Alle Publikationen
2013
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(2013): Managing the Moral Implications of Advice in Informal Interaction. In: Research on Language & Social Interaction 46 (4), S. 344-362. DOI: 10.1080/08351813.2013.839095
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2013.839095 Abstract: What does advice giving look like among family members? Most conversation analytic research on advice has been in institutional settings, which constrain what speakers can do. Here we analyze advice in the apparently freer environment of telephone calls between mothers and their young adult daughters. We concentrate on how the advice is received. Our analysis shows that the position of 'advice recipient' is a potentially unwelcome identity to occupy because it implies one knows less than the advice giver and indeed that one may be somehow at fault. Advice can be resisted, but choosing to do so seems to depend on what the interactional costs would be. We discuss the implications for studying advice and promoting advice acceptance as well as the way relationality more generally can be constituted in talk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): Social Freedom, Moral Responsibility, Actions and Omissions. In: The Philosophical Quarterly 63 (253), S. 716-739. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9213.12067
Abstract: This article addresses the question of what history an obstacle that stands in the way of our performing a certain action (x) must have in order to render us socially unfree to x. The most promising view on this question is the moral responsibility view, according to which such an obstacle renders us socially unfree to x, if and only if another person is morally responsible for its existence. The main challenge of this view is to identify a serviceable test for establishing when someone is morally responsible for the existence of an obstacle. Numerous attempts to do so have been made over the years, but none of them proved to be successful. In my discussion of the moral responsibility view I will expose the failure of the most recent and powerful attempt to identify such a test. Then I will suggest a more plausible test and defend it from a few possible objections. Before discussing the moral responsibility view I will discuss its main rivals and show why it is superior to them in the first place.
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(2013): The impact of globalisation on politeness and impoliteness. In: Journal of Pragmatics 55, S. 86-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.05.016
Abstract: Globalisation tends to be perceived as one of the most powerful forces shaping today's world. In its simplest sense, globalisation refers to the acceleration of processes of interconnectedness in every aspect of social life. It is assumed that this will lead to the homogenisation of the world under the influence of the omnipresent American culture. However, since globalisation is a process rather than an end state, its consequences are contingent on various factors and are, therefore, uncertain and unpredictable. Discourse practices fall within the heart of this interconnectedness not least because it entails various kinds of interaction. In this paper, I would like to consider if and to what extent globalisation affects the expression of politeness and impoliteness. I will draw my evidence from the service sector, primarily in Greece and in England. More specifically, I will consider issues of formality and informality and terms of address, drawing from naturally occurring data and research findings. Such evidence may offer indications as to the kinds of changes that increased interconnectedness may produce. Without denying the homogenising power of globalisation, it is argued that greater interconnectedness does not necessarily mean cultural homogenisation but rather change arising out of various sources. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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(2013): Cours sur la perception (1964-1965). Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/PUF.SIMO.2013.01
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(2013): Ungleichheit sozialer Teilhabe im Alter. In: Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 46 (5), S. 410-416. DOI: 10.1007/s00391-013-0498-4
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23864320 Abstract: The concept of active ageing comprises the maintenance of societal participation throughout the life span into old age. "Good" ageing in line with this activity paradigm develops into a starting point of social inequality rather than being its result. Based on the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) we investigated access to volunteering and to educational activities depending on social and spatial aspects of inequality. Societal participation is socially and spatially structured. Individuals from a lower social class are less often involved in educational activities or in volunteering. Moreover, individuals living in economically disadvantaged regions are less likely to participate than in economically strong regions. Disadvantages cumulate if low individual resources overlap with poor economic conditions in the living area. Measures to facilitate participation should be taken on the local level to enhance opportunities for volunteering and educational activities. This should help to sustainably increase the participation of individuals from lower social classes.
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Simpson, Jeffry; Kenrick, Douglas (Hg.) (2013): Evolution and Social Psychology. Hove, UK: Psychology Press
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(2013): Social learning in design teams. The importance of direct and indirect communications. In: Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 27 (02), S. 167-182. DOI: 10.1017/S0890060413000061
Abstract: This paper discusses the effects of direct and indirect communications on social learning and task coordination in design teams. The findings reported in this paper are based on a computational model that simulates the formation of transactive memory (TM) through social learning from direct and indirect communications. Direct communications are explicit information exchanged between team members whereas indirect communication may be opportunistic and coincidental, resulting in learning and information gained through observations of the actions of others. However, team structure mediates opportunities for communication. Three types of team structures are studied, which are differentiated on the basis of their constraints on and opportunities for direct and indirect communications across the team. The differences across the team structures are investigated through a series of simulations in which team member retention, cognitive busyness of team members, and task complexity are additional moderating variables, and task coordination and formation of TM are the dependent variables. Fewer communications to coordinate the same tasks are taken as the measure of efficient task coordination. Findings suggest that reduction in communication and learning opportunities are more detrimental to the task coordination in flat teams as compared to functional teams. Indirect communications contribute more to the formation of TM than to task coordination. Flat teams facilitate the formation of TM, whereas functional teams are more appropriate for efficient task coordination, indicating that the role of TM in mediating task coordination varies with team structure.
Keywords: Design -
(2013): The effect of social skills training on perceived competence of female adolescents with deafness. In: Iranian Red Crescent medical journal 15 (12). DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.5426
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24693408 Abstract: BACKGROUND Although there are considerable researches on effectiveness of social skills training, little information is available on the effects of such training on perceived competence of adolescents with deafness. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted in special school settings to determine the effects of social skills training on perceived competence of female adolescents with deafness. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prepost quasi-experimental design was used to perform the study. Sixty nine female students with deafness who were enrolled in all of the four different special secondary schools in Tehran, Iran, between 2010 and 2011 participated in this research. Two of four secondary schools were randomly allocated to the intervention group (33 students), and the other two to the control group (36 students). The participants were between 11 and 21 years (Mean = 15.43; SD = 1.89), and more than three fourth of each groups ( i.e. 28 students in each groups) were affected by profound hearing impairment . The intervention group participated in twelve bi-weekly sessions. Pretest and posttest data were collected using the 'Hearing Impaired Children Self-Image Test'. The questionnaire was filled by an interviewer. This questionnaire asks students about their feeling toward their own competence in domains of cognitive, physical, socio-emotional and communication competence and school adjustment. The data was analyzed by using SPSS software, version 16. RESULTS The intervention led to significant improvement in total perceived competence scores of adolescents with deafness (P < 0.001) as well as in three domains of socio-emotional competence (P = 0.003), communication competence (P < 0.001), and school adjustment (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS It is likely that learning social skills in adolescents with deafness would improve their sense of competence, and emotional well being.
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(2013): Pragmatism and moral progress. In: Philosophy & Social Criticism 39 (8), S. 809-824. DOI: 10.1177/0191453713494967
Abstract: John Dewey developed a pragmatic theory of inquiry to provide intelligent methods for social progress. He believed that the logic and attitude of successful scientific inquiries, properly conceived, could be fruitfully applied to morals and politics. Unfortunately, his project has been poorly understood and his logic of inquiry neglected as a resource. Contemporary pragmatists, like Richard Rorty, for example, dismiss his emphasis on method and avoid judgments of moral progress that are in any way independent of the biases of particular cultures. In this article, I argue that Dewey's theory of inquiry indeed provides intelligent methods and intellectual criteria for engaging moral and political matters. Inquiry, as Dewey conceives it, issues in judgments that are increasingly objective, reliable and refined in application. These judgments are rooted in particular times and places, in actual "situations', but are not entirely hostage to specific cultures. I then apply Dewey's theory to two standard moral problems to demonstrate how it works. The conclusion is that Dewey's theory of inquiry gets it just right: it provides solid ground for criticism and moral progress while remaining acutely sensitive to cultural differences and changing circumstances.
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(2013): Immanente Kritik. Elemente einer Theorie sozialer Praktiken.. Elemente einer Theorie sozialer Praktiken. Frankfurt am Main: Campus
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/srsr-2015-0064 Abstract: Wenn wir Kritik an unserer Gesellschaft üben wollen, auf welche Normen können wir uns stützen? Nur auf moralische Argumente, die wir von außen an sie herantragen? Eine Alternative zu »externen « Herangehensweisen bietet die Methode der »immanenten Kritik«, die Normen mobilisiert, die bereits in einer Gesellschaft zu finden sind. Obwohl sich die Tradition der Kritischen Theorie dieser Kritikform verpflichtet fühlt, sind ihre Grundlagen bisher nie geklärt worden. Die Studie erläutert die Möglichkeit immanenter Kritik unter Rückgriff auf aktuelle Theorien kollektiven Handelns und sozialer Praktiken. Titus Stahl entwickelt ein Modell der Kritik, das die Potenziale herausstellt, die in alltäglichen Formen wechselseitiger Anerkennung existieren.
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(2013): Analysis of Politeness Speech Acts in Slovak and Foreign Language Texts of Requests in the Context of Cognitive Style. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 82, S. 764-769. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.345
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.345 Abstract: Our paper deals with the comparison of requests formulation in politeness speech acts of narrow and broad categories in English, German and Slovak languages. We focus on the analysis of social influence on speech production of narrow and broad categorizations in terms of different information processing in different languages. The research was conducted at Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia. A remarkable finding is the use of more advanced politeness elements in the speech acts of broad categorizers in German language in situations of social distance and social dominance.
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(2013): Universal belief-desire psychology?. A dilemma for theory theory and simulation theory. In: Philosophical Psychology 26 (5), S. 744-764. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2012.711034
Abstract: In this article we take issue with theory theory and simulation theory accounts of folk psychology committed to (i) the belief-desire (BD) model and (ii) the assumption of universality (AU). Recent studies cast doubt on the compatibility of these commitments because they reveal considerable cross-cultural differences in folk psychologies. We present both theory theory and simulation theory with the following dilemma: either (i) keep the BD-model as an account of the surface properties of specific explicit folk psychologies and give up AU in light of the cross-cultural evidence; or (ii) defend AU with respect to core capacities underlying different culture-specific folk psychologies, and explain why the BD-model will be genuinely explanatory at this level.
Keywords: BD, belief-desire, belief-desire (BD), belief-desire model, Belief-Desire Psychology, Cross-Cultural Differences, Folk Psychology, Simulation Theory, Theory Theory, cross-cultural, Disziplin, folk psychology, Kultur, kulturspezifisch, Kulturtheorie, Psychologie, Social Simulation, universal human tendencies -
(2013): Intriguing properties of neural networks. Online verfügbar unter https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.6199
Abstract: Deep neural networks are highly expressive models that have recently achieved state of the art performance on speech and visual recognition tasks. While their expressiveness is the reason they succeed, it also causes them to learn uninterpretable solutions that could have counter-intuitive properties. In this paper we report two such properties. First, we find that there is no distinction between individual high level units and random linear combinations of high level units, according to various methods of unit analysis. It suggests that it is the space, rather than the individual units, that contains of the semantic information in the high layers of neural networks. Second, we find that deep neural networks learn input-output mappings that are fairly discontinuous to a significant extend. We can cause the network to misclassify an image by applying a certain imperceptible perturbation, which is found by maximizing the network's prediction error. In addition, the specific nature of these perturbations is not a random artifact of learning: the same perturbation can cause a different network, that was trained on a different subset of the dataset, to misclassify the same input.
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(2013): Screened Conversations. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 17 (3), S. 333-349. DOI: 10.5840/techne20141308
Abstract: Social scientists have documented some recent, dramatic changes in the nature of our social lives. Many scholars have thought that our reliance on technology to communicate with others is in large part responsible for that loss. However, there is also data to support the opposite conclusion—it might be the case that social networking technologies have helped, rather than hindered our social interactions. What I would like to propose is a philosophical argument, which I hope will offer a different sort of answer to the questions about whether we know people in the same ways, or perhaps more or less well, than we once did, in the days before Facebook, email, and such. Whether or not technology has enhanced our social lives, it is worth considering whether coming to know another person is a different sort of exercise than it used to be, when face-to-face interactions with others were the preferred way to find out what was going on in someone else’s life. What is different in sharing my thoughts, beliefs, feelings, desires, and such with another over the Internet versus in person? Is there any kind of knowledge that is available only in a face-to-face context? If so, what is the nature of that knowledge? In philosophical terms, what I want to examine is how our knowledge of others’ minds changes with various technologies that we use to communicate the contents of our mental states.
Keywords: Art des Kommunikationsmediums, digitale Kommunikation, Disziplin, doppelter Treffer, Informations- & Kommunikationstechnik, Interaktion, knowledge of other mind states, Kommunikation, Kommunikationstechnik, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), MIND, Philosophie, Realtechnik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Technik, Technikphilosophie, Wissen um Anderen, Zeitschrift: techne -
(2013): Organizational social structures for software engineering. In: ACM Computing Surveys 46 (1), S. 1-35. DOI: 10.1145/2522968.2522971
Abstract: Software engineering evolved from a rigid process to a dynamic interplay of people (e.g., stakeholders or developers). Organizational and social literature call this interplay an Organizational Social Structure (OSS). Software practitioners still lack a systematic way to select, analyze, and support OSSs best fitting their problems (e.g., software development). We provide the state-of-the-art in OSSs, and discuss mechanisms to support OSS-related decisions in software engineering (e.g., choosing the OSS best fitting development scenarios). Our data supports two conclusions. First, software engineering focused on building software using project teams alone, yet these are one of thirteen OSS flavors from literature. Second, an emerging OSS should be further explored for software development: social networks. This article represents a first glimpse at OSS-aware software engineering, that is, to engineer software using OSSs best fit for the problem.
Keywords: Computerwissenschaft, cultural implications, governance, Human Factors, IMPACT, information trust, KNOWLEDGE COMMUNITIES, knowledge management, Management, model, NETWORKS, organizational decision-making, Organizational social structures, Organizational Social Structures (OSS), QUALITY, social adaptivity, social context, social networks, social structure, software organizations, software practice, user perspective, users, WORKCommunities -
(2013): The Idea of Philosophy and Its Relation to Social Science. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 44 (2), S. 151-178. DOI: 10.1177/0048393113510856
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(2013) : Kultur, Kulturdimensionen und Kulturstandards In: Genkova, Petia; Ringeisen, Tobias; Leong, Frederick T. L. (Hg.): Handbuch Stress und Kultur: Interkulturelle und kulturvergleichende Perspektiven: Wiesbaden: Springer VS, S. 41-58
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(2013): Kultur, Kulturdimensionen und Kulturstandards
Abstract: Ausgehend von einem Kulturbegriff, nach dem Kultur als ein universelles, fur eine Gesellschaft, Organisation und Gruppe typisches Orientierungssystem aufgefasst wird, wird die Entwicklung von Kulturdimensionen und Kulturstandards, die in den letzten Jahrzehnten als zentrale Modelle zur Bestimmung kultureller Unterschiede bekannt wurden, erortert. Das Konzept der Kulturdimensionen basiert auf der grundlegenden Idee, dass es universelle Kategorien oder Themen gibt, mit denen sich alle Kulturen dieser Welt auseinandersetzen und fur die sie Antworten entwickeln mussen. Diese Annahme der grundlegenden Themen oder Wertvorstellungen impliziert, dass alle Kulturen miteinander vergleichbar sein mussen, sobald deren Antworten und Positionen zu den jeweiligen Wertfragen bekannt sind. Damit kann diese Herangehensweise auch als universalistisch bezeichnet werden, da sie kulturubergreifende allgemeine Gultigkeit fur sich beansprucht. Ausgehend von diesen Uberlegungen wurden im Laufe der vergangenen Jahrzehnte verschiedenste Kulturdimensionskonzepte entwickelt. Diese werden skizziert und kritisch diskutiert. Dann wird das Kulturstandardkonzept besprochen und an Beispielen erlautert. Es ist im Kern als ein kulturrelativistischer Ansatz zum Verstandnis von Verhaltensunterschieden zu verstehen. Ausgangspunkt ist eine Kulturdefinition, die Kultur als spezifisches Orientierungssystem versteht, das fur eine Nation, Gesellschaft, Gruppe verbindliche Deutungen und sinnstiftende Funktionen erfullt. Es wird betont, dass sich sowohl das universalistische Konzept der Kulturdimensionen als auch der kulturrelativistische Ansatz, der den Kulturstandards zugrunde liegt, als Basis fur die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Kultur und Stress eignen. Wahrend die universalistische Herangehensweise sich insbesondere fur den Vergleich mehrerer Kulturen und deren Umgang mit Stress anbietet, liefert die kulturrelativistische Annaherung an das Thema vor allem qualitativ wertvolle Erkenntnisse, nicht zuletzt auch uber die Entstehung von Stress in interkulturellen Begegnungssituationen. zitiert von 23
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Thomas, Christopher R.; Pope, Kayla (Hg.) (2013): The origins of antisocial behavior. A developmental perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Abstract: This volume provides an overview of the recent research on the development of antisocial behaviour and synthesises this information to inform readers not only of the risks, but also how they interact, to result in antisocial and aggressive behaviour. It is divided into three sections: advances in neuroscience, advances in behavioural and clinical research, and legal and policy implications.
Keywords: Antisocial personality disorders, Deviant behavior -
(2013): The effects of cleanliness and disgust on moral judgment. In: Philosophical Psychology 28 (4), S. 556-568. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2013.877386
Abstract: Recent experimental studies in cognitive science report the influence of “disgust” and “cleanliness” manipulations on moral judgment, yet little attention has been given to interpreting these studies together or developing models of the causal influence of cleanliness and disgust manipulations on moral judgment. I propose considerations for the causal modeling of these effects. The conclusions are not decisive in favor of one theory of disgust and cleanliness, but suggest several distinct causal roles of disgust- and cleanliness-type manipulations. The incorrect views, I argue, are those that posit causal effects from a single common cognitive mechanism for both disgust and cleanliness.
Keywords: Beeinflussung der Bewertung moralischer Urteile, Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), Cleanliness and disgust, Disgust, Ekel, Emotionaler Zustand, Models of causal influence of cleanliness and disgust manipulations on moral judgment, Moral, Moral judgment, Moralphilosophie, Philosophical Psychology -
(2013) : Wundts Ethik unter moralpsychologischer Sicht In: Witruk, Evelin: Historical and cross-cultural aspects of psychology: Frankfurt am Main: Lang (Beiträge zur pädagogischen und Rehabilitationspsychologie), S. 3-17
Abstract: Wilhelm Wundts Ethik wird aus moralpsychologischer Perspektive reflektiert. Als Ausgangspunkt seiner wissenschaftlichen Analysen wird die Leitidee einer autonomen psychischen Kausalität beschrieben, die in einem willenstheoretischen Ansatz gefasst wird. Auf dieser Grundlage ist eine wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit ausgerichtet auf die Transformation der individuellen und gemeinschaftlichen moralischen Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen zu allgemeingültigen imperativen Normen der Ethik (Sittlichkeit), die insbesondere aus der Völkerpsychologie abgeleitet werden können. Anhand von Grundnormen des Sittlichen wird das Ideal der sittlichen Persönlichkeit beschrieben, wobei das Gewissen als Gradmesser der sittlichen Reife nicht als angeboren, sondern als Produkt lebenslanger Entwicklung von Willensaktivitäten betrachtet wird, das im Dienst an der Gemeinschaft vervollkommnet wird.
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(2013): Design of a Parametric Model of Personal Space for Robotic Social Navigation. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (3), S. 357-365. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0188-9
Abstract: The design of socially acceptable behaviours is becoming one major issue for the development of robots that are able to interact with humans in unconstrained environments. In particular, social behaviours such as gazing, mutual positioning or gesturing allow robots to initiate and maintain an information exchange with humans. This paper focuses on (1) the study of mutual positioning between a small humanoid robot and a person through two psychometric experiments and (2) the design of a parametric model of the personal space based on the results of the two experiments. Results suggest that human-human interpersonal distances are shorter than human-robot interpersonal distances during a communication exchange, at least for the small humanoid robot used in our experiments. We also found that participants evaluate different directions of approach in a significantly different way.
Keywords: Design, Disziplin, doppelter Treffer, Favoriten, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Interaktionspartner, Mensch oder Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Physische Größe eines Roboters (im Vergleich zum Menschen), Proxemik, Realtechnik, Serviceroboter, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Robotik, Technik, Volltreffer -
(2013) : Adaptation of action theory for Human-robot social interaction: 2013 International Conference on Individual and Collective Behaviors in Robotics (ICBR): 2013 International Conference on Individual and Collective Behaviors in Robotics (ICBR): Sousse, Tunisia: IEEE, S. 109-114
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBR.2013.6729281 Abstract: One goal in Human-robot interaction field is to explore ways by which robots can improve their social interaction with humans. Our main concern here is to equip robot by emotional capacities and improve their social interactions with human being by adapting Norman's basic theory of human action, and by integration of emotions and capacities concepts of the robot in the interaction process. Finally, some illustrations of adapted model were presented by scenarios of human-robot interactions.
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(2013): Cross-cultural perspectives on emotion expressive humanoid robotic head: Recognition of facial expressions and symbols. In: Int J of Soc Robotics 5 (4), S. 515-527. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0213-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0213-z Abstract: Emotion display through facial expressions is an important channel of communication. However, between humans there are differences in the way a meaning to facial cues is assigned, depending on the background culture. This leads to a gap in recognition rates of expressions: this problem is present when displaying a robotic face too, as a robot’s facial expression recognition is often hampered by a cultural divide, and poor scores of recognition rate may lead to poor acceptance and interaction. It would be desirable if robots could switch their output facial configuration flexibly, adapting to different cultural backgrounds. To achieve this, we made a generation system that produces facial expressions and applied it to the 24 degrees of freedom head of the humanoid social robot KOBIAN-R, and thanks to the work of illustrators and cartoonists, the system can generate two versions of the same expression, in order to be easily recognisable by both Japanese and Western subjects. As a tool for making recognition easier, the display of Japanese comic symbols on the robotic face has also been introduced and evaluated. In this work, we conducted a cross-cultural study aimed at assessing this gap in recognition and finding solutions for it. The investigation was extended to Egyptian subjects too, as a sample of another different culture. Results confirmed the differences in recognition rates, the effectiveness of customising expressions, and the usefulness of symbols display, thereby suggesting that this approach might be valuable for robots that in the future will interact in a multicultural environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013) : Designing speech-based interfaces for telepresence robots for people with disabilities: 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR): 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR): Seattle, WA USA: IEEE, S. 1-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2013.6650399 Abstract: People with cognitive and/or motor impairments may benefit from using telepresence robots to engage in social activities. To date, these robots, their user interfaces, and their navigation behaviors have not been designed for operation by people with disabilities. We conducted an experiment in which participants (n=12) used a telepresence robot in a scavenger hunt task to determine how they would use speech to command the robot. Based upon the results, we present design guidelines for speech-based interfaces for telepresence robots.