Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018) : Moral robots In: Johnson, L. Syd M.; Rommelfanger, Karen S. (Hg.): The Routledge handbook of neuroethics: New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge handbooks in applied ethics), S. 363-377
Abstract: The main reason for raising the question about the ethical behavior of robots is the rapid progress in the development of autonomous social robots that are specifically created to be deployed in sensitive human environments, from elder and health care settings to law enforcement and military contexts. Clearly, such tasks and environments are very different from traditional factory environments (for example, for welding robots). Hence, these new social robots will require higher degrees of autonomy (i.e., a capacity for independent, self-directed action) and decision-making than any previously developed machine, given that they will face a much more complex, open world. They might be required to acquire new knowledge on the fly to accomplish a never-before-encountered task. Moreover, they will likely face humans who are not specifically trained to interact with them, and robots thus need to be responsive to instructions by novices and feel ’natural’ to humans even in unstructured interactions. At these levels of autonomy and flexibility in near-future robots, there will be countless ways in which robots might make mistakes, violate a user’s expectations and moral norms, or threaten the user’s physical or psychological safety. These social robots must therefore also be moral robots. Thus, for autonomous social robots deployed in human societies, three key questions arise: (1) What moral expectations do humans have for social robots? (2) What moral competence can and should such robots realize? (3) What should be the moral standing of these machines (if any)? The first question, about moral expectations, follows from the well-established fact that autonomous social robots, especially those with natural-language abilities, are treated in many ways like humans, regardless of whether such treatment was intended or anticipated by the robot designers. In fact, there is mounting evidence that humans have very clear expectations of robot capacities based on the robot’s appearance and people’s perceptions of the robot behaviors. We will review some of this work in the third section. The second question, about moral competence, arises from the need to endow robots with sufficient capacities to operate safely in human societies. Answers to this question would ideally build on answers to the first question and provide mechanisms for robots to process social and moral norms in ways that humans expect. In addition, the design of the robots’ control systems should ensure that robots behave ethically according to the norms of the society in which they are deployed. In this chapter, we will focus on the first two questions, discussing both human expectations and computational architectural mechanisms that will allow robots to live up to those expectations while leaving a detailed discussion of the third question to legal experts and philosophers We will not focus on the philosophical debate about agency and personhood. Rather, we will assume an operational behavioral definition of a ’moral robot’. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Timing affect. Dimension-specific time-based expectancy for affect. In: Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 18 (5), S. 646-669. DOI: 10.1037/emo0000380
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29154586 Abstract: Affective information in our environment is often predictable by time; for example, positive answers are typically given faster than negative ones. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that humans can implicitly adapt to time-based affect predictability. Participants were asked to categorize words, with the words' irrelevant valences being predictable by the timing of their occurrence. Adaptation to this pattern became evident by better performance for typical combinations of time and valence, relative to atypical combinations (Experiment 2). A comparable adaptation was observed for predictable activation (another affective dimension, Experiment 4), but not for predictable imageability (a nonaffective dimension, Experiment 3). In none of the experiments did participants become aware of the time-based predictability. These findings have significant implications for our theoretical understanding of human time-based expectancy, as well as important implications for the scheduling of system delays in artificial interaction and communication environments. (PsycINFO Database Record zitiert von 1
2017
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(2017): They Love Me, They Love Me Not?. Social Power Shapes Expectations of Acceptance and Concerns about Rejection. In: Social Cognition 35 (5), S. 563-584. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2017.35.5.563
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.5.563 Abstract: Four studies tested the overriding hypothesis that an actor’s high relative to low social power enhances the actor’s expectations of social acceptance, and attenuates his or her concerns about social rejection, from others. Study 1 yielded correlational support for this hypothesis, while Studies 2 and 3 produced causal evidence. Study 3 also suggested that actor-power effects on acceptance expectations and rejection concerns emerge in relation to both opposite-power counterparts and others in general, though the effects tend to be stronger for the former. Finally, Study 4 confirmed that our effects are driven at least partly by an actor’s power, though at times in interaction with the high or low power of potential sources of acceptance/ rejection. The present studies extend a growing literature on power’s effects on processes and phenomena related to social acceptance and rejection. We discuss limitations, implications, and future directions. (PsycINFO Database R ecord (c ) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Editorial. Trust: The Limits of Human Moral. In: Frontiers in psychology 8. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00178
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00178 Abstract: This editorial briefs the articles featured in this special issue of Frontiers in Psychology . In this special issue on trust, several studies explored how the amount and the type of contact affects trusting behavior. In the course of daily life, people routinely engage in social exchanges that involve some level of trust. Studies published as a part of the current research topic suggest that individuals do not automatically adopt trusting and moral behavior in human interactions, but that those behaviors are determined by and modulated by a plethora of cognitive, psychological, situational, and contextual factors. We believe that research published within the special topic significantly contributes to understanding of trust and we encourage further research both on the brighter and darker sides of trust. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2014
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(2014): Changing the game. Exploring infants' participation in early play routines. In: Frontiers in psychology 5. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00522
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24936192 Abstract: Play has proved to have a central role in children's development, most notably in rule learning (Piaget, 1965; Sutton-Smith, 1979) and negotiation of roles and goals (Garvey, 1974; Bruner et al., 1976). Yet very little research has been done on early play. The present study focuses on early social games, i.e., vocal-kinetic play routines that mothers use to interact with infants from very early on. We explored 3-month-old infants and their mothers performing a routine game first in the usual way, then in two violated conditions: without gestures and without sound. The aim of the study is to investigate infants' participation and expectations in the game and whether this participation is affected by changes in the multimodal format of the game. Infants' facial expressions, gaze, and body movements were coded to measure levels of engagement and affective state across the three conditions. Results showed a significant decrease in Limbs Movements and expressions of Positive Affect, an increase in Gaze Away and in Stunned Expression when the game structure was violated. These results indicate that the violated game conditions were experienced as less engaging, either because of an unexpected break in the established joint routine, or simply because they were weaker versions of the same game. Overall, our results suggest that structured, multimodal play routines may constitute interactional contexts that only work as integrated units of auditory and motor resources, representing early communicative contexts which prepare the ground for later, more complex multimodal interactions, such as verbal exchanges. zitiert von 19
2008
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(2008): THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL RULES FOR DIGITAL INTERACTIONS. In: Information, Communication & Society 11 (8), S. 1111-1131. DOI: 10.1080/13691180802109048
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802109048 Abstract: The increasing use of Internet-based 'dating' services as a means to meet strangers online to potentially form intimate relationships offline, raises concerns about trust and identity. The established social practices of introductions or meeting with stranger's offline are supported by a set of social rules and rituals that have been described as 'courtship'. There is an absence of such courting rules or guidelines for interaction in mediated dating environments. This means that individuals have to understand for themselves the rules that shape how they should behave. On the basis of the analysis of Internet newsgroups discussions this article puts forward an ideal type continuum about 'eDating' expectations and experiences. The continuum leads discussion about how men and women eDaters are seeking to comprehend the rules for interaction that establish a reciprocated communication with other online 'strangers'. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)< br /> zitiert von 25
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