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  • 2007

  • Gallese, Vittorio; Eagle, Morris N.; Migone, Paolo (2007): Intentional attunement: mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. In: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 55 (1), S. 131-176. DOI: 10.1177/00030651070550010601

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17432495 

    Abstract: The neural circuits activated in a person carrying out actions, expressing emotions, and experiencing sensations are activated also, automatically via a mirror neuron system, in the observer of those actions, emotions, and sensations. It is proposed that this finding of shared activation suggests a functional mechanism of "embodied simulation" that consists of the automatic, unconscious, and noninferential simulation in the observer of actions, emotions, and sensations carried out and experienced by the observed. It is proposed also that the shared neural activation pattern and the accompanying embodied simulation constitute a fundamental biological basis for understanding another's mind. The implications of this perspective for psychoanalysis are discussed, particularly regarding unconscious communication, projective identification, attunement, empathy, autism, therapeutic action, and transference-countertransference interactions.

    Keywords: Affect, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Communication, Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology, Haplorhini, Humans, Intention, Interpersonal Relations, Nerve Net/physiology, Psychoanalytic Therapy, Sensation/physiology, Transference, Psychology, Unconscious, Psychology, Visual Perception

  • 2005

  • Malloy, Thomas E.; Barcelos, Suzy; Arruda, Elise; DeRosa, Michael; Fonseca, Crystal (2005): Individual differences and cross-situational consistency of dyadic social behavior. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 89 (4), S. 643-654. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.643

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287424 

    Abstract: A new theoretical analysis of individual differences and cross-situational consistency of behavior is proposed. The authors hypothesized that the social behavior of mice (Mus musculus) is determined by individual differences among animals in behavior emitted (i.e., actor effects), in behavior elicited from social partners (partner effects), and by unique responses of one animal to another (relationship effects). Each effect represents a distinct facet of individual differences with different psychological meaning; likewise, the cross-situational consistency of each effect has a distinct psychological meaning. Individual differences in behavior emitted were observed, and these actor effects were consistent longitudinally. Individual differences in behavior elicited from social partners were observed, and these partner effects were also consistent longitudinally. Unique responses to specific social partners also determined behavior but were inconsistent longitudinally. The theoretical importance of reconceptualizing the concepts of individual differences and cross-situational consistency in behavior is discussed. ((c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).

    Keywords: Animals, Behavior, Animal, Female, Male, Mice, Models, Psychological, Sex Factors, Social Behavior
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