Alle Publikationen
1997
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(1997): How the brain processes emotional information. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 821, S. 259-270. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48285.x
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(1997): Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman
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(1997): Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries?. In: American Psychologist 52 (2), S. 130-139. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.2.130
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.2.130 Abstract: There is universality in the transactional–transformational leadership paradigm. That is, the same conception of phenomena and relationships can be observed in a wide range of organizations and cultures. Exceptions can be understood as a consequence of unusual attributes of the organizations or cultures. Three corollaries are discussed. Supportive evidence has been gathered in studies conducted in organizations in business, education, the military, the government, and the independent sector. Likewise, supportive evidence has been accumulated from all but 1 continent to document the applicability of the paradigm.
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(1997): Appropriateness and effectiveness of image repair strategies. In: Communication Reports 10 (2), S. 153-163. DOI: 10.1080/08934219709367671
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(1997): Evaluations of Ingroup and Outgroup Members. The Role of Category-Based Expectancy Violation. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (3), S. 244-275. DOI: 10.1006/jesp.1996.1323
Abstract: xamines the role of category-based expectancy (CBE) violation in explaining extreme evaluations of ingroup and outgroup members. In 3 experiments with 535 undergraduates, descriptions about ingroup and outgroup targets were varied to manipulate expectancy violation. Participants evaluated the global favorability and rated the trait characteristics of either an ingroup or an outgroup target. In addition, they indicated the extent to which the targets violated CBEs. Exp 1, which included 2 different scenarios that violated CBEs, showed that expectancy violation affected global evaluations of target favorability and that measured expectancies mediated these evaluations. Exp 2 replicated Exp 1 and showed that ingroup and outgroup targets were evaluated similarly when CBEs were not violated. Exp 3 presented positive job resumes that violated or did not violate stereotyped expectancies for female and male job applicants. The results showed that female and male targets were evaluated more positively when they violated stereotyped expectations for their gender group and that these outcomes were not modified by the S's group membership. The results are discussed in terms of expectancy-violation theory as well as assumed characteristics and cognitive-complexity theories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: expectancy violations theory -
Birbaumer, Niels-Peter; Weinert, Franz E. (Hg.) (1997): Enzyklopädie der Psychologie. Psychologie des Unterrichts und der Schule. Göttingen [u.a.]; Göttingen [u.a.]: Verl. für Psychologie Hogrefe, Hogrefe, Verl. für Psychologie (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie : Themenbereich D, Praxisgebiete : Serie 1, Pädagogische Psychologie)
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(1997) : Sachhaltigkeit versus Verfahren?. Einige methodologische Konsequenzen konstruktivistischer Wissenschaftssoziologie In: Sutter, Tilmann: Beobachtung verstehen, Verstehen beobachten: Perspektiven einer konstruktivistischen Hermeneutik: Opladen: Westdt. Verl., S. 228-252Keywords: Youssef, Ramy
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(1997): Situated cognition. On human knowledge and computer representations. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press (Learning in doing). Online verfügbar unter http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam028/96035839.html
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(1997): Culture and Cognition. In: Annual Review of Sociology 23 (1), S. 263-287. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.263
Abstract: Recent work in cognitive psychology and social cognition bears heavily on concerns of sociologists of culture. Cognitive research confirms views of culture as fragmented; clarifies the roles of institutions and agency; and illuminates supra-individual aspects of culture. Individuals experience culture as disparate bits of information and as schematic structures that organize that information. Culture carried by institutions, networks, and social movements diffuses, activates, and selects among available schemata. Implications for the study of identity, collective memory, social classification, and logics of action are developed.
Keywords: Cultural Schema Theory (Schemata) -
(1997): Gender and hedging: From sex differences to situated practice. In: Journal of psycholinguistic research 26 (1), S. 89-107. DOI: 10.1023/A:1025064205478
Abstract: In a reanalysis of women's language, Holmes (1995) has argued that women's use of hedges expresses interpersonal warmth and not, as many researchers have maintained, linguistic tentativeness. It is typically men, she suggests, who employ hedges to convey imprecision and incertitude. In this study, we investigated the use of the hedges sort of and you know in a sample of South African students. Holmes's method of analysis was applied to hedging behavior in 52 dyadic conversations. The study consisted of a 2 (Speaker Gender: Male/Female) X 2 (Audience Gender: Male/Female) X 2 (Condition: Competitive/Noncompetitive) between-subjects experimental design. The results showed that contextual influences eclipsed the effects of gender; in fact, no main effects were found for speaker gender. Fewer hedges were deployed in the competitive condition than in the noncompetitive condition. Moreover, perhaps reflecting differences in social status, both sexes used sort of to express tentativeness more frequently when talking to male addressees. When speaking to female addressees, on the other hand, men deployed facilitative you know hedges more readily than women.
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(1997): Einfluß kulturspezifischer Normen auf die soziale Urteilsbildung.. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 28 (3), S. 161-171
Abstract: Examined how allocentrics and idiacentrics form categories during the early stages of information processing. Human Ss: 60 normal adults (university students). Ss were tested to determine a classification into allocentric or idiocentric categories and performed a sorting task. Dispositional and contextual categories were examined between the groups. The 'fundamental error of attribution' was discussed. The results were discussed with respect to the concepts of selective attention and attribution and category accessability.
Keywords: Normen, Sozialpsychologie -
(1997) : Evaluating commercial speech recognition and DTMF technology for automated telephone banking services: IEEE Colloquium on Advances in Interactive Voice Technologies for Telecommunication Services: IEEE Colloquium on Advances in Interactive Voice Technologies for Telecommunication Services: London, UK: 12 June 1997: London, United Kingdom: IET, S. 4/1-4/6
Abstract: Call-centre based telephone banking has become widespread in the UK, with most high street banks and many building societies offering such services. Advances in small vocabulary connected speech recognition technology and the existence of robust DTMF recognition systems make a strong case for automating such telephone services. This case is reinforced by a financial aspect-the agent cost of human operators. Call centre costs could be drastically reduced if appropriate automated systems could be used in tandem with the more traditional methods of customer service. Any points of customer contact provide 'moments of truth' for a bank, where polite, efficient and effective service must be delivered. If automated services are to be used, it is vital that they achieve this, and that they do not tarnish a bank's image. The OVID project, funded under the EU's ESPRIT programme, aims to investigate the appropriateness of today's speech recognition technology to telephone banking applications. An experiment is described presenting two simulated telephone banking services, with identical dialogues, and differing only in mode of input-speech or DTMF. Subjects' performance with the systems is noted and their attitudes towards them are also objectively assessed via a usability questionnaire. The latter measure especially provides essential data on the acceptability of automated telephone banking services using these technologies.
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(1997): Über den Prozess der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen. Erster Band: Wandlungen des Verhaltens in den weltlichen Oberschichten des Abendlandes. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp (Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft)Keywords: Natur & Genese von Normen, Norbert Elias' Theorie der höfischen Gesellschaft, Normenwandel, Sozialer Prozess / Zivilisation / Entwicklung, sozialer Wandel, Sozialer Wandel / Zivilisation, Soziologie, Zivilisation, Zivilisation / Entwicklung / Sozialer Prozess, Zivilisation / Sozialer Wandel
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(1997): La pédagogie de la politesse dans l'école laïque de la Troisième République. In: Romantisme 27 (96), S. 41-49. DOI: 10.3406/roman.1997.3205
Abstract: Français: Les responsables de l'école républicaine de la Troisième République accordent une place importante à l'enseignement de la politesse. Il en est question dans les directives issues du ministère de l'Instruction publique, dans les livres de conseils destinés aux enseignants, dans les rapports d'inspecteurs et d'enseignants, dans les conférences pédagogiques et dans les livres scolaires. En regardant de plus près ces écrits, on peut voir que le discours de l'école républicaine réussit à récupérer l'art de la politesse développé sous l'Ancien Régime tout en embrassant les idéaux égalitaires, républicains et nationalistes de la Troisième République. English: The teaching of politesse occupies an important place in the pedagogy and curriculum of the public primary school during the Third Republic. It is discussed in directives of the Ministry of Public Instruction, in advice books for teachers, in inspector's reports, in lectures on pedagogy and in school texts. A close look at some of these writings shows that the discourse circulating in the public primary school succeeds in recuperating the art of politesse developed during the Old Regime while affirming the egalitarian, republican and nationalist ideals of the Third Republic.
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(1997): Aggressivität und soziale Stellung in der Klassengemeinschaft. In: Zeitschrift fur Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 25 (3), S. 139-150
Abstract: Both aggressive behavior and an outsider position in the peer group can be regarded as risk factors for the social development and long-term adjustment of children. The aim of the present investigation was to analyze the influence of these two factors on the social experiences of students in secondary school. The presence of aggressive behavior was determined by means of peer ratings and self-ratings. Classroom climate, i.e. the quality of the sense of community in a class, was considered as a modifying factor. In a first step, from 96 classes in the first and third grades of secondary school two extreme groups of 24 classes each were formed on the basis of student evaluations of the cohesion in the class and the frequency of aggressive arguments between students. At this time the students also rated other aspects of their social experiences at school. In a second step, sociometric data were obtained in the selected classes on the most liked and least liked classmates and on certain behaviors to determine the social position of the students in their peer group and their involvement in aggressive arguments. The social experiences attitudes and values of the students were highly correlated with the frequency of their involvement in aggressive arguments. There were some marked discrepancies between peer ratings and self-ratings of behavior, but both types of rating appear to have some clinical relevance. Beside the social status in the peer group the classroom climate had considerable impact on the social experiences of aggressive children. In addition, there were indications that the classroom climate plays a role in the social status of aggressive students in the class. zitiert von 27
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(1997): New rules of sociological method. A positive critique of interpretative sociologies. Cambridge: Polity PressKeywords: Youssef, Ramy
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(1997) : The modularity of social intelligence In: Whiten, Andrew; Byrne, Richard W. (Hg.): Machiavellian intelligence II. Extensions and evaluations: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 264-288
Abstract: Argues that the social intelligence hypothesis, while stimulating and exciting, is vague and imprecise, and that some of its propositions are empirically empty and should be dropped. A "modular" version of the social intelligence hypothesis is proposed, which offers a specific theory about the mechanisms of social intelligence. Assumptions of this hypothesis are discussed in detail and an example of an experimental test of the resulting predictions illustrates that the hypothesis produces testable predictions and can explain apparently contradictory data previously considered irrational. It is argued that the investigation of social intelligence should be driven by theory and empirically tested and that the modular version outlined offers a starting point.
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(1997): Homage to Jean Piaget (1896–1982). In: The Irish Journal of Psychology 18 (3), S. 293-306. DOI: 10.1080/03033910.1997.10558148
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.1997.10558148 Abstract: The paper presents the radical constructivist interpretation of the theory of knowing inherent in Piaget? s Genetic Epistemology and provides a historical background for the required change in the concept of knowledge. By regarding cognition as ?the highest form of adaptation? (Piaget, 1977a), the fundamental problem of reality representation that bedevils traditional epistemologies is avoided and the cognitive goal of truth by correspondence is supplanted by the goal of experiential fit, coherence and the active subject?s equilibration in the experiential world.
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(1997) : Social intelligence and language. Another Rubicon? In: Whiten, Andrew; Byrne, Richard W.; Whiten, Andrew (Ed); Byrne, Richard W. (Ed) (Hg.): Machiavellian intelligence II: Extensions and evaluations: New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, S. 364-396
Abstract: This chapter begins by looking briefly at the evolutionary trajectory from apes to Homo sapiens sapiens. It suggests that a gradually emerging proto-language among early hominids would have progressively augmented ape social intelligence in several ways: language itself would have to be incorporated in cognitive representations of own and others' intentions; language permits more effective classification and storage of information, and thus more effective use of memory; language-in-use is a powerful tool for the co-operative construction of meaning; language-in-use is a new sort of tool for co-operation between individuals; and language is a tool for construction socio-cultural devices for co-operation among members of a community. It is suggested that early proto-language, and subsequent increasingly complex forms of spoken language, should be thought of as a new sort of tool for thinking with and for acting with. The emergence of spoken language would have provided a new tool for co-operation at the same time that it can only be used through co-operation. Where ape Machiavellian intelligence seeks to outwit others, social intelligence built on language must achieve a framework for co-operation if conversational meanings are to be understood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Animal Communication, COOPERATION, Evolution, Kommunikation, Language, Lehrbuchkapitel, Primates (Nonhuman), Social Cognition, Social intelligence, Social Skills, Soziale Intelligenz, ways in which proto-language among early hominids could have augmented social intelligence & co-operation in apes -
(1997): Autour de la notion de manuel. In: Romantisme 27 (96), S. 17-29. DOI: 10.3406/roman.1997.3203
Abstract: Englischer Titel laut WoS: Good manners and politeness manuals from the Middle Ages to the present Français L'article étudie l'apparition et la signification du mot manuel dans la bibliographie française des ouvrages consacrés à la politesse et au savoir-vivre du Moyen Age à nos jours. La lutte « arme au poing » est au cœur de la définition du mot, du Manuel d'Epictète au Poignard du soldat chrétien d'Erasme. Avant le début du XIXe siècle, le mot apparaît peu, mais, dès 1820, il correspond à un ouvrage pratique, à la portée de tous, laïcisé, relevant d'un domaine précis. Cette importance correspond aux nouvelles exigences sociales : l'homme du monde est un nouveau militant qui lutte, arme au poing, pour être reconnu par les autres et accepté dans le monde. English: This paper aims to define when the word manuel first appeared, what it means in the bibliography of French literature primarily concerned with politness and good manners, from the Middle Ages to this day. The original notion is that of a fight with an armed hand, a widespread notion from Epictetus's Manuel to Erasmus's the Christian fighter's dagger. There is little mention of the word until the early 19th-century. But as early as 1820, it applies to a volume meant for practical usage, easily readable, no longer serving religious purposes and dealing with a specific field of interest. An important function born of society's new requirements. To day 's, new man of action is armed with a manuel and he fights to gain acceptance and recognition from his fellow creatures.
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(1997): Long Short-Term Memory. In: Neural Computation 9 (8), S. 1735-1780. DOI: 10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735 Abstract: Learning to store information over extended time intervals via recurrent backpropagation takes a very long time, mostly due to insucient, decaying error back ow. We brie y review Hochreiter's 1991 analysis of this problem, then address it by introducing a novel, ecient, gradient-based method called \Long Short-Term Memory" (LSTM). Truncating the gradient where this does not do harm, LSTM can learn to bridge minimal time lags in excess of 1000 discrete time steps by enforcing constant error ow through \constant error carrousels" within special units. Multiplicative gate units learn to open and close access to the constant error ow. LSTM is local in space and time; its computational complexity per time step and weight is O(1). Our experiments with articial data involve local, distributed, real-valued, and noisy pattern representations. In comparisons with RTRL, BPTT, Recurrent Cascade-Correlation, Elman nets, and Neural Sequence Chunking, LSTM leads to many more successful runs, and learns much faster. LSTM also solves complex, articial long time lag tasks that have never been solved by previous recurrent network algorithms.
Keywords: deutsche Community, Intellektualtechnik, Kogn. Architektur, kognitive Architekturen, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Neuronale Netzwerke, Programmieren, Realtechnik, Sprachverstehen, Technik, Wiedererkennen / Erinnerung / Erkennen von Personen und Sitautionen, Social Recognition -
(1997): Interpersonal relationships and task performance. An examination of mediation processes in friendship and acquaintance groups. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 72 (4), S. 775-790. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.72.4.775
Abstract: This study used multiple methods to examine group processes (information sharing, morale building, planning, critical evaluation, commitment, monitoring, and cooperation) that mediate the effect of relationship level on group performance. The study uses a 2 by 2 experimental design, crossing relationship (friendship vs. acquaintance) as a between-subjects variable and task type (decision making vs. motor) as a within-subject variable. Fifty-three 3-person groups participated in the study, and data from 4 types of measurement were used to analyze the mediating processes between relationship level and task performance. Friendship groups performed significantly better than acquaintance groups on both decision-making and motor tasks because of a greater degree of group commitment and cooperation. Critical evaluation and task monitoring also significantly increased decision-making performance, whereas positive communication mediated the relationship between friendship and motor task performance.
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(1997): The Politics of Aristocratic Empires. Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publ.
Abstract: The Politics of Aristocratic Empires is a study of a political order that prevailed throughout much of the world for many centuries without any major social conflict or change and with hardly any government in the modern sense. Although previously ignored by political science, powerful remnants of this old order still persist in modern politics. The historical literature on aristocratic empires typically is descriptive and treats each empire as unique. By contrast, this work adopts an analytical, explanatory, and comparative approach and clearly distinguishes aristocratic empires from both primitive and more modern, commercialized societies. It develops generalizations that are supported and richly illustrated by data from many empires and demonstrates that a pattern of politics prevailed across time, space, and cultures from ancient Egypt five millennia ago to Saudi Arabia five decades ago, from China and Japan to Europe, from the Incas and the Aztecs to the Tutsi. Kautsky argues that aristocrats, because they live off the labor of peasants, must perform the primary governmental functions of taxation and warfare. Their performance is linked to particular values and beliefs, and both functions and ideologies in turn condition the stakes, the forms, and the arenas of intra-aristocratic conflict—the politics of the aristocracy. The author also analyzes the roles of the peasantry and the townspeople in aristocratic politics and shows that peasant revolts on any large scale occur only after commercial modernization. He concludes with chapters on the modernization of aristocratic empires and on the importance in modern politics of institutional and ideological remnants of the old aristocratic order.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy -
(1997): Varieties of rudeness. Types and functions of impolite utterances. In: Functions of Language 4 (2), S. 251-287. DOI: 10.1075/fol.4.2.05kie
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.4.2.05kie Abstract: Standard theories of politeness (Lakoff 1975, Leech 1983, Brown and Levinson 1987) face a number of problems. To mention but a few, it can be doubted that these theories have managed to establish truly universal concepts and classifications of (im)polite behavior; they exaggerate the relative importance of indirectness; they do not treat situational and societal constraints sufficiently; finally, they do not deal with rudeness in enough detail. Therefore, it does not seem to be possible to describe rudeness simply as a deviation from or violation of rules and maxims of cooperative/polite communication. Starting from suggestions made by Kasper (1990) and Culpeper (1996), I will try to refine standard definitions of politeness and rudeness. Moreover, examples of rude utterances (mostly taken from spoken and written English and German dialogues) will be used to establish a typology of communicative rudeness. Several subtypes of cooperative (e.g. ritual insults, reactive rudeness, sociable rudeness) and non-cooperative (e.g. strategic rudeness in public institutions) rudeness are distinguished.
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(1997) : The social intelligence hypothesis In: Weingart, Peter; Mitchell, Sandra D.; Richerson, Peter J.; Maasen, Sabine (Hg.): Human by nature. Between biology and the social sciences: Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, S. 157-179
Abstract: Examines the different components of the social intelligence hypothesis (SIH), which states that the natural intelligence of primates (including humans) originated in the social domain. A working definition of primate intelligence is formulated. A comparison is made between the complexity of social environments and that of ecological ones. Special character traits of primate sociality are described. Preliminary evidence in support of the SIH is discussed. Regarding the question of whether primates are more intelligent in the social domain than in other domains, the following issues are discussed: (1) individuation of group members, (2) combinatorial prediction and action in polyadic encounters, (3) the complexity of physical vs social tools, and (4) the ability to develop a theory of mind. Various selective pressures in primates are described. Examples of traces of social intelligence in ecological intelligence are pointed out. Some suggestions are provided regarding possible methods for testing the SIH.
Keywords: Altruism, Altruismus, Cognitive Processes, combinatorial prediction & action & theory of mind & selective pressures & reciprocal altruism, Evolutionstheorie, Intelligence, Intelligenz, Kognitive Prozesse, Primaten, Primates (Nonhuman), Social & Instinctive Behavior, Social Behavior, Social intelligence, social intelligence hypothesis, Social Perception & Cognition, Social Skills, Sozial- und Instinktverhalten, Soziale Fertigkeiten, Soziale Intelligenz, Soziale Wahrnehmung und soziale Kognition, soziales Verhalten, theoretical study, Theory of Evolution