berlin, Dietrich Manzey und Rainer Hoeger
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14279/DEPOSITONCE-5084 Abstract: In general, previous research in human-robot interaction has provided evidence for the relevance of robotic motion behavior on positive impressions towards robots. In particular, a socially appropriate designed robotic distance behavior, avoiding personal space violations, has been reported to be essential for a comfortable human-robot spatial interaction. Unfortunately, human-robot proxemics lacks systematic explorations of accepted frontal approach and lateral passing distances in a hallway, and existing studies are complicated to relate to each other due to the application of many different robots and a high variance of further incomparable study details. Thus, the primary research goal of this dissertation was to explore accepted frontal approach and lateral passing distances for an autonomously moving robot toward a standing human in a hallway, and supplementary, the relation of these distance preferences to the robot’s level of speed and human likeness. In addition, the present work intends to explore the relevance of a robot’s proxemic behavior for its overall motion acceptance, and people’s underlying psychological motives guiding their preferences. Towards an exploration of these research objectives, a method comprising a series of three studies was conceptualized and conducted in comparable hallway-like settings. In a first study, participants were instructed to actively control a robot’s frontal approach and its lateral passing distance according to their arousing feelings of discomfort. In two successive studies, the analyzed thresholds of comfort were validated for two diverse robots, autonomously maintaining frontal approach and lateral passing distances in a hallway. In addition, potential influences of a robot’s level of speed (0.6m/s, 0.8m/s) and human likeness (machine-, human-like) on subjects’ distance preferences were explored. In these studies, participants’ sensations were captured by using a set of questionnaires. Obtained results uncovered that accepted frontal approach (approximate 0.8m) and lateral passing mean distances (approximate 0.4m) towards autonomously moving robots in a hallway exist, and that these distances were not significantly affected by the simulated autonomy of the robots. However, a faster robot speed (0.8m/s) significantly increased subjects’ distance preferences. The different outward robot designs of the employed robots had no significant influence on subjects’ frontal distance preferences. In contrast, the manipulated level of human likeness showed that a more human-like robot design had only significant influences on subjects’ lateral distance preferences when a real human face was projected on a robot’s screen (decrease in lateral distances by more than 0.1m). Essentially, in line with previous research, the present work shows that a socially acceptable moving robot should consider people’s distance preferences in order to avoid feelings of discomfort, and to increase the perceived safety and the overall motion acceptance. In consensus with prevailing psychological motives in human-human spatial interactions, the present work suggests similar mechanisms in a human-robot spatial interaction guiding subjects’ preferences. Ultimately, beyond the attained mean distances, frontal approach distances of 1.1m and lateral passing distances of 0.6m were suggested for designing a socially appropriate first contact for a large majority of individuals, which in turn supports a facilitated societal integration. Limitations of this research project are discussed and suggestions for future investigations are presented. Insgesamt hat die bisherige Forschung in human-robot interaction gezeigt, dass das Bewegungsverhalten eines Roboters für positive Eindrücke gegenüber Robotern von Relevanz ist. Ein sozial angemessen gestaltetes Abstandsverhalten von Robotern, dass Verletzungen des personal space vermeidet, wird vor allem als ein essentielles Kriterium für eine komfortable räumliche Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Roboter postuliert. Leider mangelt es der human-robot proxemics bisher an systematischen Untersuchungen zu akzeptierten frontalen Annäherungsdistanzen und seitlichen Passierdistanzen im Gang, und weiterhin ist es schwierig, aufgrund von vielen unterschiedlich verwendeten Robotern sowie einer hohen Varianz von zahlreichen anderen unvergleichbaren Studienmerkmalen, bereits durchgeführte Studien aufeinander zu beziehen.\tDemzufolge war das primäre Forschungsziel dieser Dissertation akzeptierte frontale Annäherungs- und seitliche Passierdistanzen von einem autonom fahrenden Roboter gegenüber einem im Gang stehenden Menschen zu explorieren, und darauf aufbauend, die Beziehung von Distanzpräferenzen zu der Geschwindigkeit und Menschenähnlichkeit des Roboters zu erforschen. Außerdem beabsichtigt die vorliegende Arbeit die Relevanz des proxemischen Verhaltens eines Roboters für dessen gesamte Bewegungsakzeptanz zu ergründen sowie Einblicke auf die zugrunde liegenden psychologischen Motive der Distanzpräferenzen zu erhalten. Die Grundlage für die Erforschung dieser Ziele bildet eine Serie von drei Studien, die in vergleichbaren gangähnlichen Versuchsumgebungen durchgeführt wurden. In der ersten Studie mussten die Probanden die frontale Annäherungsdistanz und die seitliche Passierdistanz des Roboters in Abhängigkeit ihrer räumlichen Behaglichkeit selbst kontrollieren. In zwei nachfolgenden Studien wurden die analysierten Komfortschwellen mit zwei unterschiedlichen Robotern validiert, die frontale Annäherungs- und seitliche Passierdistanzen im Gang autonom einhielten. Desweiteren wurden potentielle Einflüsse der Robotergeschwindigkeit (0.6m/s, 0.8m/s) und der Menschenähnlichkeit (maschinenähnlich/menschenähnlich) des Roboters auf die Distanzpräferenzen der Probanden untersucht. Hierfür wurden die Empfindungen der Probanden mit Hilfe von Fragebögen gemessen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigten, dass eine durchschnittlich akzeptierte frontale Annäherungs- (ungefähr 0.8m) und eine durchschnittlich akzeptierte seitliche Passierdistanz (ungefähr 0.4m) gegenüber autonom fahrender Roboter im Gang existiert, und das diese Distanzen nicht signifikant durch die simulierte Autonomie der Roboter beeinflusst wurden. Allerdings führte eine höhere Robotergeschwindigkeit (0.8m/s) zu einer signifikanten Vergrößerung der Distanzpräferenzen. Der unterschiedliche äußere Erscheinungscharakter der beiden verwendeten Roboter hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die frontalen Distanzpräferenzen der Probanden. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte die Manipulation der Menschenähnlichkeit, dass ein eher menschenähnlich anmutender Roboter zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der seitlichen Distanzpräferenzen führt, wenn ein reales menschliches Gesicht auf dem Bildschirm des Roboters projeziert wurde (Verringerung der seitlichen Distanz um mehr also 0.1m). Im Wesentlichen bestätigt die vorliegende Arbeit vorherige Forschungsaktivitäten, denn sie zeigt, dass menschliche Distanzpräferenzen berücksichtigt werden müssen, um ein sozial akzeptiertes Bewegungsverhalten eines Roboters zu bewirken, und damit Unbehaglichkeit zu vermeiden und die wahrgenommene Sicherheit sowie die gesamte Bewegungsakzeptanz zu erhöhen. Weiterhin lassen die erzielten Ergebnisse vermuten, dass die präferenzbestimmenden Mechanismen in der räumlichen Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Roboter sich sehr mit den vorherrschenden psychologischen Motiven aus der räumlichen Interaktion zwischen Menschen ähneln. Abschließend, und unabhängig von den berichteten Durchschnittsdistanzen, verdeutlichten die gewonnenen Ergebnisse, dass eine frontale Annäherungsdistanz von 1.1m und eine seitliche Passierdistanz von 0.6m wesentlich geeigneter sind, um einen sozial angemessenen Erstkontakt für eine große Mehrheit von Individuen zu gewährleisten, was wiederum zu einer erleichterten sozialen Integration führt. Die Limitationen dieses Forschungsprojekts sind diskutiert und Vorschläge für weiterführende Forschungsaktivitäten sind präsentiert.
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(2016) : Which robot am I thinking about? The impact of action and appearance on people’s evaluations of a moral robot: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Christchurch, New Zealand: IEEE Press, S. 125-132
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451743 Abstract: In three studies we found further evidence for a previously discovered Human-Robot (HR) asymmetry in moral judgments: that people blame robots more for inaction than action in a moral dilemma but blame humans more for action than inaction in the identical dilemma (where inaction allows four persons to die and action sacrifices one to save the four). Importantly, we found that people’s representation of the “robot” making these moral decisions appears to be one of a mechanical robot. For when we manipulated the pictorial display of a verbally described robot, people showed the HR asymmetry only when making judgments about a mechanical-looking robot, not a humanoid robot. This is the first demonstration that robot appearance affects people’s moral judgments about robots.
Keywords: Anthropomorphism, Artificial intelligence, Context, Ethics, HR asymmetry, Human Factors, Humanoid Robots, human-robot asymmetry, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Machine morality, mechanical robot, mechanical-looking robot, Moral & Ethik, moral decisions, Moral judgments, moral psychology, moral robot, pictorial display, PSYCHOLOGY, Rails, Robot Ethics, social aspects of automation, verbally described robot 2015
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(2015): Use of Scripted Role-Play in Evaluation of Multiple-User Multiple-Service Mobile Social and Pervasive Systems. In: International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 7 (4), S. 35-52. DOI: 10.4018/IJMHCI.2015100103
Abstract: Mobile and social computing is rapidly evolving towards a deeper integration with the physical world due to the proliferation of smart connected objects. It is widely acknowledged that involving end users in the design, development and evaluation of applications that function within the resulting complex socio-technical systems is crucial. However, reliable methods for managing evaluation of medium fidelity prototypes, whose utility is often dependent on rich data sets and/or the presence of multiple users simultaneously engaging in multiple activities, have not yet emerged. The authors report on the use of scripted role-play as an experimental approach applied in a mixed-methods evaluation of early prototypes of a suite of professional networking applications targeting a conference attendance scenario. Their evaluation was significantly constrained by the limited availability of a small cohort of end users for a relatively short period of time, which pose a challenge to define interactions that would ensure these users could experience and understand the novel application features. The authors observed that participatory role-play facilitated deeper user engagement with, exploration of, and discussion about, the mobile social applications than would have been possible with traditional usability approaches given the small user cohort and the time-constrained conditions.
Keywords: Beteiligung von Endnutzern, Communities, Computerwissenschaft, Human Factors, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Participatory Approaches, Pervasive Computing, Realtechnik, Reflexionen über MTR, scripted role-play, Social Computing, sociotechnical systems, Soziosensitive Systeme, Technik, Technikentwicklungsprozess, usability, User Evaluation -
(2015) : Robot Form and Motion Influences Social Attention: 2015 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Portland, Oregon, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 43-50
Abstract: For social robots to be successful, they need to be accepted by humans. Human-robot interaction (HRI) researchers are aware of the need to develop the right kinds of robots with appropriate, natural ways for them to interact with humans. However, much of human perception and cognition occurs outside of conscious awareness, and how robotic agents engage these processes is currently unknown. Here, we explored automatic, reflexive social attention, which operates outside of conscious control within a fraction of a second to discover whether and how these processes generalize to agents with varying humanlikeness in their form and motion. Using a social variant of a well-established spatial attention paradigm, we tested whether robotic or human appearance and/or motion influenced an agent’s ability to capture or direct implicit social attention. In each trial, either images or videos of agents looking to one side of space (a head turn) were presented to human observers. We measured reaction time to a peripheral target as an index of attentional capture and direction. We found that all agents, regardless of humanlike form or motion, were able to direct spatial attention in the cued direction. However, differences in the form of the agent affected attentional capture, i.e., how quickly the observers could disengage attention from the agent and respond to the target. This effect further interacted with whether the spatial cue (head turn) was presented through static images or videos. Overall whereas reflexive social attention operated in the same manner for human and robot social agents for spatial attentional cueing, robotic appearance, as well as whether the agent was static or moving significantly influenced unconscious attentional capture processes. These studies reveal how unconscious social attentional processes operate when the agent is a human vs. a robot, add novel manipulations to the literature such as the role of visual motion, and provide a link between attention studies in HRI, and decades of research on unconscious social attention in experimental psychology and vision science.Categories and Subject Descriptors H.1.2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems -Human factors. H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces - Evaluation/methodology, User-Centered DesignGeneral TermsDesign, Human Factors.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), automatic attention, Biology, Cognition, conscious awareness, conscious control, cued direction, Experimental Psychology, head turn, HRI, human appearance, Human Factors, human observers, human perception, humanlike form, Humanlikeness, human-robot interaction, Human-robot interaction researchers, ieee xplore, implicit social attention, Kinematics, Mobile robots, motion influences social attention, PSYCHOLOGY, reflexive social attention, robot design, robot form, Robot sensing systems, robotic agents, robotic appearance, Social Attention, social robots, social variant, Spatial Attention, spatial attention paradigm, spatial attentional cueing, spatial cue, static images, Time measurement, unconscious attentional capture processes, unconscious social attention, unconscious social attentional processes, user interfaces, User/Machine Systems-Human factors, varying humanlikeness, Videos, visual motion, Visual Perception -
(2015) : When will people regard robots as morally competent social partners?: 2015 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Kobe, Japan: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 486-491
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2015.7333667 Abstract: We propose that moral competence consists of five distinct but related elements: (1) having a system of norms; (2) mastering a moral vocabulary; (3) exhibiting moral cognition and affect; (4) exhibiting moral decision making and action; and (5) engaging in moral communication. We identify some of the likely triggers that may convince people to (justifiably) ascribe each of these elements of moral competence to robots. We suggest that humans will treat robots as moral agents (who have some rights, obligations, and are targets of blame) if they perceive them to have at least elements (1) and (2) and one or more of elements (3)-(5).
Keywords: Cognition, Context, Decision Making, Ethics, Human Factors, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Moral & Ethik, Moral action, Moral cognition, moral communication, moral competence, moral decision making, moral vocabulary, morally competent social partners, PSYCHOLOGY, Robots, social aspects of automation, Vocabulary -
(2015) : Perception of Affective Body Movements in HRI across Age Groups: Comparison between Results from Denmark and Japan: 2015 International Conference on Culture and Computing (Culture Computing): Kyoto, Japan: IEEE, S. 25-32
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/Culture.and.Computing.2015.14 Abstract: Social robots are envisioned to move into unrestricted environments where they will be interacting with naive users (in terms of their experience as robot operators). Thus, these robots are also envisioned to exploit interaction channels that are natural to humans like speech, gestures, or body movements. A specificity of these interaction channels is that humans do not only convey task-related information but also more subtle information like e.g. Emotions or personal stance through these channels. Thus, to be successful and not accidentally jeopardizing an interaction, robots need to be able to understand these implicit connotations of the signals (often called social signal processing) in order to generate appropriate signals in a given interaction context. One main application area that is envisioned for social robots is related to elder care, but little is known on how seniors will perceive robots and the signals they produce. In this paper we focus on affective connotations of body movements and investigate how the perception of body movements of robots is related to age. Inspired by a study from Japan, we introduce culture as a variable in the experiment and discuss the difficulties of cross-cultural comparisons. The results show that there are certain age-related differences in the perception of affective body movements, but not as strong as in the original study. A follow up experiment puts the affective body movements into context and shows that recognition rates deteriorate for older participants.
Keywords: affective body movement perception, affective body movements, age groups, age-related differences, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), assisted living, Context, cross-cultural analysis, Cultural differences, culturally aware technology, Denmark, elder care, emotion information, Face, HRI, Human Factors, Human robot interaction, Humanoid Robots, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, implicit connotation, interaction channels, Japan, Legged locomotion, Observers, personal stance information, robot operators, Robots, service robot, social robots, social signal processing, task-related information, TV, unrestricted environments, Videos 2014
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(2014) : Robot Etiquette: How to Approach a Pair of People?: 2014 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): 2014 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Bielefeld, Germany: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 196-197
Abstract: Research has been carried out on robots approaching one person [1, 3, 4]. However, further research is needed on robots approaching groups of people. In the study reported in this paper, we studied participants who were paired up for a task and assessed their perception and behaviors as they were approached by a robot from various angles. On an individual level, participants liked the frontal approaches, and they disliked being approached from the back. However, we found that the presence of a task-partner influenced participants’ comfort with a robot approaching (i.e. when the robot approaches and one is standing behind the task-partner). Apart from the positioning of the individuals, the layout of the room, position of furniture and doors, also seemed to influence their experience. This pilot study was performed with a limited number of participants (N=30). However, the study offers preliminary insights into the factors that influence the choice for a robot approach direction when approaching a pair of people that are focused on a task.
Keywords: approach direction, comfort, ethical aspects, frontal approaches, Games, Human Factors, Human robot interaction, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, individual level, Layout, Legged locomotion, man-machine systems, Moral & Ethik, multiple people, organisational aspects, robot approach direction, robot approaches, robot etiquette, Robots, Task Analysis, task oriented, task-partner influenced participants -
(2014) : Moral competence in social robots: 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Ethics in Science, Technology and Engineering: Chicago, IL, USA: IEEE, S. 1-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ETHICS.2014.6893446 Abstract: We propose that any robots that collaborate with, look after, or help humans-in short, social robots-must have moral competence. But what does moral competence consist of? We offer a framework for moral competence that attempts to be comprehensive in capturing capacities that make humans morally competent and that therefore represent candidates for a morally competent robot. We posit that human moral competence consists of four broad components: (1) A system of norms and the language and concepts needed to communicate about these norms; (2) moral cognition and affect; (3) moral decision making and action; and (4) moral communication. We sketch what we know and don’t know about these four elements of moral competence in humans and, for each component, ask how we could equip an artificial agent with these capacities.
Keywords: Affect, Artificial agent, Cognition, Communities, Context, Decision Making, ethical aspects, Ethics, Human Factors, human moral competence, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, intentionality, Mobile robots, Moral & Ethik, Moral action, moral affect, Moral agency, Moral cognition, moral communication, moral decision making, moral language, norms system, PSYCHOLOGY, Robots, Social Cognition, social robots 2013
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Kuzuoka, Hideaki (2013): 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). 3 - 6 March 2013, Tokyo, Japan ; [including workshop papers. 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). Tokyo, Japan, 3/3/2013 - 3/6/2013. Association for Computing Machinery; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction; Hri; Workshop on Eye-Gaze in Intelligent Human-Machine Interaction; Workshop on Design of Human Likeness in HRI from Uncanny Valley to Minimal Design; Workshop on Collaborative Manipulation: New Challenges for Robotics and HRI; Workshop on Probabilistic Approaches for Robot Control in Human-Robot Interaction (PARC-HRI); HRI Pioneers Workshop; Workshop on Applications for Emotional Robots. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
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(2013): Socially Aware Virtual Characters: The Social Signal of Smiles [Social Sciences]. In: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 30 (2), S. 128-132. DOI: 10.1109/MSP.2012.2230541
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2012.2230541 Abstract: At first, machines were mainly used to solve complex mathematical problems. Today, they often embody more and more roles typically endowed by humans, such as a tutor in a virtual learning class or an assistant for virtual task realization. Moreover, the paradigm highlighted in [1] reveals that the user’s relation with the computer is intrinsically social, with high similarities compared to interpersonal relationships. For instance, people have no problem using communicative means (verbal and nonverbal behavior) to interact with artificial entities and apply polite rules. One particularly interesting aspect of the human machine interaction is the bidirectionality of the relation: users exhibit social behaviors to the computer, and the machine’s behavior affects users. Reeves and Nass [1] have shown that people tend to react naturally and socially to computers, as they would do to another person. In such a human-machine interaction, which can be seen as a particular social context with users sensitive to the computer behavior, the development of socially aware virtual characters appears fundamental.
Keywords: Context awareness, Heuristic algorithms, Human Factors, human machine interaction, ieee xplore, interpersonal relationship, Künstliche Intelligenz, Machine intelligence, Man machine systems, Nonverbal behavior, smile, Social Behavior, social sciences, social sciences computing, socially aware virtual character, user interfaces, user relation, Verbal Behavior, Virtual environments, virtual learning class, Virtual reality, virtual task realization -
(2013): Organizational social structures for software engineering. In: ACM Computing Surveys 46 (1), S. 1-35. DOI: 10.1145/2522968.2522971
Abstract: Software engineering evolved from a rigid process to a dynamic interplay of people (e.g., stakeholders or developers). Organizational and social literature call this interplay an Organizational Social Structure (OSS). Software practitioners still lack a systematic way to select, analyze, and support OSSs best fitting their problems (e.g., software development). We provide the state-of-the-art in OSSs, and discuss mechanisms to support OSS-related decisions in software engineering (e.g., choosing the OSS best fitting development scenarios). Our data supports two conclusions. First, software engineering focused on building software using project teams alone, yet these are one of thirteen OSS flavors from literature. Second, an emerging OSS should be further explored for software development: social networks. This article represents a first glimpse at OSS-aware software engineering, that is, to engineer software using OSSs best fit for the problem.
Keywords: Computerwissenschaft, cultural implications, governance, Human Factors, IMPACT, information trust, KNOWLEDGE COMMUNITIES, knowledge management, Management, model, NETWORKS, organizational decision-making, Organizational social structures, Organizational Social Structures (OSS), QUALITY, social adaptivity, social context, social networks, social structure, software organizations, software practice, user perspective, users, WORKCommunities 2012
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(2012): Moral Decision Making in Autonomous Systems: Enforcement, Moral Emotions, Dignity, Trust, and Deception. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 100 (3), S. 571-589. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2173265
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2011.2173265 Abstract: As humans are being progressively pushed further downstream in the decision-making process of autonomous systems, the need arises to ensure that moral standards, however defined, are adhered to by these robotic artifacts. While meaningful inroads have been made in this area regarding the use of ethical lethal military robots, including work by our laboratory, these needs transcend the warfighting domain and are pervasive, extending to eldercare, robot nannies, and other forms of service and entertainment robotic platforms. This paper presents an overview of the spectrum and specter of ethical issues raised by the advent of these systems, and various technical results obtained to date by our research group, geared towards managing ethical behavior in autonomous robots in relation to humanity. This includes: 1) the use of an ethical governor capable of restricting robotic behavior to predefined social norms; 2) an ethical adaptor which draws upon the moral emotions to allow a system to constructively and proactively modify its behavior based on the consequences of its actions; 3) the development of models of robotic trust in humans and its dual, deception, drawing on psychological models of interdependence theory; and 4) concluding with an approach towards the maintenance of dignity in human-robot relationships.
Keywords: Adaptation models, Autonomic systems, autonomous robots, autonomous systems, Behavioral science, Decision Making, entertainment robotic platforms, ethical adaptor, ethical aspects, ethical governor, ethical issues, ethical lethal military robots, Ethics, Human Computer Interaction, Human Factors, human-robot relationships, ieee xplore, Moral & Ethik, moral decision making, Moral emotions, Robot Ethics, robot nannies, robotic artifacts, Robots, service robot, Social implications of technology, unmanned systems 2011
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(2011): Socially Assistive Robotics. In: IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine 18 (1), S. 24-31. DOI: 10.1109/MRA.2010.940150
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2010.940150 Abstract: Socially assistive robotics (SAR) aims to address critical areas and gaps in care by automating supervision, coaching, motivation, and companion ship aspects of one-on-one interactions with individuals from various large and growing populations, including stroke survivors, the elderly and individuals with dementia, and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This article examines the ethical challenges of SAR from three points of view (user, caregiver, and peer) using core principles from medical ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) to determine how intended and unintended effects of SAR can impact the delivery of care.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, elderly, Ethics, Human Factors, ieee xplore, individuals with dementia, medical ethics, medical robotics, Medical services, Mobile robots, Moral & Ethik, one-on-one interactions, patient rehabilitation, Robots, Senior citizens, socially assistive robotics, stroke survivors 2009
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(2009) : Affective technology: Beyond usability: IEEE 13th International Symposium on Consumer Electronics, 2009: ISCE '09 ; Kyoto, Japan, 25 - 28 May 2009: 2009 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE): Kyoto, Japan: 5/25/2009 - 5/28/2009. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics; Isce: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 373-374
Abstract: This paper argues the significant contributions and also limits of usability approach on designing technological products and services. Among various emerging concepts that have been proposed to supplement usability, this paper argues importance of considering human affects when users interact with technology. This paper defines technology that are capable to evoke appropriate affective responses in users as affective technology. Perspectives of affective technology research are discussed.
2006
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(2006) : Could next generation androids get emotionally close? ‘Relational closeness’ from human dyadic interactions: ROMAN 2006 - The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication: ROMAN 2006 - The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human: Hatfield, UK: IEEE, S. 475-479
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2006.314373 Abstract: Studies of human-human interactions indicate that the relational dimensions encoded nonverbally between people include intimacy/involvement, status/control, and emotional valence. In assessing nonverbal behavior a key issue concerns the correct level or unit of behavior to code. Low-level codes, such as head nods, eyebrow flashes, and smiles, are concrete enough to be specified objectively. However, a coding scheme based on them may not match the phenomenology of lay people’s experiences of natural interactions. A high-level code, such as values intimacy, reliably distinguishes secure and insecure attachment styles but is underspecified at the concrete, bodily level. This paper considers what level of behavior codes may realistically be mapped onto next generation androids. New ’mid-level’ behavior codes are offered based on an experimental study of relational closeness in human dyadic interactions. These provide act specifications for a possible benchmark of relational closeness. The appropriateness of certain relational behaviors by androids is considered.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), behavior codes, behavioural sciences, Biological system modeling, coding scheme, Concrete, Displays, emotional valence, Eyebrows, Human Computer Interaction, human dyadic interactions, Human Factors, Human robot interaction, human-human interactions, Humanoid Robots, ieee xplore, insecure attachment styles, next generation androids, Nonverbal behavior, Phenomenology, Prototypes, relational closeness, service robot, speech, values intimacy, Waste management 2004
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(2004) : Evaluation of supervisory vs. peer-peer interaction with human-robot teams In: Sprague, Ralph H.: Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences: Abstracts and CD-ROM of full papers : 5-8 January, 2004, Big Island, Hawaii: 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the: Big Island, HI, USA: 1/8/2004 - 1/8/2004. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences; IEEE Computer Society: Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society Press
Abstract: We submit that the most interesting and fruitful human-robot interaction (HRI) may be possible when the robot is able to interact with the human as a true team member, rather than a tool. However, the benefits of shared control can all too easily be overshadowed by challenges inherent to blending human and robot initiative. The most important requirements for peer-peer interaction are system trust and ability to predict system behavior. The human must be able to understand the reason for and effects of robot initiative. These requirements can only be met through careful application of human factors principles and usability testing to determine how users interact with the system. This paper discusses the recent human participant usability testing, which took our current implementation to task using a search and rescue scenario within a complex, real-world environment. The purpose of testing was to examine how human operators work with the robotic system at each level of autonomy, and how interaction with the robot should be structured to enable situation awareness and task completion. Analyses revealed that our architecture equally supported situation awareness and target detection by novices and experts, although experienced users were more likely to have more performance expectations of the interface. Results also had implications regarding the ability of participants to effectively utilize the collaborative workspace and, most importantly, their ability to understand and willingness to accept robot initiative.
1998
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(1998): Computer-assisted conversation for nonvocal people using prestored texts. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 28 (3), S. 318-328. DOI: 10.1109/5326.704557
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/5326.704557 Abstract: The challenges faced by people who are severely physically impaired and nonspeaking are demonstrated by the fact that, even with current technology, the word rates that they can achieve using current communication systems tend to range from two to ten words per min. We have been investigating ways in which prestored reusable texts might assist in improving the performance of such systems. Beginning with a study of the acceptability and effects of including prestored texts in a conversation, this investigation examined a series of methods of increasing complexity that had the system itself perform some of the cognitive and manipulative tasks required to locate suitable texts for a user to include in conversation. These methods have included logging conversational paths for potential reuse in future interactions, using a hypertext structure for storing and navigating through conversational texts, employing fuzzy information retrieval, and building a system based on scripts, plans, and goals. Seeing the possible conversation modes as occurring at varying levels of novelty, from predictable routines through reusable texts to uniquely created utterances, the most likely area for significant improvement then is in the storage and retrieval of large amounts of reusable text. Research needs to discover ways of making the retrieval process as effortless and efficient as possible to free the user to concentrate on the interaction itself.
Keywords: Alltag, Buildings, computer assisted conversation, conversation modes, conversational paths, conversational texts, future interactions, fuzzy information retrieval, Fuzzy systems, handicapped aids, Human Factors, Humans, hypertext structure, ieee xplore, Information retrieval, INSPEC: Controlled Indexing, interactive systems, Interaktionsforschung, manipulative tasks, Navigation, nonvocal people, physically impaired, Physics computing, Portable computers, potential reuse, Power engineering computing, prestored reusable texts, prestored texts, retrieval process, reusable texts, speech, Switches, uniquely created utterances, user interfaces, word processing, word rates -
(2015): Influence of trust in Ambient Assisted Living technologies Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18452/17167 Abstract: Zwischenmenschliches Vertrauen spielt in Beziehungen eine wichtige Rolle und beinhaltet die Erwartung, dass auf das Wort des Anderen Verlass ist (Rotter, 1967). Auch im Zusammenhang mit Automation und Mensch-Maschine-Systemen erlangt die Betrachtung von Vertrauen in den vergangenen Jahren immer größere Bedeutung. In den Bereichen automatisierte Fahrzeugsteuerung oder militärische Freund-Feind-Erkennung wurde bereits eine Vielzahl von Erhebungen durchgeführt. Einen Forschungsgegenstand, der bislang jedoch weitestgehend unbeachtet geblieben ist, stellen Heim-Automatisierungen und Unterstützungstechnologien für ältere Personen dar. Die vorliegende Dissertation möchte einen Anstoß für die Forschungsaktivitäten im Kontext von Vertrauen in Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Systeme geben und gleichzeitig die Möglichkeiten von Unterstützungs-technologien (für beeinträchtigte Personen) im Wohnumfeld aufzeigen. Im Fokus der Untersuchung steht dabei das Vertrauen älterer Personen, als potentielle Endnutzer, in AAL Systeme. Nach Durchführung der Literaturanalyse, wurden mittels einer Fragebogenstudie zunächst verschiedene Einflussfaktoren auf das Vertrauen in AAL sowie die Nutzungsabsicht der senioren Zielgruppe erforscht. Unter Einbeziehung der Variablen des Technology Acceptance Modells (TAM) (Davis, 1989) werden Personen mit und ohne täglichem Unterstützungsbedarf befragt. Basierend auf den dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wurden zwei Experimente durchgeführt. Die Probanden der beiden Experimente, die jeweils eine seniore Testgruppe und eine junge Kontrollgruppe umfassten, sollten mittels eines Mock-Ups auf einem Tablet-Computer verschiedene Aufgaben im Wohnumfeld bearbeiten. Im ersten Experiment wurde zusätzlich zu der Standard-Bedienoberfläche der AAL Technologie, entweder persönliche Unterstützung via Operateur oder eine technische Unterstützung zur Verfügung gestellt. Das zweite Experiment untersuchte drei unterschiedliche Stufen von Zuverlässigkeit einer AAL Applikation. Interpersonal trust as “expectancy that the verbal statements of others can be relied upon” (Rotter, 1967; p. 651) plays an important role in human relationships. But even in the context of automation and man-machine systems, the consideration of trust has acquired even greater importance in recent years. In the field of automated vehicle control systems or military friend-or-foe recognition, a large number of surveys relating to trust have been conducted. An area of research that, to date, has not been well-investigated is home automation, such as smart home and assistive technologies for older people. The present thesis aims to initiate such research activities in the context of trust in Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems, as well as to demonstrate the opportunities that assistive technologies present for impaired persons in the living environment. The focus of the present survey is on the trust of older people, as potential end-users, in AAL systems. To establish an understanding of the state of this research field, a literature review has been conducted. Subsequently, the various factors influencing trust in AAL and usage intention of the elderly target group are examined via a written questionnaire study. Taking into account the variables of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989), persons with and without need for daily support are interviewed. Based on the obtained results, two subsequent experiments were carried out. The participants in the two experiments, each including a senior test group and a young control group, worked on various tasks through a mock-up on a tablet-computer in the living environment. In the first experiment, in addition to the standard user interface of the AAL technology, either personal support via operator or a technical embedded support was provided to test the differential impact on the trust of the participants in AAL. The second experiment included three different levels of reliability of an AAL application.
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