Alle Publikationen
2017
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(2017) : Sexism in Intimate Contexts. How Romantic Relationships Help Explain the Origins, Functions, and Consequences of Sexist Attitudes In: Sibley, Chris G.; Barlow, Fiona Kate (Hg.): The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 321-343
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.014 Abstract: In this chapter, we take a look at the central role that dynamics within romantic relationships play in the emergence, functions, and consequences of hostile and benevolent sexism toward women. We begin by examining men's endorsement of hostile and benevolent sexism. We first outline the difficulties that men's hostile sexism creates in romantic relationships and consider how these deficits necessitate benevolent sexism. We then consider the ways men's benevolent sexism functions within intimate relationships to facilitate men's intimacy needs while maintaining and promoting their power. In the second half of the chapter, we turn to women's endorsement of benevolent and hostile sexism. We review evidence showing that the relationship structure promised by benevolent sexism is appealing to women but has harmful personal and relationship consequences for them. We then offer a more speculative account of the role and impact of women's endorsement of hostile sexism. At the en d of the chapter, we consider other ways in which relationship processes can inform our understanding of sexist attitudes toward women and outline important future research directions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2016
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(2016) : Sexism In: Nelson, Todd D.: Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination: Second edition: New York, NY; London: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group, S. 315-336
Abstract: Examines sexism and comments on recent research investigating various aspects of it. Concepts and findings regarding typical gender stereotypes, modern sexism, and neosexism are discussed. A particular focus is placed on the issue of ambivalent sexism and how females can be oppressed and loved at the same time through benevolent sexist beliefs such as paternalism or chivalry when based on perceived gender inequality. Sexism in romantic relationships is also addressed in depth. The author concludes with a review of the consequences of sexism and suggestions for confronting and reducing it.
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(2016): Supplemental Material for Power and the Pursuit of a Partner’s Goals. In: Journal of personality and social psychology. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000048.supp
Abstract: We investigated how power dynamics in close relationships influence the tendency to devote resources to the pursuit of goals valued by relationship partners, hypothesizing that low (vs. high) power in relationships would lead individuals to center their individual goal pursuit around the goals of their partners. We study 2 related phenomena: partner goal prioritization, whereby individuals pursue goals on behalf of their partners, and partner goal contagion, whereby individuals identify and adopt as their own the goals that their partner pursues. We tested our ideas in 5 studies that employed diverse research methods, including lab experiments and dyadic studies of romantic partners, and multiple types of dependent measures, including experience sampling reports, self-reported goal commitment, and behavioral goal pursuit in a variety of goal domains. Despite this methodological diversity, the studies provided clear and consistent evidence that individuals with low power in their relationships are especially likely to engage in both partner goal prioritization and partner goal contagion. zitiert von 16
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(2016): Power and sadomasochism. Understanding the antecedents of a knotty relationship. In: Social Psychological and Personality Science 7 (2), S. 142-148
Abstract: Examined the relationship between social power and sexual arousal to consensual sadomasochism. A large sample of 14,306 men and women (mean age 33 years) completed the Dominance subscale of the Achievement Motivation Scale and the Sadism and Masochism fantasy subscales of the Violent Sexual Interest Questionnaire (VSIQ). Results showed that power increases the arousal to sadomasochism, after controlling for age and dominance. Furthermore, the effect of power on arousal by sadistic thoughts is stronger among women than among men, while the effect of power on arousal by masochistic thoughts is stronger among men than women. These findings refute common beliefs, reinforced through novels such as Fifty Shades of Grey, that the desire for sadomasochism reflects a desire to play out power dynamics in the bedroom. Instead, the effect of power is driven through a process of disinhibition that leads people to disregard sexual norms in general and disregard sexual norms associated with their gender in particular. These results add to an emerging literature that social power changes traditional gender patterns in sex. zitiert von 4
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(2016): Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Sexism. Unter Mitarbeit von Julia C. Becker und Chris G.. Sibley. Second edition. Hove, UK: Psychology Press
Abstract: In this chapter, we first introduce the foundation of sexist beliefs: gender stereotypes. We then go on with presenting an overview of contemporary forms of sexism—with a strong focus on what are referred to in the research literature as 'benevolent sexist beliefs' (or the oft-employed acronym BS) and its negative consequences for women. Furthermore, we elaborate on sexism in romantic relationships in detail with a focus on the trade-off that it seems women may make in endorsing benevolent sexism in their romantic relationships and in broader social contexts (such as in the workplace). Finally, we outline direct and indirect consequences of sexism and introduce research on confronting and reducing sexism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2015
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(2015): Young Women’s Anger in Romantic Relationships. Gendered Rules and Power. In: Journal of Family Issues 38 (13), S. 1825-1851. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X15592029
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15592029 Abstract: We used a social constructionist and feminist framework to examine how young women negotiate gendered rules for anger in their romantic relationships and how such negotiations are associated with women’s power in these relationships. We analyzed 24 interviews using a grounded-theory methodology. Our analyses indicated five women resisted gendered rules for anger as they accepted their anger, attributed shared responsibility for their anger, and expressed their anger externally and directly. The other 19 young women followed gendered rules for anger as they distanced themselves from their anger, ambivalently attributed responsibility for their anger, and kept their anger in and expressed it indirectly. Women who resisted gendered rules for anger narrated being engaged in egalitarian relationships, while women who followed gendered rules for anger seemed to participate in nonegalitarian relationships. The findings of this study offer a feminist conceptualization of women⍊ s ange r in terms of social rules for anger experience and expression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Anger, Emotions, Family, feminism, Geschlechterforschung, Human Females, Partnerschaft/ Beziehung, Romance, rules -
(2015): Perceptions of Dating Behavior. The Role of Ambivalent Sexism. In: Sex Roles 72 (5-6), S. 237-251. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-015-0460-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0460-6 Abstract: This research investigates whether ambivalent sexism impacts individuals’ perceptions of what is appropriate and valued dating behavior, as these perceptions may contribute to the perpetuation of traditional dating scripts. Two hundred seventeen undergraduate students from the Midwestern United States read a gender-stereotypic, gender-counter stereotypic, or egalitarian heterosexual dating vignette. Participants made judgments of appropriateness, warmth, and competence separately for the man and woman on the date. Overall, gender stereotypic dates were evaluated most positively, consistent with previous work suggesting that dating behaviors remain gendered. Evidence of the restrictive nature of the masculine gender role was obtained. Men in egalitarian and counter-stereotypic dating scenarios were evaluated negatively in terms of warmth, competence, and appropriateness, thus potentially experiencing backlash effects. Indeed, the man in the gender counter-stereotypic con dition w as rated as less competent, warm, and appropriate than the women, but the man in the gender stereotypic condition was rated as more competent, warm, and appropriate than the woman. Consistent with predictions, those high in ambivalent sexism had more negative reactions to gender counter-stereotypic dating scenarios than those low in ambivalent sexism. However, ambivalent sexism did not predict different reactions towards gender stereotypic and egalitarian dating scenarios, and egalitarian dates were rated as most typical regardless of participants’ ambivalent sexism. Thus, greater acceptance of gender counter-stereotypic dates was observed among those low in ambivalent sexism, and even those high in ambivalent sexism were accepting of egalitarian dating practices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015): People judge male sexism more leniently when women emasculate men (PSYNDEXshort). In: Social Psychology 46 (4), S. 197-209
Abstract: While overt sexism has become less acceptable in recent years, sexism frequently goes unchallenged by observers for a variety of reasons. In the present investigation, we propose that people may excuse men's sexist remarks when the remarks follow a manhood threat caused by a woman. In Study 1, we found that a man's sexist remark buffered against the emasculating effect of a threat to his masculinity from an ex-girlfriend. In Study 2, we further show that observers excuse a man's sexist remark following a competitive loss to a woman to the extent that they perceive him as less manly as a result. We replicate this finding in Study 3 while ruling out two competing explanations. We discuss the implication that sexism prevention efforts need to identify and address gender-related contexts where sexism is excused in order for efforts to move toward its prevention.
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(2015): The prosocial versus proself power holder. How power influences sacrifice in romantic relationships. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 41 (6), S. 779-790. DOI: 10.1177/0146167215579054
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215579054 Abstract: Romantic partners often have to sacrifice their interests to benefit their partner or to maintain the relationship. In the present work, we investigated whether relative power within the relationship plays an important role in determining the extent to which partners are likely to sacrifice. Drawing from both classic theories and recent research on power, we tested two competing predictions on the relationship between power and sacrifice in romantic relationships. We tested whether (a) power is negatively related to sacrifice and (b) power is positively related to sacrifice. Furthermore, we also explored whether the association between power and sacrifice is moderated by commitment and inclusion of the other in the self. To test our hypotheses, we used different methodologies, including questionnaires, diary studies, and videotaped interactions. Results across the five studies (N = 1,088) consistently supported the hypothesis that power is negatively related to tendencies to sacrifice in close relationships. zitiert von 21
Keywords: Adult, Courtship, Female, Humans, Interaction, Interpersonal Control, Interpersonal Interaction, Interpersonal Relations, Intimacy, Male, Partnerschaft/ Beziehung, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, POWER, Power (Psychology), Prosocial Behavior, Relationship Quality Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): Adolescent, Romance, Social Behavior, Sozialpsychologie, Young -
(2015): The role of moral commitment within the Investment Model. In: International Journal of Psychology 50 (2), S. 155-160. DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12088
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12088 Abstract: The Investment Model (Rusbult, 1980) defines general commitment as a long‐term orientation towards relationship maintenance and feelings of psychological attachment, influenced by satisfaction, quality of alternatives and intrinsic/extrinsic investments. We suggest the importance of additionally assessing moral commitment, defined by an intrapersonal predisposition to remain in the relationship (Johnson, 1991). We argue moral commitment's association to perceived intrinsic investments acting as internal barriers influencing general commitment and promoting relationship maintenance. A correlational study resorting to structural equation modelling showed that moral commitment predicted intrinsic investments, which in turn predicted general commitment (Model 1). No direct paths emerged from moral commitment to satisfaction or quality of alternatives (Model 2), nor it emerged as a fourth direct predictor of general commitment (Model 3). Results are discussed under relationships maintenance and dissolution frameworks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2014
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(2014): Personality traits and living arrangements in young adulthood. Selection and socialization. In: Developmental Psychology 50 (3), S. 683-698
Abstract: Based on the social investment principle and theories of social relationship differentiation, the present study was conducted to investigate whether personality differences in high school predict young adults' living arrangements (with roommates or a romantic partner, alone, or staying with parents) 2 years later (selection) and whether these different social contexts provoke long-term personality changes (socialization). Using data from a 3-wave longitudinal study of 8,052 high school graduates in Germany, multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed substantial selection effects of the Big Five traits on living arrangements. Propensity score matching was applied to provide a strong test of the socialization effects of these living arrangements. Young adults who lived with roommates showed increases in Openness but the smallest increases in Conscientiousness. Living with a romantic partner was the most beneficial arrangement for the development of Conscientiousness. These results highlight the importance of social contexts for personality development in young adulthood. zitiert von 14
2013
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(2013): A mixed-methodological examination of investment model variables among abused and nonabused college women. In: Journal of American College Health 61 (1), S. 36-43. DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2012.750609
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2012.750609 Abstract: Objective: This study assessed abused and nonabused women's perceptions of Investment Model (IM) variables (ie, relationship investment, satisfaction, commitment, quality of alternatives) utilizing a mixed-methods design. Participants: Participants included 102 college women, approximately half of whom were in abusive dating relationships. Methods: Qualitative content analyses were used to analyze transcribed responses to open-ended questions about abused and nonabused women's perceptions of IM variables. These coding categories were compared with a quantitative measure of IM variables. Results: Overall, abused and nonabused women were not found to differ on qualitative or quantitative measures with regard to overall level of commitment, investment, or perceived alternatives to their relationships. However, abused women reported lower levels of satisfaction, and listed more negative aspects of their relationships than nonabused women. Additionally, a number of factors were identified by women to affect their perceptions of these IM variables. Conclusions: Victims of dating violence may minimize the abuse sustained in efforts to maintain their relationships. Alternatively, dissonance between the positive and negative aspects of the relationships may drive ambivalence about leaving relationships, all of which could be addressed in dating violence prevention and intervention programming on campuses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): The Investment Model Scale (IMS): Further studies on construct validation and development of a shorter version (IMS-S). In: Journal of General Psychology 140 (1), S. 16-28. DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2012.710276
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2012.710276 Abstract: The Investment Model (IM; Rusbult, 1980, 1983) has been widely used to study the development and maintenance of romantic relationships. Its components—satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investment size and commitment—are operationalized in the Investment Model Scale (IMS; Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1998).Given its importance for personal relationships literature, this article presents the adaptation and validation of the IMS to Portugal, and the development and validation of a shorter version, the IMS-S. A confirmatory factor analysis replicates the IMS’s original four factors structure. A similar structure was found for the IMS-S. For both versions, results show the instruments to have validity and good reliability. Results are discussed considering the scales’ importance for studying romantic relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2011
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(2011): Does the measurement of peer deviance change the relationship between self-control and deviant behavior?. An analysis of friendship pairs. In: Journal of Criminal Justice 39 (6), S. 521-530. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.10.001
Abstract: Purpose: The measurement debate between social learning and self-control theories has predominantly focused on self-control, leaving an unexplored and equally important measurement controversy concerning the operationalization of the peer delinquency construct. This study addresses how self-control's relationship with deviant and criminal behavior changes when peer deviance is statistically controlled for using an indirect, perceptual measure or a self-report directly from a peer. Methods: Data from 796 friendship pairs are used to estimate a series of regression models that regress respondent deviance onto indirect and direct peer deviance and attitudinal and behavioral self-control measures while controlling for elements of the social bond and demographic characteristics. Results: When an indirect measure of peer delinquency is replaced with a direct measure from respondents’ friends, the relationships between self-control—attitudinal and behavioral measures—and deviance and criminal behavior are consistently larger. The use of a direct peer deviance measure does not prove the peer deviance-crime relationship spurious, but does substantially weaken the relationship between self-control and deviance and criminal behavior. Conclusions: The strength of the relationship between self-control and deviant/criminal behavior is contingent on how peer deviance is operationalized, regardless of how self-control is measured (attitudinally or behaviorally). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 28
2008
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(2008) : Committed to what? Using the Bases of Relational Commitment Model to understand continuity and change in social relationships In: Forgas, Joseph Paul; Fitness, Julie (Hg.): Social relationships: Cognitive, affective, and motivational processes: New York, NY, US: Psychology Press (The Sydney symposium of social psychology), S. 147-164
Abstract: Past research on commitment processes in close relationships has tended to adopt a dichotomous view of relationship persistence, yoked to the type of relationship under consideration. A relationship is either on or off, together or broken up. We argue against such a view, reasoning that close relationships are more suitably characterized by frequent changes in type of relations between dyad members. Little is known about how relationships may morph from one type to another, such as from a steady romantic relationship to a friendship (or vice versa). This chapter considers how people contemplate relationships with alternative others as well as alternative forms of a relationship with a current relationship partner. We focus our discussion on the concept of need fulfillment, noting how needs might be filled by different partners or by different forms of a relationship with a given person. Using the Bases of Relational Commitment Model, a new model that extends the well-known and validated Investment Model, we articulate a theoretical framework that identifies how thoughts about other forms of a relationship with a partner might help account for relative commitment to the current type of relationship experienced by dyad members. We close by describing some methodological challenges to conceptualizing relationships as dynamic and subject to change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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Forgas, Joseph Paul; Fitness, Julie (Hg.) (2008): Social relationships: Cognitive, affective, and motivational processes. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press (The Sydney symposium of social psychology)
Abstract: Human beings are an intrinsically gregarious species-our personal relationships are of immense interest to us and are a key factor in achieving happiness and well being. From the moment of birth, humans crave love and intimacy and we devote much energy to creating …
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(2008): Sunken costs and desired plans: Examining different types of investments in close relationships. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (12), S. 1639-1652. DOI: 10.1177/0146167208323743
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208323743 Abstract: Although the concept of investments in romantic relationships has featured prominently in close relationships research, there have been no empirical analyses of different types of investments and their possible differential predictive power regarding relationship state or fate. With data from five independent samples, the authors offer and examine investments that differ in terms of their timing (past vs. planned) and materiality (tangible vs. intangible). Cross-sectional and longitudinal tests of hypotheses regarding these investment types provide evidence for the utility of considering specific types of investments in predicting a variety of important relationship factors, including commitment, stability, and the impact of breakup on relationship partners. Intangible investments and planned investments were found to be particularly robust predictors of key relational states and outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2008) : In guten wie in schlechten Tagen - Prädiktoren und Konsequenzen des Beziehungscommitments In: Rohmann, Elke; Herner, Michael Jürgen; Fetchenhauer, Detlef (Hg.): Sozialpsychologische Beiträge zur Positiven Psychologie. Eine Festschrift für Hans-Werner Bierhoff: Lengerich: Pabst, S. 45-72
Abstract: Es wird ein Überblick zu Prädiktoren und Konsequenzen des Beziehungscommitments gegeben. Das Beziehungscommitment stellt ein mehrdimensionales Konstrukt dar, das in einem engen Zusammenhang mit der Beziehungsstabilität steht. Es umfasst die psychologische Bindung an den Beziehungspartner, die Langzeitorientierung und die Intention, diese Beziehung fortzusetzen. Empirische Befunde bestätigen die Relevanz der vom Investitionsmodell nach C. E. Rusbult angenommenen Prädiktoren: So wird das Beziehungscommitment positiv von der Zufriedenheit und den Investitionen und negativ von den Alternativen beeinflusst. Die Bedeutung dieser Austauschvariablen für das Beziehungscommitment wird allerdings durch partnerschaftliche Interdependenz moderiert. Hinsichtlich der Konsequenzen des Beziehungscommitments verweisen Studien darauf, dass das Beziehungscommitment mit zahlreichen beziehungsförderlichen Verhaltensweisen (etwa Treue, Verzeihen, positive Illusionen über den Partner, Abwertung attraktiver Alternativen) einhergeht. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass eine dauerhafte und zufriedenstellende Partnerschaft für die meisten Menschen eine sehr hohe Bedeutung für ihr Lebensglück hat, wird die Relevanz des Beziehungscommitments im Sinne der Positiven Sozialpsychologie deutlich.
Keywords: Beziehungsqualität, commitment, COUPLES, Ehe und Familie, Glück, Group & Interpersonal Processes, Gruppendynamik und interpersonelle Prozesse, interpersonal relationships, Interpersonelle Beziehungen, Investitionsmodell von Beziehungen, investment model & interdependency & stability of partnership & relationship-promoting behavior & relationship satisfaction & life satisfaction & positive social psychology, Lebenszufriedenheit, Life Satisfaction, Marriage & Family, Paare, Partnerschaft/ Beziehung, Positive Psychologie, Positive Psychology, predictors & consequences of relationship commitment, Relationship Quality, Sozialpsychologie, Verpflichtung 2007
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(01.01.2007): Interdependenz in Paarbeziehungen: Vertraute Theorien - Neue Empirie. Eine Studie zum Investitionsmodell enger Beziehungen anhand des Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model.
Abstract: Das auf der Theorie sozialer Interdependenz aufbauende Investitionsmodell enger Beziehungen von Rusbult besagt, dass solche Beziehungen umso stabiler und befriedigender verlaufen, je stärker das Beziehungscommitment ausgeprägt ist, das wiederum aus der Zufriedenheit, den Investitionen und der Qualität der Alternativen resultiert. Bisher lagen trotz der zugrunde liegenden theoretischen Annahme sozialer Interdependenz kaum Befunde über Interdependenz in den Variablen des Investitionsmodells vor. Daher wurde untersucht, in welchem Ausmaß soziale Interdependenz im Hinblick auf Zufriedenheit, Investitionen, Alternativen und Commitmentstärke nachweisbar ist. Zur Datenerhebung wurde ein webbasierter Fragenbogen erstellt, der aus den Skalen zum Investitionsmodell von Rusbult (Grau und Mitarbeiter, 2001), die sowohl aus der eigenen als auch aus der Perspektive des Partners zu bearbeiten waren, den Skalen zur Erfassung von Bindungsrepräsentationen in Paarbeziehungen (Grau, 1999) und dem Partnerschaftsfragebogen (Hahlweg, 1996) bestand. Der Fragebogen wurde jeweils von beiden Partnern in 77 heterosexuellen Beziehungen bearbeitet. Es wurde geprüft, welche Bedeutung tatsächliche und wahrgenommene Ähnlichkeit zwischen den Partnern in ihrer Zufriedenheit, ihren Investitionen und ihren Alternativen für die individuelle Commitmentstärke und die Beziehungsqualität haben. Es zeigte sich, dass die wahrgenommene Commitmentähnlichkeit bei Frauen zur Vorhersage der Beziehungsqualität beiträgt. Bei Männern galt dies jedenfalls tendenziell für die tatsächliche Ähnlichkeit in der Qualität der Alternativen. Bei der Vorhersage der Commitmentstärke resultierten Actor-Effekte der Beziehungszufriedenheit und der Investitionen, Partnereffekte konnten nicht identifiziert werden. Durch die Erweiterung des Investitionsmodells um die beim Partner vermutete Commitmentstärke, Zufriedenheit, Investitionen und Alternativen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Frauen und Männer umso stärkeres Commitment berichten, je weniger Investitionen und je stärkeres Commitment sie bei ihrem Partner vermuten. Während ein Anstieg der Beziehungsqualität bei Männern allein mit steigender eigener Zufriedenheit und abnehmenden Investitionen einherging, berichteten Frauen zusätzlich über umso größere Beziehungsqualität, je schlechter die Qualität ihrer Alternativen ist und je mehr Zufriedenheit sie bei ihrem Partner vermuten. Die Zufriedenheit des Partners wurde von beiden Geschlechtern unterschätzt. Frauen überschätzten die Investitionen ihrer Partner und Männer unterschätzten diese bei ihrer Partnerin. Während die beim Partner vermuteten Investitionen und das bei ihm vermutete Commitment unabhängig vom Bindungsstil wahrgenommen wurden, wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen beim Partner vermuteter und von ihm selbst berichteter Zufriedenheit und Qualität der Alternativen durch den Bindungsstil moderiert. Bei Frauen stand dabei die Angstdimension im Vordergrund, bei Männern die Vermeidungsdimension. Die Erweiterung des Investitionsmodells um die beim Partner vermutete Zufriedenheit, die bei ihm vermuteten Investitionen und Alternativen sowie die bei ihm vermutete Commitmentstärke leistete zusätzliche Beiträge zur Vorhersage der Commitmentstärke einer Person und der von ihr berichteten Beziehungsqualität. Soziale Interdependenz als Charakteristikum enger zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen kann im Falle des Investitionsmodells als empirisch bestätigt angesehen werden. Durch die Integration des Bindungsstils als Moderator der Zusammenhänge zwischen beim Partner vermuteter Commitmentstärke und Zufriedenheit bzw. bei ihm vermuteten Investitionen und Alternativen und den vom Partner berichteten Variablen des Investitionsmodells erwies sich als fruchtbarer Zugang zur Erklärung des Erlebens und Verhaltens in Beziehungen bzw. zum Nachweis von Interdependenz.
2004
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(2004): Anger, Blame, and Dimensions of Perceived Norm Violations. Culture, Gender, and Relationships. In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34 (8), S. 1587-1603. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02788.x
Abstract: From a social cognitive perspective on anger, the structure of perceived norm violations and their relationships with anger were examined. 884 university students from 4 countries (United States, Germany, Japan, and Hong Kong) were asked to rate their experiences of being harmed in terms of norm violations, angry feelings, blame, and relationship with the harm doers. Two culturally common dimensions in perceived norm violations (informal interpersonal norms and formal societal norms) were found, and these dimensions substantially increased both angry feelings and blame in almost all cultural groups. The violation of interpersonal norms generally evoked anger more frequently than that of societal norms, but there were interactions between culture and relationship closeness and between gender and relationship closeness. zitiert von 58
2003
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(2003): Die Stabilisierung von Partnerschaften durch bilaterale Investitionen. Das Beispiel der Unternehmensbesitzer. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie 32 (1), S. 50-69
Abstract: In order to explain the stability of marriages and cohabitations it is often argued that specific investments are crucial determinants of explanation. Especially within the framework of the New Home Economics it is assumed that shared investments, e.g. common children or shared property, reduce the risk of divorce. Although many empirical studies give evidence of this effect, this theory does not explain how these specific investments develop. In particular incomplete information about the partner and the need to allocate investments in an unbalanced manner will reduce one's willingness to tie oneself to a new partner. In order to explain why actors make high specific investments nevertheless, exchange theory is used to model partnerships as a dynamic process. In the beginning, the couple exchange small investments step by step. These accumulate over time to a strong commitment which enable the actors to make high unilateral investments. Within this process the actors can decide on the extent of their commitment to the partnership at any given point of time by controlling the pace of exchange in the relationship. Consequently, the higher a couple's interest in specific investments, the higher the pace of bilateral exchange is. This model is tested by comparing marriages of employed persons to those of firm owners, who are alleged to have an especially high interest in stable partnerships. Based on the data of the Mannheim Divorce Project it can be shown that firm owners and their spouses bring about crucial events in the course of a partnership, such as the first child or common real estate ownership sooner than other couples. Moreover, there is strong empirical evidence that firm owners are less likely to get divorced. (author's abstract) Für die Erklärung der Stabilität von Ehen wie nichtehelichen Partnerschaften wird häufig auf die Idee der spezifischen Investition zurückgegriffen. Vor allem in der neuen Haushaltsökonomie wird angenommen, dass beispielsweise gemeinsame Kinder oder geteilter Immobilienbesitz die Partner durch erhöhte Ausstiegskosten aneinander binden. Obwohl die stabilisierende Wirkung dieser Faktoren in zahlreichen Untersuchungen empirisch belegt wurde, bleibt jedoch unklar, wie die Entstehung dieser spezifischen Investitionen zu erklären ist. Insbesondere unvollständige Information über den Partner am Anfang der Beziehung und die häufig ungleichgewichtige Verteilung spezifischer Investitionen führen zu hohen Risiken und reduzieren die Bereitschaft, derartige Verpflichtungen einzugehen. Warum in Partnerschaften trotzdem sehr hohe Investitionen getätigt werden, wird unter Rückgriff auf tausch- und lerntheoretische Argumente deutlich, mit deren Hilfe die Beziehung als dynamischer Prozess modelliert wird. Akteure tauschen am Anfang ihrer Partnerschaft schrittweise kleine Investitionen, die sich im Laufe der Zeit für beide zu einer hohen Austrittsschwelle summieren können und so auch hohe, einseitige Investitionen eines Partners ermöglichen. Da jedoch eine hohe Beziehungsstabilität aufgrund der Unsicherheit über deren weitere Entwicklung nicht per se vorteilhaft ist, werden die Akteure die Geschwindigkeit dieses bilateralen Investitionsprozess im Hinblick auf die gewünschte Bindungswirkung steuern. Getestet wird dieses Modell am Beispiel der Partnerschaften von Unternehmensbesitzern, die aufgrund der engen Verknüpfung von Haushalt und Erwerbstätigkeit ein besonderes Interesse an stabilen privaten Beziehungen besitzen. Anhand der Mannheimer Scheidungsstudie kann gezeigt werden, dass Unternehmensbesitzer und ihre Ehepartner früher zentrale Ereignisse in der Partnerschaftsbiographie - wie etwa das erste gemeinsame Kind - durchlaufen. Dieser beschleunigte Investitionsprozess führt schließlich konsequenterweise zu einer höheren Stabilität der Ehen von Unternehmensbesitzern. (Autorenreferat)
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(2003): Was macht Partnerschaften glücklich und stabil?. Ein Test des Investitionsmodells unter Berücksichtigung der Bindungsstile. Hamburg: Kovac (Studien zur Familienforschung, Band 12)
Abstract: Auf der Grundlage des Investitionsmodells von C. E. Rusbult wird versucht, Bedingungen für die Zufriedenheit in romantischen Beziehungen und für die Stabilität von Partnerschaften aufzuklären. Geleitet von der Annahme, dass das Erleben und Verhalten in austauschrelevanten Interaktionen in romantischen Beziehungen auch von dem partnerschaftlichen Bindungsstil beeinflusst wird, wurde dabei eine Verbindung des Investitionsmodells mit der Bindungstheorie angestrebt. Auf der Grundlage dieser beiden Konzepte und unter Berücksichtigung der Reaktionsweisen auf Unzufriedenheit wurde die Beziehungsqualität und -stabilität von Partnerschaften im Längsschnitt analysiert. Fragebogendaten wurden über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren zu drei Messzeitpunkten an Stichproben von 583 bzw. 467 bzw. 343 Personen erhoben. Insgesamt bestätigten die Befunde deutlich die Annahmen des Investitionsmodells. Die Erhebung der Variablen im Längsschnitt unterstützte dabei die von Rusbult postulierten kausalen Zusammenhänge zwischen den einzelnen Modellvariablen. Die Belohnungen, die in der Partnerschaft erlebt wurden, beeinflussten die Beziehungszufriedenheit positiv, während die Kosten eine Minderung der Zufriedenheit bewirkten. Lediglich der negative Effekt der Erwartungen auf die Zufriedenheit konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Es zeigte sich aber theoriekonform, dass die Zufriedenheit und die Investitionen einen positiven Effekt auf das Commitment hatten, während attraktive Alternativen das Commitment an die Beziehung reduzierten. Die Ergebnisse belegten somit die Bedeutung von Austauschprozessen in romantischen Beziehungen. Für die Prognose des Commitments an die Beziehung erwies sich die Integration von Bindungstheorie und Investitionsmodell als gewinnbringend. Es gelang der Nachweis von parallel wirksamen direkten und indirekten Effekten der partnerschaftlichen Bindungsstile auf das Commitment. Bindungssicherheit beeinflusste sowohl die Prädiktoren des Commitments (Zufriedenheit, Investitionen, Alternativenqualität) als auch das Commitment selbst direkt. Interpersonelle Partnermerkmale, die aus den drei genannten Theorien abgeleitet wurden, ermöglichten eine gute Prognose von Trennungen innerhalb der nächsten drei Jahre. Die Ausprägungen der Investitionsmodellvariablen, der partnerschaftlichen Bindungsstile und der Reaktionsweisen bei Unzufriedenheit zeigten die Tendenz zur Auflösung einer Partnerschaft schon frühzeitig an.
2002
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(2002): Testing the investment model of relationship commitment and stability in a longitudinal study of married couples. In: Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues 20 (4), S. 312-326. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-001-1014-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-001-1014-3 Abstract: Tested C. E. Rusbult's (1980, 1983) investment model of relationship commitment and stability using data from both partners of 3,627 married couples (husbands aged 17-79 yrs, wives aged 17-77 yrs). As predicted, spouses' satisfaction, investments, and quality of alternatives were unique predictors of their commitment to the marital relationship. Additionally, commitment assessed at the initial testing predicted marital termination or stability 18 mo later. Multiple-group path analyses showed that the investment model provided an adequate fit to the data and that the associations among variables were similar for husbands and wives. Limitations of the model as well as directions for future research are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2001
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(2001): Skalen zum Investitionsmodell von Rusbult. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 32 (1), S. 29-44. DOI: 10.1024//0044-3514.32.1.29
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024//0044-3514.32.1.29 Abstract: According to Rusbult's investment model (1980), the dynamic and stability of close relationships can be predicted by commitment. Commitment increases with individuals' relationship satisfaction and investments, and decreases with quality of alternatives. A German version of the investment model scale (Rusbult, Martz & Agnew, 1998) measuring the four basic components of the model was constructed and tested in two studies. Study 1 (N = 173) investigated the factor structure, reliabilities and intercorrelations of the four scales. Study 2 (N = 100) assessed the convergent and discriminant validity on the basis of intercorrelations of the four scales with various external criteria. The studies revealed good reliability and validity of the scales. Das Investitionsmodell von C. E. Rusbult postuliert, dass die Dynamik und Stabilität von sozialen Beziehungen vom Commitment der Beteiligten gegenüber der Beziehung abhängen. Das Commitment ist um so größer, je höher die Zufriedenheit mit der Beziehung und die Investitionen sind und je geringer die Qualität der verfügbaren Alternativen ist. Ein Fragebogen von Rusbult, Martz und Agnew, der diese vier Komponenten des Investitionsmodells in Partnerschaften misst, wurde ins Deutsche übersetzt und in zwei Studien an Stichproben von insgesamt 273 Personen überprüft. Studie I analysierte die Faktorenstruktur der Items, die Reliabilität der Skalen und die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Skalen. Studie II untersuchte die konvergente und diskriminante Validität der Skalen anhand von Korrelationen mit verschiedenen Außenkriterien. Die Ergebnisse deuten insgeamt auf eine gute Reliabilität und Validität der Skalen hin.
1998
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(1998): The Investment Model Scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. In: Personal Relationships 5 (4), S. 357-391. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x Abstract: Three studies with undergraduates evaluated the reliability and validity of the Investment Model Scale (IMS), an instrument designed to measure 4 constructs, i.e., commitment level and 3 bases of dependence: satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. In all 3 studies, reliability analyses revealed good internal consistency among items designed to measure each construct. Also, principal components analyses performed on scale items revealed evidence of 4 factors, with items designed to measure each construct loading on independent factors. Studies 2 and 3 examined associations of model variables with instruments measuring diverse qualities of relationships and assorted personal dispositions. As anticipated, Investment Model variables were moderately associated with other measures reflecting superior couple functioning, and were essentially unrelated to measures assessing personal dispositions. In addition, Study 3 demonstrated that earlier measures of Investment Model variables predicted later levels of dyadic adjustment and later relationship status. The authors hope that the existence of a reliable and valid IMS will promote further research regarding commitment and interdependence in ongoing close relationships. The IMS facet and global items are appended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)