Alle Publikationen
2013
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(2013): The Effect of Priming Pictures and Videos on a Question–Answer Dialog Scenario in a Virtual Environment. In: Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 22 (2), S. 91-109. DOI: 10.1162/PRES_a_00143
Abstract: Having a free-speech conversation with avatars in a virtual environment can be desirable in virtual reality applications, such as virtual therapy and serious games. However, recognizing and processing free speech seems too ambitious to realize with the current technology. As an alternative, pre-scripted conversations with keyword detection can handle a number of goal-oriented situations, as well as some scenarios in which the conversation content is of secondary importance. This is, for example, the case in virtual exposure therapy for the treatment of people with social phobia, where conversation is for exposure and anxiety arousal only. A drawback of pre-scripted dialog is the limited scope of the user's answers. The system cannot handle a user's response that does not match the pre-defined content, other than by providing a default reply. A new method, which uses priming material to restrict the possibility of the user's response, is proposed in this paper to solve this problem. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether people can be guided to mention specific keywords with video and/or picture primings. Study 1 was a two-by-two experiment in which participants (n = 20) were asked to answer a number of open questions. Prior to the session, participants watched priming videos or unrelated videos. During the session, they could see priming pictures or unrelated pictures on a whiteboard behind the person who asked the questions. The results showed that participants tended to mention more keywords both with priming videos and pictures. Study 2 shared the same experimental setting but was carried out in virtual reality instead of in the real world. Participants (n = 20) were asked to answer questions of an avatar when they were exposed to priming material, before and/or during the conversation session. The same results were found: the surrounding media content had a guidance effect. Furthermore, when priming pictures appeared in the environment, people sometimes forgot to mention the content they typically would mention.
Keywords: ACROPHOBIA, Augmented & Virtual Reality, Beeinflussung sozial angemessenen Verhaltens, BEHAVIOR, DISORDERS therapy, FEAR, IN-VIVO, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), METAANALYSIS, Psychologie, PUBLIC-SPEAKING ANXIETY, REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY, Realtechnik, SOCIAL PHOBIA, Sonder-Intention beim Sprechen/Konversation, SPIDER PHOBIA, Sprachverarbeitung, Technik, technology in therapy, Therapeutische Zwecke, Triggern von angstauslösenden Begriffen, Video/picture priming -
(2013): Recognition in Capital. In: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 16 (4), S. 713-727. DOI: 10.1007/s10677-013-9410-y
Abstract: In this paper it is shown that in his conception of value, published in the first volume of Capital, Marx relies on Hegel's concept of pure recognition to organise the relations between use- and exchange-value on the one hand and the relation between the social relations between things (goods) and actors (sellers) on the other hand. Establishing this thesis is important in three respects: Firstly it demonstrates that there is a strong continuity in the philosophical thought of Karl Marx, making visible an essential relation between his Economic-philosophical Manuscripts and his later writings. Secondly it helps to better understand Marx's conception of value; and thirdly it shows that "recognition" is an important conception in his critique of political economy.
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(2013): The Early Ontogeny of Social Norms. In: Child Development Perspectives 7 (1), S. 17-21. DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12010
Abstract: Recent research has produced new insights into the early development of social cognition and social learning. Even very young children learn and understand social activities as governed by conventional norms that (a) are arbitrary and shared by the community, (b) have normative force and apply to all participants, and (c) are valid in context-relative ways. Importantly, such understanding is revealed both in the fact that children themselves follow the norms, and in the fact that they actively enforce them toward third parties. Human social cognition thus has a fundamental normative dimension that begins early. This norm psychology plausibly evolved due to its role in stabilizing group coordination and cooperation, and is one of the foundations of what is uniquely human social learning and culture.
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(2013): Effects of a Social Robot’s Autonomy and Group Orientation on Human Decision-Making. In: Advances in Human-Computer Interaction. DOI: 10.1155/2013/263721
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/263721 Abstract: Social attributes of intelligent robots are important for human-robot systems. This paper investigates influences of robot autonomy (i.e., high versus low) and group orientation (i.e., ingroup versus outgroup) on a human decision-making process. We conducted a laboratory experiment with 48 college students and tested the hypotheses with MANCOVA. We find that a robot with high autonomy has greater influence on human decisions than a robot with low autonomy. No significant effect is found on group orientation or on the interaction between group orientation and autonomy level. The results provide implications for social robot design.
Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz -
(2013): Design and Technologies for Understanding Older Adults Social Interactions in Retirement Communities. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (4), S. 575-591. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0219-6
Abstract: Social interactions in retirement communities' shared spaces are a key component to preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people. Given the underutilization of these spaces, placing technologies to promote utilization of- and socialization in-shared spaces might improve independence and quality of life among older adults. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design, development, and technology studies conducted for understanding the social interactions of older adults in retirement communities. To understand current use of shared spaces, observational studies were conducted in a retirement community. Moreover, interventions were implemented to evaluate the impact of designed technologies in shared spaces. The results motivate the need for an automated behavioral mapping surveillance system to quantify social interactions among older adults and technology interventions in retirement communities' shared common areas. This paper describes the development of a video-based analysis system for understanding social interactions among older adults in retirement communities. Specific emphasis is given to describing the automated behavioral mapping surveillance system designed to monitor the number, length, and type of interactions of older adults in retirement communities. We hypothesize that social interactions amongst older adults can be detected using video cameras and microphones strategically placed in the environment, and discuss the development of a surveillance system specifically for quantifying social interaction. This study is relevant for the field of social robotics as an example of a realistic application domain.
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(2013): Three Marxian Approaches to Recognition. In: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 16 (4), S. 699-711. DOI: 10.1007/s10677-013-9413-8
Abstract: If it seems fully legitimate to introduce Marx in the contemporary discussion about recognition, it is more disputable to attribute to Marx an unified conception of recognition. There is no doubt that Marx hasn't provided any systematic account of recognition, but he has tackled the issue of recognition from various points of view. Could these various points of view be unified in a general conception of recognition? This article claims that this is not the case since three accounts of recognition should be distinguished that are hardly compatible one with the other: one Feuerbachian account of recognition of the species being in the other, one account of recognition related to the dynamics of disrespect as social experience, and one account of recognition through social roles.
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(2013): Durchsetzung sozialer Normen in Hochkostensituationen / Norm Enforcement in High-Cost-Situations. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie 42 (6). DOI: 10.1515/zfsoz-2013-0603
Abstract: High-cost and low-cost situations have been frequently discussed in the literature whereby it is especially the so-called low-cost hypothesis which has been empirically explored in various studies on pro-social and pro-environmental behavior. The study at hand uses a sample of Indonesian respondents who, due to very low income, are subject to tight economic constraints. We make use of the ultimatum game from experimental economics and find clear evidence for the existence of high-cost situations, i. e. situations in which the respondents are forced to act in line with traditional rational choice theory. Moreover, our experimental methodology allows us to estimate separately the effects of low income (a constraint) and size of the stake (an incentive) as different components of situational pressure on the behavior of responders and to test for non-linearities in the effect
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(2013): The Investment Model Scale (IMS): Further studies on construct validation and development of a shorter version (IMS-S). In: Journal of General Psychology 140 (1), S. 16-28. DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2012.710276
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2012.710276 Abstract: The Investment Model (IM; Rusbult, 1980, 1983) has been widely used to study the development and maintenance of romantic relationships. Its components—satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investment size and commitment—are operationalized in the Investment Model Scale (IMS; Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1998).Given its importance for personal relationships literature, this article presents the adaptation and validation of the IMS to Portugal, and the development and validation of a shorter version, the IMS-S. A confirmatory factor analysis replicates the IMS’s original four factors structure. A similar structure was found for the IMS-S. For both versions, results show the instruments to have validity and good reliability. Results are discussed considering the scales’ importance for studying romantic relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): An Experimental Study on Emotional Reactions Towards a Robot. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (1), S. 17-34. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-012-0173-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-012-0173-8 Abstract: Although robots are starting to enter into our professional and private lives, little is known about the emotional effects which robots elicit. However, insights into this topic are an important prerequisite when discussing, for example, ethical issues regarding the question of what role we (want to) allow robots to play in our lives. In line with the Media Equation, humans may react towards robots as they do towards humans, making it all the more important to carefully investigate the preconditions and consequences of contact with robots. Based on assumptions on the socialness of reactions towards robots and anecdotal evidence of emotional attachments to robots (e. g. Klamer and BenAllouch in Trappl R. (ed.), Proceedings of EMCSR 2010, Vienna, 2010; Klamer and BenAllouch in Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI-2010), Atlanta, GA. ACM, New York, 2010; Kramer et al. in Appl. Artif. Intell. 25(6): 474-502, 2011), we conducted a study that provides further insights into the question of whether humans show emotional reactions towards Ugobe's Pleo, which is shown in different situations. We used a 2 x 2 design with one between-subjects factor "prior interaction with the robot" (never seen the robot before vs. 10-minute interaction with the robot) and a within-subject factor "type of video" (friendly interaction video vs. torture video). Following a multi-method approach, we assessed participants' physiological arousal and self-reported emotions as well as their general evaluation of the videos and the robot. In line with our hypotheses, participants showed increased physiological arousal during the reception of the torture video as compared to the normal video. They also reported fewer positive and more negative feelings after the torture video and expressed empathic concern for the robot. It appears that the acquaintance with the robot does not play a role, as "prior interaction with the robot" showed no effect.
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Roy, Nicholas; Newman, Paul; Srinivasa, Siddhartha (Hg.) (2013): Robotics. Science and systems VIII. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press
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(2013): To Err is Human(-like): Effects of Robot Gesture on Perceived Anthropomorphism and Likability. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (3), S. 313-323. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0196-9
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(2013): The influence of familiarity, trust and norms of reciprocity on an experienced sense of community. An empirical analysis based on social online services. In: Behaviour & Information Technology 34 (4), S. 392-412. DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2014.959455
Abstract: The growing use of social online services raises the question of what encourages members to participate actively and maintain accumulated social capital. Our research has particularly become aware of the relevance of familiarity, trust and reciprocity in understanding the members' sense of a virtual community (VC). Familiarity and trust are efficient criteria to assess and determine the extent to which one should engage in a virtual relationship. Furthermore, the effort of sharing experiences and knowledge must be based on the expectation of receiving certain returns. A structural equation modelling, specifically partial least squares, is proposed to assess the relationships between the constructs. Overall, the empirical results provided strong support for the hypotheses. Familiarity and trust lead the member to develop a growing perceived community support (PCS) and significantly influence the sense of a VC. Norms of reciprocity directly influence affective trust and PCS. Higher familiarity does not moderate the impact of affective trust on PCS, however. The results of this study could thus help social online service providers to create a successful business model and to determine the main drivers of the members' sense of a VC.
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(2013): Promise and Challenges Surrounding Culture–Gene Coevolution and Gene–Culture Interactions. In: Psychological Inquiry 24 (1), S. 64-70. DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2013.764814
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2013.764814 Abstract: Comments on an article by Joan Y. Chiao et al. (see record 2013-09968-001). Advances in neuroscience have heavily influenced many areas of psychological research in recent years, and cultural psychology is no exception. In fact, as Joan Y. Chiao et al. emphasize in the target article, cultural psychology and neuroscience may have formed a particularly strong partnership in the business of explaining human diversity. Cultural psychology provides an explanatory framework for understanding meaningful variation in thought and behavior across cultures, and neuroscience offers explanations of how the brain and genes underlie psychological processes. By combining these two perspectives into a new field, cultural neuroscience may be well equipped to investigate the mind more completely, as arising from multiple, interacting forces from within and beyond the individual. Chiao et al. put forth an important and impressive model of cultural neuroscience, the center of which is cultur e–gene coevolution theory, or the dual inheritance theory of human behavior. The promise of cultural neuroscience, and of the study of genes and culture in particular, is great. This culture–gene research may help scientists better understand population health disparities, as Chiao et al. point out, and achieve a more nuanced, and ultimately more accurate, view of the human mind. The target article also highlights the gene–culture interaction framework, in addition to culture–gene coevolution theory, as playing an important role in understanding variation in psychological outcomes. Yet for culture–gene research more broadly to continue to make an impact, there are some important challenges that should be addressed. Chiao et al. understanding of how human diversity may be impacted by both genetic and cultural selection with an ambitious theory of culture– gene coevolution, and I commend the authors for bringing these very important issues to the forefront. Although some k ey chall enges remain to be addressed in future research—such as which cultural traits are adaptive, whether culture–gene relationships are causal, and when genetic variants should correlate and/or interact with the cultural environment—the promise of cultural neuroscience is evident. The integration of biological and neuroscientific perspectives with cultural psychology will continue to be crucial for advancing understandings of the mind, brain, and behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 8
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(2013): The Peculiar History of Foot Binding in China. How ten centuries of Chinese women submitted to the painful practice—and how it finally went out of fashion. In: The Atlantic, 16.9.2013
Abstract: For around ten centuries, successive generations of Chinese women endured a practice when, as children, their feet were systematically broken and shaped in such a way that they resembled hooves. The tradition, known as foot binding, eventually came to symbolize China's backwardness, a relic from the country's distant past.
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(2013): Respect and agency: An empirical exploration. In: Current Sociology 61 (1), S. 57-75. DOI: 10.1177/0011392111421531
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392111421531 Abstract: Both in social science and in everyday life, ‘respect’ is an important and widely used term to describe positive conduct of one person towards another. However, just what respectful behaviour refers to, and how it can be differentiated from considerate, tolerant, kind, etc. behaviour continues to elude social-scientific analysis. In order to investigate the meaning that people give to the concept of respect, the authors carried out focus groups in that participants discussed two vignettes regarding respect and a very closely related concept – considerateness. A systematic analysis of the transcripts preliminary supported the study’s hypothesis that respect is a form of behaviour which refers to the ascribed agency of another person, as opposed to non-agential properties such as needs or feelings.
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(2013): Ontology-based state representations for intention recognition in human–robot collaborative environments. In: Robotics and Autonomous Systems 61 (11), S. 1224-1234. DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.004 Abstract: In this paper, we describe a novel approach for representing state information for the purpose of intention recognition in cooperative human–robot environments. States are represented by a combination of spatial relationships in a Cartesian frame along with cardinal direction information. This approach is applied to a manufacturing kitting operation, where humans and robots are working together to develop kits. Based upon a set of predefined high-level state relationships that must be true for future actions to occur, a robot can use the detailed state information described in this paper to infer the probability of subsequent actions occurring. This would allow the robot to better help the human with the task or, at a minimum, better stay out of his or her way. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Bedienung & Handhabung, Environmental Effects, Human Machine Systems, human robot environments, Intention, intention recognition, Intentional Learning, Knowledge representation, Ontology (Philosophy), ontology based state representations, Recognition (Learning), Robotics, Spatial Learning, spatial relationships -
(2013) : Zur Öffentlichkeit und Beobachtbarkeit von Praktiken der Subjektivierung In: Gelhard, Andreas; Alkemeyer, Thomas; Ricken, Norbert (Hg.): Techniken der Subjektivierung: München; Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, S. 93-105
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Schmitz, Michael; Kobow, Beatrice; Schmid, Hans Bernhard (Hg.) (2013): The Background of Social Reality. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands
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(2013) : Social Rules and the Social Background In: Schmitz, Michael; Kobow, Beatrice; Schmid, Hans Bernhard (Hg.): The Background of Social Reality: Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, S. 107-125
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5600-7_7 Abstract: Various thinkers have explored versions of the idea that there are nonrepresentational and unconscious dispositions that form the background of thought, meaning, and language. In this chapter, I discuss John Searle's version of this idea. I focus on how he invokes the social background to account for the functioning of social rules. This is a particularly important application of the notion because very many in other respects quite different accounts of social, institutional, and intentional phenomena generally appeal to rules, for example, linguistic rules. But what is the status of such rules? How, in particular, can they play a role in explaining what people do if people normally are not aware of them? The standard answer is that the rules are unconscious and are being followed unconsciously. Searle has challenged this answer on the basis of a thorough critique of the notion of the unconscious mind (e.g., Searle 1992). His alternative explanation appeals to the backgro und. Whi le background dispositions are not representations of rules, they are still 'sensitive to the rule structure' (Searle 1995: 145). They produce behavior that is (generally) consonant with the rules, but they are entirely physiological. Rules only enter the picture when we introduce a diachronic dimension. Background dispositions have evolved in response to the rule structure. It seems to me that Searle's critique of the notion of unconscious rule following is right on target, and I will take it for granted in what follows. But I will criticize Searle's positive account and propose an alternative one. In an earlier article (Schmitz 2012), I have argued that we should think of the background as being nonconceptual rather than as being unconscious and nonrepresentational. The main goal of this chapter is to show that this conception of the background will also help us to better understand the social background and the social phenomena that give rise to the idea of unconscious ru le follo wing. The outline of this chapter is as follows. After an introductory sketch of Searle's notion of the background, I present his explanation of apparent unconscious rule following in more detail. I then critique it and set out my own explanation. The chapter concludes with a suggestion on how to situate the background in the context of a layered view of the mind. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): Würde, Respekt, Ehre. Werte als Schlüssel zum Verständnis von anderen Kulturen. 1. Aufl.. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber
Abstract: Werte verstehen in einer globalisierten Welt besser und konfliktfreier miteinander umgehen können Was hat die Ehre der Samurai mit Japanern von heute zu tun Warum gibt es im Chinesischen 113 Begriffe für Scham Weshalb hat ein Ja in Indien so viele Bedeutungen und gilt ein Nein als ausgesprochen unhöflich Wer sich länger im Ausland aufhält oder mit Menschen aus fremden Kulturen zusammenarbeitet, der weiß, wie schnell wir als Mitteleuropäer an unsere Grenzen stoßen. Vielfach irritieren uns unverständliche Verhaltensweisen, oft können Verunsicherungen, Probleme und Spannungen entstehen. Doch hinter diesen so unterschiedlichen Verhaltensweisen stehen Werte, die die Grundlagen des sozialen Zusammenlebens darstellen. Wie können wir Begriffe wie Ehre, Würde, Respekt, Gesicht-Wahren, Harmoniestreben vor ihrem kulturspezifischen Hintergrund besser verstehen Karin Schreiner, Coach und Dozentin für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, erklärt Werte und Verhaltensweisen in verschiedensten Kulturen in asiatischen Ländern wie China, Japan, Indien, in arabischen Kulturen, in Nord- und Zentralafrika, in der Türkei, im Nahen Osten, aber auch in Südosteuropa. Angesichts einer globalisierten Welt, großer Migrationsbewegungen und stetig wachsender Arbeitsmobilität sind wir zunehmend mit kultureller Vielfalt konfrontiert. Wie lässt sich diese Vielfalt heute und in Zukunft leben Anhand von zahlreichen Beispielen zeigt die Autorin eine neue Sicht auf das Gesellschaftsthema Werte und erklärt, wie wir interkulturelle Kompetenz erwerben.
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(2013): Why are you looking like that? How the context influences evaluation and processing of human faces. In: Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 8 (4), S. 438-445. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss013
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22287265 Abstract: Perception and evaluation of facial expressions are known to be heavily modulated by emotional features of contextual information. Such contextual effects, however, might also be driven by non-emotional aspects of contextual information, an interaction of emotional and non-emotional factors, and by the observers' inherent traits. Therefore, we sought to assess whether contextual information about self-reference in addition to information about valence influences the evaluation and neural processing of neutral faces. Furthermore, we investigated whether social anxiety moderates these effects. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, participants viewed neutral facial expressions preceded by a contextual sentence conveying either positive or negative evaluations about the participant or about somebody else. Contextual influences were reflected in rating and fMRI measures, with strong effects of self-reference on brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and right fusiform gyrus. Additionally, social anxiety strongly affected the response to faces conveying negative, self-related evaluations as revealed by the participants' rating patterns and brain activity in cortical midline structures and regions of interest in the left and right middle frontal gyrus. These results suggest that face perception and processing are highly individual processes influenced by emotional and non-emotional aspects of contextual information and further modulated by individual personality traits. zitiert von 56
Keywords: Affective Valence, Amygdala, Brain Mapping, Brain/physiology, Cerebral Blood Flow, Context, Emotions/physiology, Face Perception, Face/physiology, Facial Expression, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, Female, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Fusiform Gyrus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Male, Neuroanatomy, Neurowissenschaften, Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology, Perception/physiology, Personality Traits, Photic Stimulation/methods, Self Reference, social anxiety -
Schweitzer, Jochen (2013): Systemisches Demografiemanagement. Wie kommt Neues zum Älterwerden ins Unternehmen?. [s.l.]: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Disappointment -
(2013): The moral behavior of ethics professors. Relationships among self-reported behavior, expressed normative attitude, and directly observed behavior. In: Philosophical Psychology 27 (3), S. 293-327. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2012.727135
Abstract: Do philosophy professors specializing in ethics behave, on average, any morally better than do other professors? If not, do they at least behave more consistently with their expressed values? These questions have never been systematically studied. We examine the self-reported moral attitudes and moral behavior of 198 ethics professors, 208 non-ethicist philosophers, and 167 professors in departments other than philosophy on eight moral issues: academic society membership, voting, staying in touch with one's mother, vegetarianism, organ and blood donation, responsiveness to student emails, charitable giving, and honesty in responding to survey questionnaires. On some issues, we also had direct behavioral measures that we could compare with the self-reports. Ethicists expressed somewhat more stringent normative attitudes on some issues, such as vegetarianism and charitable donation. However, on no issue did ethicists show unequivocally better behavior than the two comparison groups. Our findings on attitude-behavior consistency were mixed: ethicists showed the strongest relationship between behavior and expressed moral attitude regarding voting but the weakest regarding charitable donation. We discuss implications for several models of the relationship between philosophical reflection and real-world moral behavior.
Keywords: Applied Ethics, Attitude-Behavior Consistency, Charity, Ethics, Experimental Philosophy, Moral Behavior, Moral Psychology, Vegetarianism, Voting, Ethik Professoren, Ethik, Ethische Überzeugungen, Fehlverhalten, moralische Dimension, Moralphilosophie, Performative Kraft von wertender Überzeugung?, Philosophical Psychology, Stehlen, Werte -
(2013): Perceived partner responsiveness moderates the association between received emotional support and all-cause mortality. In: Health psychology: Official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 32 (2), S. 231-235. DOI: 10.1037/a0028276
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028276 Abstract: OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether perceived partner responsiveness (PPR) moderates the association between received partner emotional support (RPES) and all-cause mortality in a national U.S. sample. METHOD Data were from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, a national probability survey of health and aging. Participants included respondents who were married or cohabiting with a romantic partner. RESULTS Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that after adjusting for demographics, physical health status, health behaviors, psychological symptoms, and personality traits, high RPES was associated with increased mortality risk among participants who reported low PPR, but it was unrelated to mortality risk among participants who reported high PPR. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to document that perceived partner responsiveness moderates the association between received partner emotional support and mortality risk, thus contributing to the literature on the contextual factors altering the effects of received support on health outcomes.
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(2013): An Overview of Politeness Theories: Current Status, Future Orientations. In: American Journal of Linguistics 2 (2), S. 17-27
Abstract: This paper is an endeavour to depict a holistic image of theories of politeness ranging from classic theories of politeness to the most up-to-date theories. To this end, the reviews of the social norm view, the conversational maxim view, the conversational-contract view, Brown and Levinson’s face-saving view, Arndt and Jannaey’s Supportive face-work and interpersonal politeness, Spencer-Oatey’s view of rapport management, Ide’s notion of discernment and volition, Scollon and Scollon’s intercultural communication, and Watt’s politeness view are provided and the main tenets of every theory are explained critically. The explanation of the current status of theories of politeness would be followed by conclusions that provide some orientations for future studies conducted on politeness.