Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018): A dyadic analysis of power in sibling and friend conflict in early childhood. In: Infant and Child Development 22. DOI: 10.1002/icd.2085
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2085 Abstract: Power processes in siblings' and friends' conflict interactions are of significance for children's development and socialization. This study conducted a comparative analysis of power behaviours (resources and effectiveness) utilized by dyadic partners in sibling and friend conflict during early childhood when focal children were aged 4. The sample consisted of 65 families and included 347 sibling conflict sequences and 326 friend conflict sequences. Data based upon naturalistic observations were coded for resources of power and power effectiveness. Patterns of findings were identified in the conflict process. Specifically, dyads used simple demands most often, followed by coercive, then elaborated information, and finally questioning power. Despite similarities, sibling dyads used coercive power and negative reward power more often than friends. Regarding power effectiveness, sibling and friend dyads were most effective using coercive power, followed by elaborated, and th en quest ioning power. These findings provide strong support for the importance of taking the dyadic relationship context into account when studying the power process in children's interactions. Highlights How does siblings' and friends' dyadic use of power resources and effectiveness differ in the process and outcome of conflict in early childhood? Data were based upon naturalistic observations of conflict, and findings provide strong support for dyadic analyses when studying the power process in siblings and friends interactions. The findings provide new and novel insights regarding children's agency in conflict, thus highlighting the contributions of children to their own socialization process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Ethics for Robots as Experimental Technologies: Pairing Anticipation with Exploration to Evaluate the Social Impact of Robotics. In: IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine 25 (1), S. 30-36. DOI: 10.1109/MRA.2017.2781543
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2017.2781543 Abstract: The evaluation of the societal impact of autonomous technologies, particularly robotics, has grown in technological contexts (e.g., see [14] and the IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems [20]), as well as broader political contexts (e.g., see the 2017 European Parliament report regarding civil law rules on robotics [21]). In this article, we adopt the perspective that conceptualizes new technologies as social experiments, stressing their experimental character to deal with the inherent uncertainty that affects their behavior. We suggest that the kind of experiments performed when evaluating robots in specific contexts of use are explorative experiments, i.e., investigations carried out in the absence of a proper theory or theoretical background that diverge from the traditional notion of controlled experiments. Considering this epistemological shift, we apply the ethical framework proposed by van de Poel for experimental technologies to the case of robotics, and we discuss its implications on the design of robots. To make our discussion more concrete, we reference the field of robots for search and rescue, which offers a challenging opportunity to test socioethical approaches to the development of robots and their interactions with environments and humans.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, autonomous robots, autonomous technologies, ethical aspects, Ethics, experimental technologies, ieee xplore, Künstliche Intelligenz, Law, Monitoring, Politics, Robotics, Robots, service robot, social aspects of automation, Social implications of technology, technological contexts -
(2018): Experiences of a motivational interview delivered by a robot: Qualitative study. In: Journal of Medical Internet Research 20 (5). Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2018-57127-001&site=ehost-live
Abstract: Background: Motivational interviewing is an effective intervention for supporting behavior change but traditionally depends on face-to-face dialogue with a human counselor. This study addressed a key challenge for the goal of developing social robotic motivational interviewers: creating an interview protocol, within the constraints of current artificial intelligence, which participants will find engaging and helpful. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore participants’ qualitative experiences of a motivational interview delivered by a social robot, including their evaluation of usability of the robot during the interaction and its impact on their motivation. Methods: NAO robots are humanoid, child-sized social robots. We programmed a NAO robot with Choregraphe software to deliver a scripted motivational interview focused on increasing physical activity. The interview was designed to be comprehensible even without an empathetic response from the robot. Robot breathing and face-tracking functions were used to give an impression of attentiveness. A total of 20 participants took part in the robot-delivered motivational interview and evaluated it after 1 week by responding to a series of written open-ended questions. Each participant was left alone to speak aloud with the robot, advancing through a series of questions by tapping the robot’s head sensor. Evaluations were content-analyzed utilizing Boyatzis’ steps: (1) sampling and design, (2) developing themes and codes, and (3) validating and applying the codes. Results: Themes focused on interaction with the robot, motivation, change in physical activity, and overall evaluation of the intervention. Participants found the instructions clear and the navigation easy to use. Most enjoyed the interaction but also found it was restricted by the lack of individualized response from the robot. Many positively appraised the nonjudgmental aspect of the interview and how it gave space to articulate their motivation for change. Some participants felt that the intervention increased their physical activity levels. Conclusions: Social robots can achieve a fundamental objective of motivational interviewing, encouraging participants to articulate their goals and dilemmas aloud. Because they are perceived as nonjudgmental, robots may have advantages over more humanoid avatars for delivering virtual support for behavioral change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Usability & (Social) Robot(ics), Usability & Robot -
(2018) : Humanoid Robotic Head Teaching a Child with Autism: 2018 3rd International Conference on Circuits, Control, Communication and Computing (I4C): 2018 3rd International Conference on Circuits, Control, Communication and Computing (I4C): Bangalore, India: IEEE, S. 1-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CIMCA.2018.8739603 Abstract: Autism is characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication. It influences how a person demonstrates and collaborates with others, conveys, and learns. Logical and Analytical learning and understanding for a child who is suffering from Autism is a challenging task when it is a robot achieving this application. This paper presents a Human Interaction Robot Head - that can teach the Autistic children to identify digits, alphabets, colours, and performs simple arithmetic operations using Convolution Neural Networks. The algorithms are ported to hardware boards and optimized to ensure synchronization between identification and robot movements for interaction.
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ARCS (2018): ARCS Workshop 2018; 31th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems. Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer SE
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(2018): Simulated Provocations. A Hypermedia Radio Theatre for Reflection on Classroom Management. In: Simulation & Gaming 49 (2), S. 98-114. DOI: 10.1177/1046878118765594
Abstract: Background. Learning to manage a classroom is a difficult but important part of teacher education. Earlier research on simulations for learning classroom management has highlighted the difficulty of supporting reflection. Purpose. This case study explores and evaluates the design of a simulation for student teachers' reflection on classroom management. Design. The design process resulted in the scenario-based SIMPROV simulation, which was made in the form of a hypermedia radio theatre that students go through in pairs or triads. Authoritarian, authoritative, democratic, and compliant leadership styles were built into the choices student teachers made. Evaluation. The simulation was evaluated in two courses where the participants' level of reflection and perceived knowledge improvement was measured using a questionnaire. Forty-three first-year student teachers, 48 third-year student teachers, and 38 of the student teachers' mentors participated in the evaluation. Results. The results indicate that participants engaged in reflection and understanding to a high degree, and only to a low degree in critical reflection or habitual action. Conclusions. The conclusions are that the scenario-based simulation designed as a hypermedia radio theatre supported knowledge improvement, understanding, and reflection and that social interaction during and after simulation sessions was an important feature.
Keywords: Design -
(2018): Soziale Disparitäten im Kontext von Mutter-Kind-Interaktionen und frühen Entwicklungsmaßen von Kindern. In: Frühe Bildung 7 (1), S. 22-31. DOI: 10.1026/2191-9186/a000356
Abstract: Empirische Befunde zu sozialen Disparitäten im Kontext von Mutter-Kind-Interaktionen und frühen Entwicklungsmaßen von Kindern werden vorgestellt. Anhand von Daten der Säuglingskohorte des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) aus dem Jahr 2016 wurde die Entstehung solcher Disparitäten bei 16 bis 17 Monate alten Kindern und ihren Familien untersucht. Im Fokus stand die Analyse von Unterschieden in frühen Lernressourcen der Kinder sowie im mütterlichen und kindlichen Interaktionsverhalten in Abhängigkeit von sozialen (Familienstatus, Einkommen) und bildungsbezogenen familiären Charakteristika. Die Befunde zeigten Effekte der mütterlichen Bildung auf ihr Interaktionsverhalten sowie Assoziationen zwischen dem mütterlichen und kindlichen Interaktionsverhalten. Bezogen auf die erfassten Kindmerkmale fanden sich keine herkunftsbedingten Unterschiede in den frühkindlichen Lernressourcen der Kinder. Die geringen mit der mütterlichen Bildung assoziierten Disparitäten in sozio-emotionalen Facetten der kindlichen Interaktionen erwiesen sich als nicht mehr signifikant, wenn die Unterschiede im mütterlichen Interaktionsverhalten berücksichtigt wurden. Die Befunde werden mit Blick auf die Entstehung von Disparitäten in der Kindesentwicklung aufgrund sozialer und bildungsbezogener Ungleichheit diskutiert.
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(2018) : Perceived user experience and performance of intelligent personal assistants employed in higher education settings: 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO): May 21-25, 2018, Opatija, Croatia : proceedings: 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO): Opatija: 5/21/2018 - 5/25/2018. International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics; Hrvatsko Udruga za Informacijsku i Komunikacijsku Tehnologiju, Elektroniku i Mikroelektroniku; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Međunarodni skup za informacijsku i komunikacijsku tehnologiju, elektroniku i mikroelektroniku; Croatian Society for Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics Convention; MIPRO Convenion; Mipro: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 0830-0834
Abstract: The application of intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) in the educational context is a relatively new paradigm. One of the key features of an intelligent personal assistant is the ability to respond to user voice input through natural language processing. Implementation of intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) in higher education teaching process is associated with the students' adoption and satisfaction with IPAs. With the objective to explore students' experience and performance evaluation of IPAs on their smartphones, an empirical study was carried out. Data was gathered by means of post-use questionnaire after completed predefined scenario of interaction with two IPAs: Google Assistant and Lyra. The analysis of collected data uncovered pros and cons of IPAs perceived by students from two Croatian higher education institutions. Empirical findings are presented, whereas implications for educational ecosystem are briefly discussed.
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(2018): A reinforcement sensitivity theory explanation of antisocial behaviour. In: Personality and Individual Differences 123, S. 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.008
Abstract: A comprehensive explanation of antisocial behaviour (ASB) needs to focus on both individual differences in personality and life events as potentially predisposing factors. The current studies investigated the relative influence of both of these in males and females. We used the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of personality to investigate the extent to which dispositional approach and avoidance tendencies relate to ASB. In the first study, 287 participants reported their engagement in ASB and completed the RST Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ). In the second study, a new sample of 282 participants completed the same measures as well as reporting the extent to which they had experienced life strains. Results from both studies showed a positive association between goal-drive persistence and ASB in males; while in females, a positive association was found between impulsivity and ASB. In Study 2, life strains explained further variance in ASB and this also show a gender differentiation: in males, there was a stronger relationship between financial strains and ASB while females showed an association between relational strains and ASB. Overall, results suggested that ASB is more pronounced in the male sample with an instrumental purpose while in the female sample personal life events are of more relevance. zitiert von 1
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(2018): Emotionale Roboter im Pflegekontext : Empirische Analyse des bisherigen Einsatzes und der Wirkungen von Paro und Pleo. In: Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 51 (1), S. 16-24. DOI: 10.1007/s00391-017-1346-8
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29218400 Abstract: BACKGROUND It has been questioned by researchers in robotics as well in the general public to what extent companion-type robots can support the elderly with the fulfillment of their psychological and social needs. Although these robots have already been used in care settings in Germany, research has referred little to this practical experience in order to analyze their impact and benefit. To start to close this gap, the current article reports on the current use of companion-type robots in care settings, on the effects reported by professional caregivers as well as on the role of psychosocial needs in the acceptance and use of companion-type robots by the elderly. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the first study, 30 professional caregivers with experience in the use of the robot seal Paro in care settings were interviewed regarding Paro's application and the observed effects on their clients. In the second study, three case examples are presented from an interaction study in which vulnerable elderly persons had the robot dinosaur Pleo at their disposal for a maximum period of 15 days. RESULTS Paro is used very flexibly in a variety of settings and with a broad range of user groups (study 1). The reported psychosocial effects were mainly positive but short term. The case examples (study 2) show that psychosocial needs can both foster or hinder robot acceptance and use. They also emphasize the important role of caregivers in the interaction between the elderly and emotional robots in the context of eldercare. CONCLUSION The beneficial and ethical use of companion-type robots in care settings demands a high commitment on the part of the caregivers. Given this prerequisite, emotional robots can be a valuable therapeutic tool.
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(2018) : Tutorial T1A: Assistive Technology for Visually Impaired: Embedded & Vision Solutions: 2018 31st International Conference on VLSI Design and 2018 17th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID): 2018 31st International Conference on VLSI Design and 2018 17th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID): Pune, India: IEEE, S. xxxi-xxxii
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSID.2018.17 Abstract: Summary form only given, as follows. Census 2011 classifies more that 5 million people as visually disabled In India. AssisTech (Assistive Technology) group at IIT Delhi aims to develop technological solutions to address their two key challenges; namely independent mobility and access to education. In this tutorial, we will firstly brief about the challenge of mobility and education for visually impaired people. Solutions addressing these challenges could be developed using embedded sensors or with embedded computer vision. Our existing products like SmartCaneTM and OnBoard are embedded system based solutions and are aimed towards facilitating independent mobility. There have been major advances in vision based techniques including possibility of their implementation on low cost embedded platforms. This has encouraged us to visualize a device named MAVI (Mobility Assistant for Visually Impaired). Objective of MAVI is to create a platform that would be able to provide mobility assistance to a visually impaired person in an unstructured infrastructure of developing countries like India. In this tutorial we will discuss specific challenges and various vision techniques used in MAVI to address the requirements of safety, navigation and social inclusion. Designing a complex system like MAVI presents the designer with numerous choices of algorithms as well as platform/hardware resources. We will discuss the challenges in handling system level design complexities and explain our approach towards design space exploration for such systems. Further, we also observe that existing metrics employed in the literature to assess various vision algorithms are inadequate when it comes to complex systems like MAVI. We also propose the need for system level metrics. Finally, we will demonstrate apart from a MAVI prototype, other devices and solutions developed by the AssisTech group.
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(2018): Robot Classification of Human Interruptibility and a Study of Its Effects. In: ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction 7 (2), S. 1-35. DOI: 10.1145/3277902
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(2018): Computer scoring of emotional awareness in a nonclinical population of young adults. In: Journal of Personality Assessment 100 (1), S. 107-115. DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2017.1282866
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1282866 Abstract: The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS; Lane, Quinlan, Schwartz, Walker, & Zeitlin, 1990) is an open-ended measure of the ability to describe emotional reactions. Scoring the LEAS by hand is complex and time consuming (Barchard, Bajgar, Leaf, & Lane, 2010). Therefore, Program for Open-Ended Scoring (POES; Leaf & Barchard, 2010) was designed to score the LEAS quickly and easily. Using 268 undergraduates, this article compares traditional LEAS hand scoring to 6 POES methods, 2 of which are holistic methods that have never before been examined. Based on split-half reliability, correlations with measures of emotional and social intelligence, and partial correlations once response length and vocabulary were partialed out, we recommend 3 of the POES methods when testing nonclinical samples of young adults. Because POES scoring is fast and efficient, it allows more researchers and clinicians to use the LEAS, thus moving away from self-report measures of emotional awareness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Awareness, College Students, computer scoring, Emerging Adulthood, Emotional awareness, emotional reactions, Emotional Responses, Emotionsforschung, Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale, psychometrics, Scoring (Testing), Social intelligence, Soziale Intelligenz, Statistical Reliability, Statistical Validity, Test Reliability, young adults -
(2018): Spontaneous theory of mind is reduced for nonhuman-like agents as compared to human-like agents. In: Psychological Research, S. 1571-1580. DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1000-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1000-0 Abstract: Theory of Mind research has shown that we spontaneously take into account other’s beliefs. In the current study, we investigate, with a spontaneous Theory of Mind (ToM) task, if this belief representation also applies to nonhuman-like agents. In a series of three experiments, we show here that we do not spontaneously take into account beliefs of nonhuman-like others, or at least we do it to a lesser extent than for human and human-like agents. Further, the experience we have with the other agent, in our case a dog, does not modulate spontaneous ToM: the same pattern of results was obtained when dog owners and no owners were compared. However, when more attention was attracted to the dog behavior, participants’ behavior was influenced by the beliefs of the dog. In sum, spontaneous belief representation seems to be primarily restricted to human and human-like agents, but can be facilitated when more attention is drawn to a nonhuman-like agent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: theory of mind, Verhaltensforschung -
(2018): Looking beyond - socialization tactics. The role of human resource systems in the socialization process. In: Human Resource Management Review 28 (2), S. 220-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.06.004
Abstract: Previous research questions whether the association between socialization tactics and human resource systems has been properly explored. Based on theory, we present a framework that links socialization tactics and human resource systems for various groups of newcomers. In doing so, we contribute to academic theory by exploring the under-researched areas of the content and context of socialization tactics, while illustrating helpful practices to retain key newcomers in organizations. The article provides new insights into socialization tactics and human resource systems by bridging the two theoretical areas, opening up this conceptual space for examination by organizational scholars. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications for human resource scholars and practitioners accordingly. zitiert von 3
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(2018) : Embedding Ethics in the Design of Culturally Competent Socially Assistive Robots: 2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS): 2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS): Madrid: 10/1/2018 - 10/5/2018: Madrid, Spain: IEEE, S. 1996-2001
Abstract: Research focusing on the development of socially assistive robots (SARs) for the care of older adults has grown in recent years, prompting a great deal of ethical analysis and reflection on the future of SARs in caring roles. Much of this ethical thinking, however, has taken place far from the settings where technological innovation is practiced. Different frameworks have been proposed to bridge this gap and enable researchers to handle the ethical dimension of technology from within the design and development process, including Value Sensitive Design (VSD). VSD has been defined as a “theoretically grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and comprehensive manner throughout the design process”. Inspired in part by VSD, we have developed a process geared towards embedding ethics at the core of CARESSES, an international multidisciplinary project that aims to design the first culturally competent SAR for the care of older adults. Here we describe that process, which included extracting key ethical concepts from relevant ethical guidelines and applying those concepts to scenarios that describe how the CARESSES robot will interact with individuals belonging to different cultures. This approach highlights the ethical implications of the robot's behavior early in the design process, thus enabling researchers to identify and engage with ethical problems proactively.
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(2018) : Die Systemtheorie In: Decker, Oliver: Sozialpsychologie und Sozialtheorie: Wiesbaden: Springer VS, S. 47-59
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(2018): Guidelines for Designing Social Robots as Second Language Tutors. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 10 (3), S. 325-341. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-018-0467-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-018-0467-6 Abstract: In recent years, it has been suggested that social robots have potential as tutors and educators for both children and adults. While robots have been shown to be effective in teaching knowledge and skill-based topics, we wish to explore how social robots can be used to tutor a second language to young children. As language learning relies on situated, grounded and social learning, in which interaction and repeated practice are central, social robots hold promise as educational tools for supporting second language learning. This paper surveys the developmental psychology of second language learning and suggests an agenda to study how core concepts of second language learning can be taught by a social robot. It suggests guidelines for designing robot tutors based on observations of second language learning in human-human scenarios, various technical aspects and early studies regarding the effectiveness of social robots as second language tutors.
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(2018): Multicultural Facial Expression Recognition Based on Differences of Western-Caucasian and East-Asian Facial Expressions of Emotions. In: IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems 101 (5), S. 1317-1324. DOI: 10.1587/transinf.2017MVP0025
Abstract: An increasing number of psychological studies have demonstrated that the six basic expressions of emotions are not culturally universal. However, automatic facial expression recognition (FER) systems disregard these findings and assume that facial expressions are universally expressed and recognized across different cultures. Therefore, this paper presents an analysis of Western-Caucasian and East-Asian facial expressions of emotions based on visual representations and cross-cultural FER. The visual analysis builds on the Eigenfaces method, and the cross-cultural FER combines appearance and geometric features by extracting Local Fourier Coefficients (LFC) and Facial Fourier Descriptors (FFD) respectively. Furthermore, two possible solutions for FER under multicultural environments are proposed. These are based on an early race detection, and independent models for culture-specific facial expressions found by the analysis evaluation. HSV color quantization combined with LFC and FFD compose the feature extraction for race detection, whereas culture-independent models of anger, disgust and fear are analyzed for the second solution. All tests were performed using Support Vector Machines (SVM) for classification and evaluated using five standard databases. Experimental results show that both solutions overcome the accuracy of FER systems under multicultural environments. However, the approach which individually considers the culture-specific facial expressions achieved the highest recognition rate.
Keywords: culture specificity, culture specificity of facial expressions of emotions, Emotionserkennung, facial expression recognition, Gestik/Mimik, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), multicultural FER, Realtechnik, Status / biologische Marker, Technik, universal human tendencies, universality of emotions -
(2018): From AI to Robotics. Mobile, Social, and Sentient Robots. 1st ed.. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Online verfügbar unter https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gbv/detail.action?docID=5312950
Abstract: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About the Author -- SECTION I: Theory -- CHAPTER 1: . . . and then there were mobile robots -- 1.1 EARLY PIONEERS AND THE STORY TILL SHAKEY -- 1.1.1 Walter`s turtles -- 1.1.2 Shakey and the Stanford Cart -- 1.2 CURRENT-DAY MOBILE ROBOTICS -- 1.3 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT -- 1.3.1 Science fiction, entertainment industry, medical surgery and military -- 1.3.2 Do robots pose a threat for human beings? -- CHAPTER 2: Embodied AI, or the tale of taming the fungus eater -- 2.1 FROM AI TO ROBOTS -- 2.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ROBOTS -- 2.2.1 What is an `agent' ? -- 2.3 EMBODIED AI - MAKING OF AUTONOMOUS AGENTS -- 2.3.1 Toda's model for fungus eaters -- 2.3.2 Design principles for autonomous AI agents -- 2.4 ANTHROPOMORPHISM â A TREASURE TROVE FROM MOTHER NATURE -- 2.4.1 Concepts from semiotics â `UMWELT' -- 2.4.2 Concepts from ecology â Uniqueness of vision -- 2.4.3 Concepts from psychology â Behaviourism -- 2.4.4 Artficial animals â ANIMAT -- 2.5 EVALUATING PERFORMANCE - AI VS. ENGINEERING -- 2.6 THREE FORKS IN THE ROAD -- 2.6.1 The problem of completeness â Planning is NP-hard -- 2.6.2 The problem of meaning â The symbol grounding problem -- 2.6.2.1 Solving the symbol grounding problem -- 2.6.3 The problem of relevance â The frame problem -- 2.6.3.1 Representations â The root of all evil -- CHAPTER 3: Control paradigms formobile robots -- 3.1 CONTROL PARADIGMS -- 3.2 BRAITENBERGâS VEHICLES 1 TO 4 â ENGINEERING BEHAVIOUR -- 3.3 DELIBERATIVE APPROACH -- 3.3.1 Shortcomings of the deliberative approach -- 3.3.2 From animals to robots -- 3.3.3 Robots and computers are fundamentally different -- 3.4 REACTIVE APPROACH -- 3.4.1 Subsumption architecture and the nouvelle AI -- 3.4.2 Motor schema 3.4.3 Action selection & bidding mechanisms -- 3.5 A CRITIQUE OF THE NOUVELLE AI -- 3.5.1 Issues with the nouvelle AI -- 3.5.1.1 Implementation issues in subsumption architecture -- 3.5.1.2 Issues with motor schema -- 3.5.2 Extending reactive approach to higher functions -- 3.6 HYBRID ARCHITECTURES -- SECTION II: Implementation, or How to Make Robots -- CHAPTER 4: Tools for a roboticist -- 4.1 THE TOOLS: NAVIGATION AND ADAPTIVITY -- 4.2 NAVIGATION, PATH PLANNING AND MAPPING -- 4.2.1 A * and bug algorithms -- 4.2.2 Considerations for navigation -- 4.2.3 Artificial potential fields -- 4.2.4 Nearness Diagram (ND) -- 4.2.5 Navigation in three dimensions -- 4.3 ADAPTIBILITY AND LEARNING -- CHAPTER 5: Software, simulation & control -- 5.1 SOFTWARE FOR ROBOTICS -- 5.2 A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION TO ROS -- SECTION III: Robot-Robot & Human-Robot Interactions -- CHAPTER 6: Robot-robot interaction, groups and swarms -- 6.1 MANY ROBOT SYSTEMS -- 6.2 NETWORKED ROBOTICS -- 6.3 SWARM ROBOTICS -- 6.3.1 Relating agent behaviour to the collective behaviour -- 6.3.2 Signatures of swarm robotics -- 6.3.2.1 Minimalism: Non-intelligent robot, intelligent swarm -- 6.3.2.2 Stigmergy: Indirect interactions -- 6.3.2.3 Emergence: Swarm behaviour is difficult to model -- 6.3.2.4 Phase change: Disorder to order -- 6.3.2.5 Self organisation: A dynamically stable swarm -- 6.3.3 Metrics for swarm robotics -- 6.3.4 Swarm Engineering â Visions for a new technology -- CHAPTER 7: Human-robot interaction and robots for human society -- 7.1 HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION -- 7.1.1 Distributed cognition -- 7.2 SOCIAL ROBOTICS -- 7.2.1 Design for social robots -- 7.2.1.1 Aesthetics -- 7.2.1.2 Facial traits -- 7.2.1.3 Natural language processing (NLP) -- 7.3 APPLICATIONS -- 7.3.1 Service robots, with a social face -- 7.3.1.1 CERO â Cooperative embodied robot operator 7.3.2 Robots in elderly care -- 7.3.2.1 Care-O-bot 3 â The smart butler -- 7.3.2.2 Hobbit â Returning a robot's favour -- 7.3.3 Companion robot and robot therapy -- 7.3.3.1 Paro - The cute robotic seal -- 7.3.3.2 KASPAR â Kinesics and synchronization in personal assistant robotics -- 7.3.4 Museum guide and receptionist robots -- 7.3.5 Functional robots, more than just smart machines -- 7.3.5.1 Explorer robots â new age fungus eaters -- 7.3.5.2 Search and rescue robots -- 7.4 JAPAN, ROBOT HISTORY IN THE MAKING -- CHAPTER 8: Robots with moral agency, in the footsteps of Asimov -- 8.1 THE NEED FOR THE GOOD ROBOT -- 8.2 MORALITY AND ETHICS -- 8.3 ASIMOVâS 3 LAWS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS -- 8.4 ETHICAL THEORY FOR ROBOTS -- 8.4.1 Deontology -- 8.4.2 Consequentialism -- 8.4.3 Deontology vs. Consequentialism â The trolley problem -- 8.4.4 Implementing ethics as an architecture -- 8.4.4.1 The ethical architecture â action logic, in military robots -- 8.4.4.2 Consequence engine â using fast simulations for internal models -- 8.4.4.3 First implementation, development of a carer robot with deontic ethics -- 8.4.5 Virtue ethics -- 8.5 SOCIAL CHANGES AND THE NEAR FUTURE -- SECTION IV: ... the Future -- CHAPTER 9: Quest for the sentient robot -- 9.1 CAN ROBOTS BE CONSCIOUS? -- 9.2 SELF AWARENESS, CONSCIOUSNESS AND FREE WILL -- 9.2.1 Self awareness -- 9.2.2 Consciousness -- 9.2.3 Free will -- 9.3 FROM MACHINES TO (NEAR) HUMAN BEINGS -- 9.4 SEMI-SENTIENT PARADIGM AND ITâS LIMITATIONS -- 9.5 MEMORIES, MEDITATION AND THE INNER WORLD -- 9.6 EXPERIMENTS â COG, MIRROR COGNITION AND THE 3 WISE ROBOTS -- 9.6.1 From reactive architecture -- 9.6.1.1 Cog -- 9.6.1.2 Consciousness based architecture -- 9.6.2 From cross-modal bindings -- 9.6.2.1 Cog's tambourine experiment -- 9.6.2.2 Nico's drumming -- 9.6.3 Mirror cognition 9.6.3.1 A very simple implementation of the mirror test in robots -- 9.6.3.2 Haikonen's somatosensory model -- 9.6.3.3 Designing the mirror test with MoNADs -- 9.6.4 Psychometric AI â The knowledge game -- CHAPTER 10: Super intelligent robots and other predictions -- 10.1 PEERING INTO THE CRYSTAL BALL -- 10.2 TWILIGHT OR REBIRTH OF OUR CIVILISATION? -- 10.3 SUPERINTELLIGENCE, FUTURE TECHNOLOGY AND RAY KURZWEIL -- 10.3.1 Super intelligence -- 10.3.2 "To singularity and beyond -- 10.3.3 Alternate opinions & containment of AI -- Appendix A: Running The Examples -- A.1 BRAITENBERG SIMULATOR -- A.2 WALLE EVA CHAT -- References -- Index
Keywords: Soziale Robotik -
(2018) : Gender stereotyping, prejudice, and shifting standards In: Travis, Cheryl B.; White, Jacquelyn W.; Rutherford, Alexandra; Williams, Wendi S.; Cook, Sarah L.; Wyche, Karen Fraser (Hg.): APA handbook of the psychology of women: History, theory, and battlegrounds (Vol. 1): Washington: American Psychological Association, S. 343-361
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000059-017 Abstract: Gender is a salient social category, and no one reading this book will be surprised to learn that gender matters in everyday social perception and interaction. People readily notice others’ (apparent) gender, and they hold gender-based expectations regarding traits, roles, behaviors, and skills. These cognitive proclivities contribute to the tendency for gender to color people’s perceptions and judgments of individual girls and boys, women and men. In academic and work settings, for example, gendered beliefs may lead perceivers to view women as less suitable than men for managerial positions (Koenig, Eagly, Mitchell, & Ristikari, 2011), to notice poor performance in women more quickly than in men (Biernat, Fuegen, & Kobrynowicz, 2010), and to give women less credit than men for successful team performance (Heilman & Haynes, 2005). These examples may not rise to the level of blatant sex discrimination captured in the TV series Mad Men or in Supreme Court cases such as Price Wa terhouse v. Hopkins (1989; failure to promote a qualified woman) or Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986; sexual harassment), but even subtle biases can accrue over time, affecting women’s advancement and pay (see Martell, Lane, & Emrich, 1996). As I write this chapter, five women from the World Cup–winning U.S. women’s national soccer team have filed a wage discrimination suit against the U.S. Soccer Federation, claiming they are paid 4 times less than their male counterparts (Das, 2016). One does not need to look far to see evidence that gender continues to affect workplace outcomes. In this chapter, I will consider the research literature on how gendered beliefs affect the way individuals are perceived, evaluated, and treated, particularly in work and academic settings. I will also point to the complexity of these judgmental patterns, noting that counterstereotypical effects may occur under some conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved )
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(2018): The Academic Conference as a Chilly Climate for Women. Effects of Gender Representation on Experiences of Sexism, Coping Responses, and Career Intentions. In: Sex Roles 78 (5-6), S. 394-408. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0800-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0800-9 Abstract: Across many disciplines, women are underrepresented in faculty positions relative to men. The present research focuses on the academic conference as a setting because it is a gateway to an academic career and a context in which women might experience sexism. We surveyed 329 presenters (63% women) from three U.S. national academic conferences, which differed in women-to-men ratios, about their perceptions of the conference climate, their coping tactics (e.g., gender performance, silence, or voice), and their intentions to exit the conference or academia. The greater the representation of women at the conference relative to men, the less likely were women to perceive sexism and to feel they had to behave in a masculine manner in that setting. In contrast, women who perceived the conference as sexist and felt silenced also expressed increased intentions to exit from academic careers. Men’s perceptions of sexism predicted increased intentions to exit from that particular co nference , but not from academia. Because conferences signal the norms of a discipline, it is important to explore their climates as they relate to gender. Perhaps especially for new and aspiring female academics, they may signal devalued status and lack of fit and as such play an inadvertent role in the 'leaky pipeline.' We discuss strategies that conference organizers could implement to mitigate sexist climates, including broader inclusion of women in speaking and leadership roles and explicit attention to cues that women belong. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): People are averse to machines making moral decisions. In: Cognition 181, S. 21-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.003 Abstract: Do people want autonomous machines making moral decisions? Nine studies suggest that that the answer is ‘no’—in part because machines lack a complete mind. Studies 1–6 find that people are averse to machines making morally-relevant driving, legal, medical, and military decisions, and that this aversion is mediated by the perception that machines can neither fully think nor feel. Studies 5–6 find that this aversion exists even when moral decisions have positive outcomes. Studies 7–9 briefly investigate three potential routes to increasing the acceptability of machine moral decision-making: limiting the machine to an advisory role (Study 7), increasing machines’ perceived experience (Study 8), and increasing machines’ perceived expertise (Study 9). Although some of these routes show promise, the aversion to machine moral decision-making is difficult to eliminate. This aversion may prove challenging for the integration of autonomous technology in moral domains including medicine, the law, the military, and self-driving vehicles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Optimizing the Latent Space of Generative Networks. In: ICML. Online verfügbar unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e2ef0f1a528cd0f415be8265a04466a6d3f74e6cKeywords: GAN, latent space
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(2018): Die feinen Unterschiede. Kritik der gesellschaftlichen Urteilskraft. Unter Mitarbeit von Bernd Schwibs. 26. Auflage 2018. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp (Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch Wissenschaft)Keywords: Bourdieu, Bourdieus Habitustheorie, Einkommen / Beruf, Familiengeschichte, Favoriten, feine Unterschiede, Feld, Geschmack, Gestik/Mimik, Good manners, Habitus, Klasse, Kleidung, Körperhaltung, Macht, Modelle/Theorien, Rollen, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziologie, Sprache, Status / biologische Marker