Alle Publikationen
2017
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(2017) : Automation beyond Self-Driving - The Role of Automotive Service Robots for Automated Mobility Systems In: VDE: AmE 2017 - Automotive meets Electronics; 8th GMM-Symposium: Berlin, Germany: VDE Verlag GmbH, S. 1-6. Online verfügbar unter https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8335222/
Abstract: Since the invention of the first modern automobile, dated back in 1886 with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars have experienced a continuous and endless evolution. This trend is still currently ongoing but, despite a tremendous technical improvement, during the last century cars have always been conceived as a means of transportation. Fast, reliable, efficient, ecological and even self-driving but the main purpose has always been transportation: now, with the arrival on the road of the Internet of Things (IoT), cars are next to a major conceptual revolution. This paper introduces in fact the concept of car as a service: it will offer a preliminary description of how sensors, actuators and radio-devices are going to transform these vehicles into a means to provide multiple services - not only transportation - both to the passengers and to the community, within the bigger framework of the Smart Cities.
Keywords: ieee, ieee (VDE VERLAG Conferences) -
(2017): Noumenal Alienation. Rousseau, Kant and Marx on the Dialectics of Self-Determination. In: Kantian Review 22 (04), S. 523-551. DOI: 10.1017/S1369415417000267
Abstract: This article argues that alienation (as Entfremdung) should be understood as a particular form of individual and social heteronomy that can only be overcome by a dialectical combination of individual and collective autonomy, recovering a deontological sense of normative authority. If we think about alienation in Kantian terms, the main source of alienation is a denial of standing or, in the extreme, losing a sense of oneself as a rational normative authority equal to all others. I call the former kind of alienation, where persons deny others equal standing as a normative authority in moral or political terms, first order noumenal alienation, as there is no proper mutual cognition and recognition of each other in such a social context. I call the latter kind of alienation, where a subject does not consider themselves an equal normative authority - or an 'end in oneself' second order noumenal alienation (again, in a moral and a political form). In this sense, alienation violates the dignity of humans as moral and political lawgivers - a dignity seen by Rousseau, Kant and Marx as inalienable: It can be denied or violated, but it cannot be lost.
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(2017): Distinguishing technologies for social interaction: The perceived social affordances of communication channels scale. In: Communication Monographs 84 (3), S. 298-318. DOI: 10.1080/03637751.2017.1332418
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1332418 Abstract: The concept of affordances in communication technology research has proven to be heuristically provocative, yet perceived affordances are rarely measured. After extracting commonly cited social affordances from the literature, we developed a measure to assess participants’ perceptions of these affordances. The scale was tested across eight communication channels in two studies (face-to-face; texting; phone; email; posts on social networking sites, specifically Facebook; instant messaging; Skype videoconferencing; and mobile app Snapchat). A factor structure was developed in Study 1 and confirmed in Study 2. The resultant Perceived Social Affordances of Communication Channels Scale includes 41 items measuring 10 communicative affordances: accessibility, bandwidth, social presence, privacy, network association, personalization, persistence, editability, conversation control, and anonymity. Potential methodological and theoretical applications are discussed.
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(2017): From dictators to avatars. Furthering social and personality psychology through game methods. In: Social and Personality Psychology Compass 11 (12). DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12368
Abstract: From football to the ultimatum game to chess to World of Warcraft, games have been used in social and personality psychology research for decades. Games are a unique and powerful method: They are engaging and have the potential to both manipulate and measure psychological constructs. In fact, researchers have used physical games, board games, behavioral economics games, and digital games to study a range of individual differences, interpersonal processes, and social cognitive processes. Furthermore, researchers have the opportunity to create their own games that can be targeted directly toward their topic of interest. Our review provides a primer for social and personality psychologists interested in using existing games or creating new games for their research as a method for understanding attitudes, behaviors, emotions, cognitions, and perceptions.
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Friedrich, Alexander; Gehring, Petra; Hubig, Christoph; Kaminski, Andreas; Nordmann, Alfred (Hg.) (2017): Technisches Nichtwissen. Jahrbuch Technikphilosophie. 1. Auflage. Baden-Baden: Nomos
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Friedrich, Alexander; Gehring, Petra; Hubig, Christoph; Kaminski, Andreas; Nordmann, Alfred (Hg.) (2017): Technisches Nichtwissen. Jahrbuch Technikphilosophie 2017. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. 1. Auflage. Baden-Baden: Nomos (Edition Sigma)
Abstract: Das Nichtwissen ist in aller Munde. Von Nichtwissenskulturen in der zweiten oder reflexiven Moderne ist die Rede, von Agnotologie als neuem Forschungszweig, von wicked problems und ihren clumsy solutions. Wo Nichtwissen sich durch Komplexitätssteigerung unwiderruflich im zu Wissenden einnistet, fordert es als Grenze, Schranke und Kehrseite des Wissens die sogenannte Wissensgesellschaft heraus. Vor allem Risikopotenziale und Gefahren kommen hier in den Blick, von denen wir gerade genug wissen, um Wissensansprüche zu formulieren, die sich womöglich nie einlösen lassen. Das klassisch erkenntnistheoretische Problem: Was können wir wissen? steht heute in einem Spannungsverhältnis zu der wissenspolitischen Frage: Was müssen wir wissen? Was wir wissen müssen, ist einerseits so viel wie nötig, wenn es um Fragen von Sicherheit und Gesundheit geht andererseits aber so wenig wie möglich, wenn es in Alltag, Wirtschaft oder Wissenschaft darauf ankommt, Wissen an technische Systeme oder Expertenkulturen zu delegieren. Bezeichnet politisch handlungsorientiertes und wissenschaftliches Nichtwissen zunächst ein Defizit, ist technisches Nichtwissen gleichermaßen erstrebenswert und problematisch. Einige, die Technik für angewandtes Wissen halten, mögen darin eine contradictio in adjecto sehen, manche sich um eine dem technischen Nichtwissen geschuldeten Technikfeindlichkeit sorgen, andere daraus die nötige Demut gegen verstiegene Allmachtsfantasien beziehen, während ihre Gegenspieler von Maschinen träumen, die über den Horizont intellektueller Nachvollziehbarkeit immer weiter hinauseilen. Mit Beiträgen von: Suzana Alpsancar, Lars Bullmann, Marcus Burkhardt, Eoin Carney, Pelle Ehn, Stefan Frisch, Gerhard Gamm, Petra Gehring, Till Greite, Hans Hasse, Andreas Kaminski, Gregor Kanitz, Matthias Koch, Christian Köhler, Johannes Lenhard, Alexandre Métraux, Alfred Nordmann, Tanja Paulitz, Tom Poljanek, Sandra Pravica, Katrin Solhdju, Werner Sombart, Florian Sprenger, Sebastian Vehlken und Rüdiger Zill.
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(2017): Conceptualizing politeness in Japanese and Greek. In: Intercultural Pragmatics 14 (4), S. 525-555. DOI: 10.1515/ip-2017-0024
Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to investigate how Japanese and Greek female students conceptualize politeness and then compare the findings in order to tease out any cross-cultural similarities and differences. The data is drawn from a questionnaire filled in by two hundred female undergraduates (one hundred from each group). The results show that there are significant similarities as well as some differences. Although research on im/politeness has concentrated almost exclusively on linguistic performance, a significant similarity between the two groups is that politeness is conceptualized as primarily non-linguistic action. Another major similarity is that both groups conceptualize politeness mainly as "consideration to others" and "appropriate behavior," the former expressed mostly non-linguistically and the latter involving both linguistic and non-linguistic manifestations. Most participants view politeness as conveyed through attentiveness/helping others, respect and empathy. Differences were located mostly in the numbers of participants who mentioned the various subcategories. For example, more Greek participants related a broad sense of "respect" to politeness, whereas more Japanese participants related it to "empathy" and only Japanese participants mentioned "honorifics." Our participants' understandings of politeness appear to be in contrast to earlier politeness theories which view politeness as strategic concern for conflict avoidance and closer to current approaches which view it as relational, expressing concern for the needs and feelings of others.
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(2017) : Gender socialization. In: Schwarz, Jill E.: Counseling women across the life span: Empowerment, advocacy, and intervention: New York City, USA: Springer Publishing Company, S. 21-38
Abstract: After reading this chapter, you will be able to: (1) Define key terms related to gender and gender socialization. (2) Understand agents and processes of gender socialization. (3) Gain awareness of one's own gender socialization experience. (4) Identify individual and societal consequences of gender norms and stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Gender, Geschlechterforschung, Gesellschaft, Sex Roles, Social Norms, Socialization, society -
(2017): The importance of peers for compliance with norms of fair sharing. In: European Economic Review 97, S. 72-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.06.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.06.001 Abstract: A burgeoning literature in economics has started examining the role of social norms in explaining economic behavior. Surprisingly, the vast majority of this literature has studied social norms in asocial decision settings, where individuals are observed to act in isolation from each other. In this paper we use a large-scale dictator game experiment (N = 850) to show that “peers” can have a profound influence on individuals’ perceptions of norms of fair sharing, which we elicit in an incentive compatible way. However, in contrast to these strong peer effects in social norms of fair sharing, we find limited evidence of the influence of norms and peers on actual sharing behavior. We discuss how these results can be explained by heterogeneity in normative views as well as in willingness to comply with norms.
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(2017): Collective intentionality and socially extended minds. In: Philosophical Psychology 30 (3), S. 251-268. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2017.1295629
Abstract: There are many ways to advance our understanding of the human mind by studying different kinds of sociality. Our aim in this introduction is to situate claims about extended cognition within a broader framework of research on human sociality. We briefly discuss the existing landscape, focusing on ways of defending socially extended cognition. We then draw on resources from the recent literature on the socially extended mind, as well as the literature on collective intentionality, to provide a framework for thinking about the social dimension of individual minds. We then turn to a brief overview of the individualistic approaches advanced by Ludwig and Spaulding in this volume. And we close with a discussion of the transformative role of the social mind in individual life presented by Kern and Moll, as well as the distributed approach to interacting systems defended by Goldstone and Theiner.
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(2017): The future of social cognition. Paradigms, concepts and experiments. In: Synthese 194 (3), S. 655-672. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-016-1162-5
Abstract: Since the publication of Premack and Woodruff's classic paper introducing the notion of a 'theory of mind' (Premack and Woodruff in Behav Brain Sci 1(4):515-526, 1978), interdisciplinary research in social cognition has witnessed the development of theory-theory, simulation theory, hybrid approaches, and most recently interactionist and perceptual accounts of other minds. The challenges that these various approaches present for each other and for research in social cognition range from adequately defining central concepts to designing experimental paradigms for testing empirical hypotheses. But is there any approach that promises to dominate future interdisciplinary research in social cognition? Is social cognition witnessing a gradual paradigm shift where hitherto grounding notions such as theory of mind are no longer viewed as explanatorily necessary? Or have we simply lost our way in attempting to devise adequate experimental setups that could sway the debate in favour of one of the contending accounts? This special issue addresses these questions in an attempt to discover what the future holds for interdisciplinary research in social cognition.
Keywords: adequate social interaction, deutsche Community, Disziplin, Erkenntnistheorie, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, Philosophie, philosophy of mind, Postkasten, Psychologie, Social Cognition, Soziale Angemessenheit, soziale Kognition, Überblick, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten -
(2017): Are you a human or a humanoid. Predictive user modelling through behavioural analysis of online gameplay data. In: Advanced Engineering Informatics 33, S. 410-424. DOI: 10.1016/j.aei.2017.01.004
Abstract: Intelligent agents are widely used in robotics, gaming and simulation. A key issue is modelling human behaviours so that intelligent agents can use a human's behavioural model to imitate them and predict their next moves. In this article, we use Internet-based multiplayer online gaming (MOG) as a case study to present our approach to predictive user modelling through behavioural analysis of online gameplay data. As latency is an inherited bottleneck of the Internet and is likely to remain so into a foreseeable future, a lot of efforts have been made to address the resulting issues. Most of the existing latency handling techniques are based on the assumption that latency is within an acceptable threshold so that they can alleviate or even completely hide its negative impact on players' quality of experience (QoE) that directly determines consumers' satisfaction of the provided MOG services. While this assumption is mostly valid, it is worth noting that a player's Internet connection latency always fluctuates (known as jitter), possibly to the extent of exceeding a MOG's designated threshold in which case none of the techniques can handle properly but disconnecting the player from the gameplay session. Forcing a player to quit prematurely simply due to a spike of unusual high latency has a significant negative impact both on the gameplay's fairness and on the player's QoE. To improve customer satisfaction of a MOG service, we propose a more tolerant approach by temporarily substituting a player with a humanoid bot in the event of latency hikes so that the player always remains in the gameplay session. The challenge in this approach is to create a personalised humanoid bot that can imitate the playing pattern of the individual human player being substituted. Our solution is to first extract key variables that have impact on the human player's decision-makings through behavioural analysis of the player's historical gameplay data, then model the relationships among these variables, and finally creates the player's humanoid bot with the model. In this paper, we use a multiplayer online pong game as a case study to explain behavioural variables, modelling techniques, processes, outcomes, and performance studies.
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(2017): Task oriented control of a humanoid robot through the implementation of a cognitive architecture. In: Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 85 (1), S. 3-25. DOI: 10.1007/s10846-016-0383-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-016-0383-7 Abstract: This work presents a novel approach on task oriented control of a humanoid robot through the implementation of a cognitive architecture. The architecture developed here provides humanoid robots with systems that allow them to continuously learn new skills, adapt these skills to new contexts and robustly reproduce new behaviours in dynamical environments. This architecture can be thought of as a first stepping stone upon which to incrementally build more complex cognitive processes, providing this way a minimum degree of intelligence for the humanoid robot. Several experiments are conducted to prove the validity of the system and to test the operation of the architecture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Asking simultaneously about truth and familiarity may disrupt truth effects. In: Análise Psicológica 35 (1), S. 61-71. DOI: 10.14417/ap.1121
Abstract: Tell me something that sounds familiar and I will believe it to be true. This is a statement that we should believe because it summarizes a well-documented and empirically supported effect: the illusion of truth effect (see Dechêne, Stahl, Hansen, & Wänke, 2010 for a review). The fact is we are more likely to believe in a statement if we have been previously exposed to it (e.g., Bacon, 1979; Hasher, Goldstein, & Toppino, 1977). Repetition increases truth-value, generating the illusion that repeated statements are more valid than information we never heard or read before. A general assumption of the explanations of the truth effect is that the subjective experience of processing a familiar statement is interpreted as informing about the validity of the statement (see Dechêne et al., 2010). This implies that a process of misattribution underlies repetition’s effect on judgments of truth (e.g., Bornstein & D’Agostino, 1994; Mandler, Nakamura, & Van Zandt, 1987; Schwarz & Clore, 1983). In this paper we present an experiment that tests such misattribution process by making more or less explicit the real source of the feeling of familiarity with the statements. In this way we test whether illusions of truth decrease when it is clear (vs. unclear) that familiarity is due to previous exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Teaching Robot’s Proactive Behavior Using Human Assistance. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 9 (2), S. 231-249. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-016-0389-0
Abstract: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in enabling autonomous social robots to interact with people. However, many questions remain unresolved regarding the social capabilities robots should have in order to perform this interaction in an ever more natural manner. In this paper, we tackle this problem through a comprehensive study of various topics involved in the interaction between a mobile robot and untrained human volunteers for a variety of tasks. In particular, this work presents a framework that enables the robot to proactively approach people and establish friendly interaction. To this end, we provided the robot with several perception and action skills, such as that of detecting people, planning an approach and communicating the intention to initiate a conversation while expressing an emotional status. We also introduce an interactive learning system that uses the person's volunteered assistance to incrementally improve the robot's perception skills. As a proof of concept, we focus on the particular task of online face learning and recognition. We conducted real-life experiments with our Tibi robot to validate the framework during the interaction process. Within this study, several surveys and user studies have been realized to reveal the social acceptability of the robot within the context of different tasks.
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(2017): Supplemental Material for Consequences, Norms, and Generalized Inaction in Moral Dilemmas. The CNI Model of Moral Decision-Making. In: Journal of personality and social psychology, S. 343-376. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000086.supp
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000086.supp Abstract: Research on moral dilemma judgments has been fundamentally shaped by the distinction between utilitarianism and deontology. According to the principle of utilitarianism, the moral status of behavioral options depends on their consequences; the principle of deontology states that the moral status of behavioral options depends on their consistency with moral norms. To identify the processes underlying utilitarian and deontological judgments, researchers have investigated responses to moral dilemmas that pit one principle against the other (e.g., trolley problem). However, the conceptual meaning of responses in this paradigm is ambiguous, because the central aspects of utilitarianism and deontology—consequences and norms—are not manipulated. We illustrate how this shortcoming undermines theoretical interpretations of empirical findings and describe an alternative approach that resolves the ambiguities of the traditional paradigm. Expanding on this approach, we present a multinom ial model that allows researchers to quantify sensitivity to consequences (C), sensitivity to moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction versus action irrespective of consequences and norms (I) in responses to moral dilemmas. We present 8 studies that used this model to investigate the effects of gender, cognitive load, question framing, and psychopathy on moral dilemma judgments. The findings obtained with the proposed CNI model offer more nuanced insights into the determinants of moral dilemma judgments, calling for a reassessment of dominant theoretical assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 3
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Gehl, Robert W.; Bakardjieva, Maria (Hg.) (2017): Socialbots and their friends. Digital media and the automation of sociality. New York, NY and London: Routledge. Online verfügbar unter http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=974098
Abstract: Many users of the Internet are aware of bots: automated programs that work behind the scenes to come up with search suggestions, check the weather, filter emails, or clean up Wikipedia entries. More recently, a new software robot has been making its presence felt in social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter – the socialbot. However, unlike other bots, socialbots are built to appear human. While a weatherbot will tell you if it's sunny and a spambot will incessantly peddle Viagra, socialbots will ask you questions, have conversations, like your posts, retweet you, and become your friend. All the while, if they're well-programmed, you won't know that you're tweeting and friending with a robot. Who benefits from the use of software robots? Who loses? Does a bot deserve rights? Who pulls the strings of these bots? Who has the right to know what about them? What does it mean to be intelligent? What does it mean to be a friend? Socialbots and Their Friends: Digital Media and the Automation of Sociality is one of the first academic collections to critically consider the socialbot and tackle these pressing questions.
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(2017): The Strength of Social Norms Across Human Groups. In: Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science 12 (5), S. 800-809. DOI: 10.1177/1745691617708631
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28972845 Abstract: Social norms are a defining feature of human psychology, yet our understanding of them is still underdeveloped. In this article, we present our own cross-cultural research program on tightness-looseness (TL)-which draws on field, experimental, computational, and neuroscience methods-to illustrate how going beyond Western borders is critical for understanding social norms' functions and their multilevel consequences. Cross-cultural research enables us to account for the universal features of norm psychology but also explains the great cultural diversity we see in social norms around the globe.
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(2017): Pardon the rude robot: Social cues diminish reactance to high controlling language. In: RO-MAN 2017 - 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, S. 411-417. DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2017.8172335
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(2017): Personal greetings: Personalizing robot utterances based on novelty of observed behavior. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 9 (2), S. 181-198. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-016-0385-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-016-0385-4 Abstract: One challenge in creating conversational service robots is how to reproduce the kind of individual recognition and attention that a human can provide. We believe that interactions can be made to seem more warm and humanlike by using sensors to observe a person’s behavior or appearance over time, and programming the robot to comment when it observes a novel feature, such as a new hairstyle, or a consistent behavior, such as visiting every afternoon. To create a system capable of recognizing such novelty and typicality, we collected one month of training data from customers in a shopping mall and recorded features of people’s visits, such as time of day and group size. We then trained SVM classifiers to identify each feature as novel, typical, or neither, based on the inputs of a human coder, and we trained an additional classifier to choose an appropriate topic for a personalized greeting. An utterance generator was developed to generate text for the robot to speak, based on the selected topic and sensor data. A cross-validation analysis showed that the trained classifiers could accurately reproduce human novelty judgments with 88% accuracy and topic selection with 95% accuracy. We then deployed a teleoperated robot using this system to greet customers in a shopping mall for three weeks, and we present example interactions and results from interviews showing that customers appreciated the robot’s personalized greetings and felt a sense of familiarity with the robot. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Efficacy of an individualized social competence training for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorders/Conduct Disorders. In: Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research 27 (3), S. 326-337. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1094587
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522864 Abstract: OBJECTIVES Group-based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of children with aggressive behavior has resulted in significant reductions of behavior problems with small to medium effect sizes. We report the efficacy of an individualized Treatment Program for Children with Aggressive Behavior. METHOD A within-subject design with two phases (waiting, treatment) was chosen. Sixty boys aged 6-12 years with peer-related aggressive behavior were included. The course of the outcome measures (growth rates) during a 6-week waiting phase was compared with those in the subsequent treatment phase (24 weekly child sessions together with an average of 8 parent contacts) by multilevel modeling. Primary outcome was peer-related aggressive behavior rated by parents. Further outcome measures included parent ratings and patient self-reports of aggressive and prosocial behavior. RESULTS During the treatment, growth rates for all parent-rated outcome measures were significant (p < .001) and comparison with the waiting phase indicated a stronger decrease in aggressive behavior and a stronger increase in prosocial behavior. For all self-rated outcome measures, growth rates during the treatment were significant (p < .01), but comparison with the waiting phase indicated a stronger decrease only for disturbance of social interaction. CONCLUSIONS The treatment program is an effective intervention for children with peer-related aggressive behavior.
Keywords: Aggression, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behaviour, Child, Cognitive Therapy, Conduct Disorder, Disziplin, Group, Humans, Kinder, Male, Mensch mit Behinderung, Methods, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Peer Group, physiology, Postkasten, Psychologie, Psychotherapy, social competence training, social competences, Social Skills, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialkompetenz, SvA, Therapy, Wartezeit vor einem Akt körperlicher Aggression -
(2017) : Feasibility of using sphero in rehabilitation of children with autism in social and communication skills: 2017 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Lisbon, Portugal: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 989-994
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2017.8009378 Abstract: The majority of children with autism face difficulties in social interaction and communication skills. Consequently, in this paper we present a pilot study in which we explored the usability of Sphero TM as a rehabilitation tool for developing social and communication skills. We designed an interactive scenario where children with autism should verbally control the robot and utter voice commands. Our observations show that the children were very interested to interact with the robot in the given framework. They showed surprising behaviors that are promising evidences of effectiveness of using Sphero in rehabilitation of social and communication deficits.
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(2017): From Intelligence to Rationality of Minds and Machines in Contemporary Society. The Sciences of Design and the Role of Information. In: Minds and Machines 27 (3), S. 397-424. DOI: 10.1007/s11023-017-9439-0
Abstract: The presence of intelligence and rationality in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet requires a new context of analysis in which Herbert Simon's approach to the sciences of the artificial is surpassed in order to grasp the role of information in our contemporary setting. This new framework requires taking into account some relevant aspects. (i) In the historical endeavor of building up AI and the Internet, minds and machines have interacted over the years and in many ways through the interrelation between scientific creativity and technological innovation. (ii) Philosophically, minds and machines can have epistemological, methodological and ontological differences, which are based on the distinct configuration of human intelligence and artificial intelligence. Their comparison with rationality and its various forms is particularly relevant. (iii) Scientifically, AI and the Internet belong to the sciences of the artificial, because they work on designs that search for specific aims, following selected processes in order to achieve expected results. (iv) Technologically, AI and the Internet require the support of information and communication technologies (ICT). These have an instrumental role regarding the existence of AI and the Internet. Also ICT shape their diverse forms of configuration over the years. Within this framework, this paper offers a new context of analysis that goes beyond Simon's and follows four main steps: (i) the interaction between scientific creativity and technological innovation as the philosophico-methodological setting for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet; (ii) artificial intelligence and human intelligence as epistemological basis for machines and minds, where the differences between artificial intelligence and human intelligence are made explicit (under the consideration of "computational intelligence'') and the analysis of minds and machines is made from the perspective of rationality ("symbolic rationality'' and "adaptive rationality''); (iii) intention and its difference with design of machine learning are considered to distinguish human intelligence from artificial intelligence; and (iv) the internal and external aspects of artificial designs in contemporary society are considered through the perspective of rationality, which leads to the transition from intelligence to rationality in the Internet as well as to the historicity of information (how aims, processes, and results can be based on conceptual revolutions).
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(2017): Semejanzas estructurales entre la tradición de la filosofía moral y la teoría social de Durkheim. In: Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica 72 (274). DOI: 10.14422/pen.v72.i274.y2016.007
Abstract: The first sociological theories are indebted to Enlightenment philosophy of history, which first appeared to provide a framework of meaning for moral action once moral theory had renounced the metaphysical commitments of early modern moral philosophy. While defending the autonomy of sociology from philosophy, Durkheim prescribed a specific task for sociological thought, namely: develop a moral science which, by keeping together the two features with which moral facts appear before conscience —solidarity and coercion— could account for the moral sense of the division of labour, a phenomenon previously considered almost a natural process. The purpose of this article is to show how Durkheim’s approach makes room for us to establish a structural similarity between sociological analysis and the perspective of mutual obligations characteristic of the moral philosophical tradition.
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(2017): Centripetal and centrifugal forces in the moral circle. Competing constraints on moral learning. In: Cognition 167, S. 58-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.001
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28007293 Abstract: The idea of the moral circle pictures the self in the center, surrounded by concentric circles encompassing increasingly distant possible targets of moral concern, including family, local community, nation, all humans, all mammals, all living things including plants, and all things including inanimate objects. The authors develop the idea of two opposing forces in people's moral circles, with centripetal forces pulling inward, urging greater concern for close others than for distant others, and centrifugal forces pushing outward, resisting "drawing the line" anywhere as a form of prejudice and urging egalitarian concern for all regardless of social distance. Review of the developmental literature shows very early emergence of both moral forces, suggesting at least partly intuitive bases for each. Moral education approaches favoring one force over the other are compared, to show how these forces can provide constraints on moral learning. Finally, the centripetal/centrifugal forces view is applied to current moral debates about empathy and about politics. The authors argue that this view helps us see how intercultural and interpersonal disagreements about morality are based in intrapersonal conflicts shared by all people. zitiert von: 3
Keywords: Empathy, Gesellschaft, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Learning, Lerntheorien, Models, Psychological, Moral, Morals, science direct