Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Anthropomorphism in human–robot co-evolution. In: Frontiers in psychology 9, S. 1-9. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00468
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00468 Abstract: Social robotics entertains a particular relationship with anthropomorphism, which it neither sees as a cognitive error, nor as a sign of immaturity. Rather it considers that this common human tendency, which is hypothesized to have evolved because it favored cooperation among early humans, can be used today to facilitate social interactions between humans and a new type of cooperative and interactive agents – social robots. This approach leads social robotics to focus research on the engineering of robots that activate anthropomorphic projections in users. The objective is to give robots ’social presence’ and ’social behaviors’ that are sufficiently credible for human users to engage in comfortable and potentially long-lasting relations with these machines. This choice of ‘applied anthropomorphism’ as a research methodology exposes the artifacts produced by social robotics to ethical condemnation: social robots are judged to be a ’cheating’ technology, as they generate in users the illusion of reciprocal social and affective relations. This article takes position in this debate, not only developing a series of arguments relevant to philosophy of mind, cognitive sciences, and robotic AI, but also asking what social robotics can teach us about anthropomorphism. On this basis, we propose a theoretical perspective that characterizes anthropomorphism as a basic mechanism of interaction, and rebuts the ethical reflections that a priori condemns ’anthropomorphism-based’ social robots. To address the relevant ethical issues, we promote a critical experimentally based ethical approach to social robotics, ’synthetic ethics,’ which aims at allowing humans to use social robots for two main goals: self-knowledge and moral growth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2016
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(2016): The Detour of an Obstetric Technology. Active Management of Labor Across Cultures. In: Medical anthropology 35 (1), S. 17-30. DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2015.1091817
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26484745 Abstract: Active management of labor (AML) is an obstetric technology developed in Ireland in the 1970s to accelerate labor in nulliparous women. This technology achieved rapid success in Great Britain and in English-speaking countries outside America, which adopted it before many other states around the world. In this article, I explore AML's technical and social characteristics when it was first designed, and then examine its local inflections in a Jordanian and a Swiss maternity hospital to shed light on the ways its transnational circulation modifies its script. I argue that its application is shaped by local material constraints and specific sociocultural configurations, gender regimes, and hospital cultures. Finally, I make a comparative analysis of AML practices in these two settings and in the foundational textbook to disentangle the technical and sociocultural components modeling its local applications.
Keywords: Active management of labor (AML), ANTHROPOLOGY, Disziplin, Ethnology, Female, Geburt, Gender, Human Body, Humans, Jordan, Konventionen, Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Kultur, Kulturdifferenz, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtechnik, Kulturtheorie, Kulturvergleich, labor, Medical, Medizin, Normen, Observablen, Obstetrics, Pregnancy, script, Switzerland, Women 2015
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(2015) : Control, Social In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 822-827
Abstract: At the beginning of the twentieth century, social control referred to those aspects of social life contributing to the social order, in fact making social order possible. Later, in the writings of sociologists and historians studying prisons, mental institutions, and the like, social control came to mean either a label putting in motion some amplification of deviance process or the organized way in which society reacts to deviance. The term was given a pejorative overtone, meaning coercion, manipulation, and stigmatization. In contemporary criminology, the term is often used in a theory trying to explain juvenile delinquency by a failure of informal controls and to explain the level of crime and violence in neighborhoods. The concept of social control is used by anthropologists to describe the methods by which different cultures resolve conflicts and enforce norms. The social control of crime also refers to all the means specifically aimed at reducing the probability or severity of crime. In the latter case, social control is not so much conceived as the influence of society on individuals, but as the intentional influence by social actors.
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(2015): Leadership in small-scale societies. Some implications for theory, research, and practice. In: The Leadership Quarterly 26 (6), S. 978-990. DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.10.004
Abstract: Leadership studies concentrate on large-scale societies and organizations with formal hierarchies, large power differences, and diverse membership. Much less is known about leadership in small-scale, homogeneous, and relatively egalitarian societies in which humans have spent most of their existence. We summarize the anthropological literature on leadership from traditional, small-scale societies in terms of (1) the functions and roles of leaders; (2) the traits and behaviors conducive to leader emergence and effectiveness; and (3) the motivations and incentives to assume leadership positions. We address how studies of leadership in small-scale societies inform theory development. By viewing leadership and followership in light of our evolutionary history in small-scale societies, we shed new light on outstanding questions in leadership research and on challenges for leadership practice. zitiert von 22
Keywords: ANTHROPOLOGY, Evolution, Followership, Führung, Leadership, POWER, science direct, Small-scale society 2013
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(2013): On the cultural character of metaphor. Some reflections on Universality and Culture-specificity in the language and cognition of time, especially in Amerindian languages. In: REVIEW OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 11 (1), S. 1-35. DOI: 10.1075/rcl.11.1.01ber
Abstract: The paper is devoted to an analysis of the relation between language and culture in the context of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). Section 2 deals in an explicitly critical way with some problems in the concept of "culture" as used in "mainstream" schools of CL. Section 3 offers a brief review of the problems involved in the studies on the concept of "time" and its metaphors. Section 4 reviews some interpretations of the concept of "time" in Amerindian cultures. Section 5 analyses the linguistic expression of time in Quechua, in an attempt to (dis)confirm the "past in front" conceptualisation proposed by some researchers for the (geographically and culturally close, but genetically unrelated) Aymara language. Some final conclusions follow.
2009
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(2009): Der Kampf um die Kultur. Zur Ent- und Re-Soziologisierung eines ethnologischen Konzepts. In: Soziale Welt 60 (3), S. 305-324
Abstract: Anthropology and sociology are both challenged by globalization. Supposedly self-sustaining peoples are rapidly disappearing, and attempts to conceptualize "society" within the parameters of the nation-state have proven themselves unfeasible. It is time to (re)consider the two disciplines that both took shape in the nineteenth century. Can "culture" still serve as a bridge concept? Sociologists like Andreas Reckwitz have argued in favor of a discourse- and practice-oriented conception of culture, one, however, that entails difficulties of its own, as it leads to the complete culturalization of the social. Anthropologists such as Adam Kuper or Chris Hann, on the other hand, believe the concept of culture to be so reified, diffuse and blind to power relations that they would rather abandon it completely, or "sociologize" it by a more precise delineation of the symbolic codes and social practices to which it is intended to refer. The present contribution tends to side with the scepticists. From this perspective it retraces the most significant milestones of "desociologization" the classical anthropological concept of culture. Finally, it presents more recent anthropological approaches that reconceptualize culture as an arena crosscut by power relations, in which culture is the object of negotiation. (author's abstract) Sowohl Ethnologie wie Soziologie werden durch die Globalisierung herausgefordert. Die vermeintlich abgeschlossenen fremden "Volker" verschwinden; "Gesellschaft" nationalstaatlich zu konzipieren, wird immer unplausibler. Eine (Wieder-)Annaherung der beiden im neunzehnten Jahrhundert ausdifferenzierten Facher tut Not. Taugt "Kultur" dafur als Bruckenbegriff? Soziologen wie Andreas Reckwitz werben fur eine praxis- oder diskurstheoretische Reformulierung des Kulturkonzepts, tragen dabei aber auch zu einer problematischen, weil zu umfassenden "Kulturalisierung" des Sozialen bei. Dagegen halten Ethnologen wie Adam Kuper oder Chris Hann den Kulturbegriff fur so unrettbar reifiziert, diffus und machtblind, dass sie ihn lieber abschaffen oder doch umfassend "soziologisieren" und durch eine prazisere Benennung der jeweils gemeinten symbolischen Codes oder sozialen Praktiken ersetzen wollen. Der vorliegende Artikel schliesst sich eher den Skeptikern an und zeichnet aus dieser Perspektive die wichtigsten Stationen der "Entsoziologisierung" des klassischen ethnologischen Kulturbegriffs und die neuere Kritik in der Ethnologie sowie Ansatze nach, Kultur als Arena von machtformigen Aushandlungsprozessen zu begreifen. (Autorenreferat) zitiert von 21
1972
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Schütz, Alfred; Schütz, Ilse (Hg.) (1972): Gesammelte Aufsätze III. Studien zur Phänomenologischen Philosophie. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands
1962
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Tax, Sol (1962): Anthropology today : Selections. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Keywords: Anthropologie, ANTHROPOLOGY
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