Alle Publikationen
2018
-
(2018) : Gender and peer relationships. In: Bukowski, William Michael; Laursen, Brett; Rubin, Kenneth H. (Hg.): Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups.: New York: Guilford Press, S. 571-589
Abstract: In this chapter, we provide contemporary theoretical and empirical information about the role of gender in the peer relations of children and adolescents. We begin by reviewing theoretical perspectives. These theories consider the development of sex-linked peer relationship processes and the impact of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships on their psychological adjustment. In regard to empirical research, research methods used to examine the role of gender in peer relationships are described. In addition, studies are reviewed that describe the nature of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships, including the tendency to segregate by sex and to engage in different activities. Finally, we consider the implications of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships, and their experiences in mixed-sex networks and friendships, on their emotional and behavioral adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2018) : Social groups. In: Ludwig, Kirk; Janković, Marija (Hg.): The Routledge handbook of collective intentionality: London; New York: Routledge (Routledge handbooks in philosophy), S. 277-289
Abstract: In this chapter, I outline rival positions on the ontology of social groups, ontological individualism and realism (or holism). Ontological individualism maintains that ultimately we need only refer to individual persons and their relations when describing the social world (i.e. the domain of human interaction), offering explanations of social phenomena, forming judgments or developing theories. Realism or holism by contrast is the thesis that reference to social groups is ineliminable from such discourse and that they are entities in their own right. A social group is a type of object over which we quantify in our folk and formal social scientific discourses. Next I explain two key points of dispute between individualism and holism. First, can groups be identified with sets of individuals? Second, can talk of social groups be wholly analyzed in terms of reference to individuals and their relations? If the answer to either of these questions is 'yes,' then it is possible for individuals (in relations) to enjoy the kind of explanatory priority which eviscerates holism of substance or interest. I sketch reasons why the answer to each is 'no' and propose there is at least a prima facie case to prefer holism. Third, I consider whether shared or collective intentions are necessary for individuals to constitute a social group and present reasons to show that they are not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
-
(2017) : Social control theory. In: Teasdale, Brent; Bradley-Engen, Mindy S. (Hg.): Preventing crime and violence: Cham: Springer (Advances in prevention science), S. 31-41
Abstract: Social control theory assumes that crime and delinquency are outcomes of an asocial human nature and that crime provides a way for a selfish, rational actor to obtain desires more quickly and easily than is possible with conventional means. Thus, crime is non-problematic, and what remains to be explained is why most people conform to the laws of society most of the time. Hirschi's answer to this question, in brief, is that our bond to society gives us too much to lose to risk engaging in criminal behavior. This focus on the social forces that promote conformity makes social control theory, as well as Hirschi's later work on self-control theory, very well suited to the study of preventing crime and violence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Criminal Behavior, Group Cohesion, social control, society, Theories, Verhaltensforschung, Violence 2016
-
(2016): On the Importance of Family, Morality, Masculine, and Feminine Honor for Theory and Research. In: Social and Personality Psychology Compass 10 (8), S. 431-442. DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12262
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12262 Abstract: This paper presents an approach to honor as multifaceted. In this approach, honor is defined as having four different facets, or honor codes: morality‐based honor, family honor, masculine honor, and feminine honor. The honor‐as‐multifaceted approach has generated much psychological research examining the importance of each honor code across different cultural and social groups. An overview of this research shows that that the different honor codes exert a powerful influence on a variety of group processes, including collective action, in‐group identification, the definition of gendered roles within the family, in‐group responses to threats to collective honor, intergroup attitudes, and value change within groups. The paper discusses how defining and measuring honor as multifaceted ‐rather than as an unitary construct‐ provides a fuller understanding of honor's role in group life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 10
2015
-
(2015): Freie Beiträge. Gemeinschaftsgefühl – (k)ein Geheimnis mit neun Siegeln. In: Zeitschrift für Individualpsychologie 40 (4), S. pp. 368-385.. Online verfügbar unter http://www.v-r.de/de/zeitschrift, zuletzt geprüft am 16.03.2018
Abstract: In his theory of Individual Psychology Adler attached central importance to the concept of social interest. In the community of Individual Psychologists, however, the concept led to a good deal of controversy. In order to bridge this discrepancy, we present in this paper a model of social adaptation using the concept of System Theory. In this model, human thought, action and feeling are related to perception, adaption and experience and then applied to the perspectives, »Me«, »You« and »Us«. Thus, in all, nine aspects of community-oriented social behaviour are derived, which are then combined to make a »Social Matrix«. In the course of children's unconscious learning processes, when they are living in the family where they grow up, only a part of the inherent social potential of an individual can be developed. This shows up as differences in the patterns on the Social Matrix. In this article the author illustrates ways in which the Social Matrix can be correlated to the A dlerian concepts of life-tasks, lifestyle and social interest. By taking specific steps to vary the significance of the fiactors that influence social learning, a new learning process can be initiated with a more balanced and personalised Social Matrix. In this process, social interest can be developed and strengthened. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Entwicklungspsychologie, Individual Psychology, Individualpsychologie, Lernen, Lerntheorien, Lifestyle, life-tasks, Psychologists, Social Behavior, social behaviour, social interest, social interest,lifestyle,life-tasks,social behaviour,Social Matrix, social learning, Social Matrix, Theories -
(2015): Culture-Inclusive Theories of Self and Social Interaction. The Approach of Multiple Philosophical Paradigms. In: Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 45 (1), S. 40-63. DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12050
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12050 Abstract: In view of the fact that culture‐inclusive psychology has been eluded or relatively ignored by mainstream psychology, the movement of indigenous psychology is destined to develop a new model of man that incorporates both causal psychology and intentional psychology as suggested by Vygotsky (1927). Following the principle of cultural psychology: 'one mind, many mentalities' (Shweder et al., 1998), the Mandala Model of Self (Hwang, 2011a,b) and Face and Favor Model (Hwang, 1987, 2012) were constructed to represent the universal mechanisms of self and social interaction that can be applied to any culture; both models can be used as conceptual frameworks for analyzing mentalities of people in any given culture. Taking research works from Foundations of Chinese Psychology: Confucian Social Relation as exemplars (Hwang, 2012), this article illustrates how to construct culture‐inclusive theories of Confucianism by multiple philosophical paradigms. The mechanism of culture‐ inclusiv e theory can be applied to explain qualitative research findings on lifeworld events of people in a particular society. It can also be utilized to predict results of quantitative research conducted to verify theoretical propositions in the scientific microworld by empirical methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 33
-
(2015): Genetics of social behavior
Abstract: Discusses theoretical assumptions underlying the research of genetic influences on social behavior. The authors argue that the vast majority of traits and conditions that show genetic influences are not hard-wired, genetically determined, or innate. Most genetically influenced conditions involve genetic variants, and these may be expressed differently depending on influences from other variants, environmental circumstances, and whether the individual has control over those circumstances. Experiments typically assign participants to artificially constructed laboratory situations under the assumption that it does not matter who is placed where because on average everyone will respond the same way in any given situation. Studies are now being redesigned with the recognition that individuals may exert considerable control over whether and how a situation develops at all, as well as how it turns out. It is often incorrectly assumed that genetic and environmental influence act independently of each other. Because individuals almost always have some control, conscious or not, over the environments they experience, G x E and gene-environment correlation (rGE) will generally be linked at least to some degree. zitiert von 1
2014
-
(2014): Using politeness to model the psychosocial dynamics of power in organizational interaction. In: International Journal of Organizational Analysis 22 (2), S. 247-273. DOI: 10.1108/IJOA-09-2011-0515
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-09-2011-0515 Abstract: Purpose: The purpose is to show how actors' relative power or parity is dynamically instanced in discrete speech behaviors that are exchanged throughout everyday organizational interaction. Design/methodology/approach: Politeness theory, rooted in the dramaturgical theories of Erving Goffman, details a set of linguistic indices used to show regard for others' face. This conceptual paper draws on politeness theory to model the unfolding of power relations within face-to-face verbal interchange in organizations. The paper presents a number of propositions suggesting how power differentials (or parity) are reflected in a set of common speech behaviors used to defray threats to face throughout organizational interaction. Findings: This article extends and applies politeness theory to organizations by exploring specific motives and linguistic outcomes of high and low power actors, describing the behavioral egalitarianism associated with organic organizations, and suggesting ho w the de mand characteristics of face-to-face interaction create oligarchic tendencies that militate against the success of workplace participation. Politeness' role in the social construction of power, and in distortive processes within hierarchical communication, is also discussed. Research limitations/implications: This paper enables researchers to understand the specific linguistic features associated with power-related roles, and it shows how the social distribution of certain speech behaviors is a function of power and dependency relations. Practical implications: The findings provide managers a fine-grained understanding of how power affects speech, and an understanding of how such speech patterns may stymie attempts to stimulate organizational empowerment and employee voice. Originality/value: Prior scholarship has neglected this most important topic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2013
-
(2013) : Making a moral decision: A proposition for an integrated model of cognition, emotion, and social interaction.: The handbook of educational theories.: Charlotte, NC, US: IAP Information Age Publishing, S. 629-642
Abstract: This chapter will address the moral decision-making processes that lead to moral behaviors and actions in adolescents and children. An integrated model of cognition, emotions, and social interaction is proposed which may be applied to elucidate the developmental processes that contribute to moral judgment. The chapter will begin with a review of major theories of moral development, focusing on the cognitive-structural models of Piaget and Kohlberg, the affective model of Hoffman, and theories associated with socialization. The review will be followed by a proposed theoretical model that outlines the processes involved in making a moral decision. The model integrates cognitive, affective, and social interaction domains. Finally, the chapter will present empirical research to preliminarily validate and support the proposed model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: age differences, Cognition, Decision Making, Emotions, entscheiden, MODELS, Moral, Moral Development, Morality, Review, social interaction, Theories -
(2013): Parental Ethnotheories, Social Practice and the Culture-Specific Development of Social Smiling in Infants. In: Mind, Culture, and Activity 20 (1), S. 79-95. DOI: 10.1080/10749039.2012.742112
Abstract: Argues that current theories on socioemotional development during infancy need to be reconceptualized in order to account for cross-cultural variation in caregiver-infant interaction. In line with the cultural-historical internalization theory of emotional development (Holodynski & Friedlmeier, 2006) and the ecocultural model of development (Keller & Kartner, 2013), the authors argue that socioemotional development can be understood only in the context of social practice and underlying ethnotheories that give significance to infants' emotional expressions. Thus, culture-specific interpretations of and expectations concerning infants' expressive cues lead to culture-specific interactional routines. These, in turn, lead to culture-specific usage of these expressions by the developing child. To develop the argument, the authors focus on a specific aspect of early socioemotional development, namely, the emergence of social smiling during infancy. Interactional dynamics in autonomous cultural milieus are based on specific ethnotheories, most prominently that positive emotional exchange during face-to-face interaction is one of the most desirable ways of interacting with infants. However, the dominant ethnotheories concerning emotional development and their associated behavioral routines vary systematically across cultural milieus and are markedly different in prototypically relational cultural milieus, in which they center on infants' contentment. This has implications for infants' emotional expressivity and, possibly, experience. zitiert von 25
-
(2013) : A moral conflict development theory based on child and teacher interactions: A cross cultural perspective.: The handbook of educational theories.: Charlotte, NC, US: IAP Information Age Publishing, S. 553-564
Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to explain the development of a moral conflict development theory that uses child/child and teacher/child interactions and that is based on a cross-cultural perspective. The goal of the moral conflict development theory is to make specific contributions to teachers' practice by: (a) providing a theoretical and practical framework concerning children's moral development based on the unfolding of certain moral emotions such as guilt and shame and (b) assisting teachers to become aware of the fact that they do make a difference in children's moral development that is dependent on how they intervene in moral mishaps and antisocial behavior that arise among children during school time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2012
-
(2012): Mindset theory of action phases
Abstract: Mindset theory of action phases is based on the distinction between motivation and volition as proposed by the Rubicon model which claims that prior to crossing the Rubicon (i.e., making a goal decision) motivational principles apply whereas thereafter volitional principles set in. The latter are concerned with goal implementation, whereas the former relate to the choosing of goals. Mindset theory of action phases proposes that different cognitive procedures are activated when people tackle the task of choosing goals versus implementing them. The respective task demands determine the features that characterize the deliberative versus implemental mindset. These pertain to what type of information is preferably processed and how it is analyzed. Mindset research has produced findings that not only support the motivation versus volition distinction but also, enlighten various debates and theories in social psychology (e.g., optimism versus realism debate, dual process theories, goal theory). Mindset theory of action phases has also spurred research on effective planning by pointing to implementation intentions (i.e., if-then plans). This research has had much applied impact. When it was linked up to research on strategies of motivationally smart goal setting (i.e., mental contrasting), it initiated the development of a time- and cost-effective behavior change intervention. zitiert von 143
2011
-
(2011) : Evaluating fairness: Critical assessment of equity theory.: Theories in social psychology.: Hoboken, USA: Wiley-Blackwell, S. 163-190
Abstract: This chapter discusses equity theory which concerns interpersonal relationships in social psychology. Most interpersonal relationships are built around trust, mutual respect, and genuine concern for the other person. Generally, people do not enter a relationship with fairness issues at the forefront of their minds. However, many people of all different backgrounds are familiar with the 'golden rule'—treat others as you would like to be treated. Many people believe that if everyone subscribed to this rule, fairness would prevail, leading to perfectly satisfying relationships. Whereas these ideas may be very intuitively appealing, they create some potential problems when people in relationships—whether it is a business relationship, a friendship, or a romance—experience difficulties. Difficulties may involve one person getting his or her way more often or experiencing hurt feelings. In reality, sometimes people feel they put more into a relationship than they get out of it. I t takes effort to build, maintain, and repair relationships, regardless of the type of relationship. Many people, both researchers and laypersons, are interested in what makes for satisfying relationships as well as what factors keep people together or drive them apart. A number of theories have been developed to help explain how people evaluate their relationships. One of them is equity theory. Equity theory is a theory that stems from economic principles. In fact, when John Stacy Adams first introduced the theory in 1963, he intended it to serve as an explanation for the fairness of exchanges between employers and their employees. Whereas researchers initially used this theory to explain employee-employer relationships, over the years, the theory has been expanded to explain various other types of relationships. Walster, Walster, and Berscheid continued to refine and to adapt the theory to help people understand how people evaluate their interactions in other kinds of rela tionship s, such as casual interpersonal relationships and intimate relationships. This type of research includes the harm-doer-victim relationship, helping relationships, collegial relationships, friendships, marital relationships, and homosexual relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2011): Die Zukunft der Cultural Studies. Theorie, Kultur und Gesellschaft im 21. Jahrhundert. Bielefeld: Transcript (Cultural studies)
Abstract: Die Zukunft der "Cultural Studies" wird erörtert. Dabei wird die Auffassung verdeutlicht, dass sich die Cultural Studies in der ersten Dekade des dritten Jahrtausends als eine umstrittene, aber gleichzeitig vielschichtige und die Komplexität des kulturellen und gesellschaftlichen Lebens erhellende Formation zeigen. Die Vielfalt der theoretischen Paradigmen, intellektuellen Perspektiven und empirischen Zugänge verbindet ihre Verpflichtung zur kritischen Analyse der Gegenwart. Ausgehend von der zentralen Relevanz von Kultur in der sich herausbildenden globalen Gesellschaft werden in den Cultural Studies die Machtverhältnisse in unterschiedlichen Kontexten analysiert, Kontingenz und Relationalität gesellschaftlicher Praktiken werden aufgezeigt. Verhältnisse von Theorie, Kultur und Gesellschaft im 21. Jahrhundert werden kritisch analysiert. - Inhalt: (1) Rainer Winter: Einleitung: Cultural Studies - Jetzt und in der Zukunft. (2) Michael Ryan: Prolegomena zu den Kulturwissenschaften. (3) Ryan Bishop: Die Cultural Studies der Zukunft: Ein Plädoyer für mehr Mut und mehr Anregungen von außen. (4) Hanno Hardt: Wozu Cultural Studies? (5) Rainer Winter: Kritik, soziale Gerechtigkeit und Intervention: Qualitative Forschung in der amerikanischen Tradition. (6) Scott Lash: Posthegemoniale Macht: Cultural Studies im Wandel? (7) Douglas Kellner: Medienspektakel und Medienevents: Kritische Überlegungen. (8) Nick Couldry: Können wir eine Medienethik erstellen, und wenn ja, auf welcher Grundlage? (9) Huimin Jin: Für einen globalen Dialogismus: Zur begrifflichen Überwindung des "kulturellen Imperialismus" und der damit verbundenen kritischen Positionen. (10) Mike Featherstone: Die Moderne und die kulturelle Frage. zitiert von 14
2009
-
(2009): Der Kampf um die Kultur. Zur Ent- und Re-Soziologisierung eines ethnologischen Konzepts. In: Soziale Welt 60 (3), S. 305-324
Abstract: Anthropology and sociology are both challenged by globalization. Supposedly self-sustaining peoples are rapidly disappearing, and attempts to conceptualize "society" within the parameters of the nation-state have proven themselves unfeasible. It is time to (re)consider the two disciplines that both took shape in the nineteenth century. Can "culture" still serve as a bridge concept? Sociologists like Andreas Reckwitz have argued in favor of a discourse- and practice-oriented conception of culture, one, however, that entails difficulties of its own, as it leads to the complete culturalization of the social. Anthropologists such as Adam Kuper or Chris Hann, on the other hand, believe the concept of culture to be so reified, diffuse and blind to power relations that they would rather abandon it completely, or "sociologize" it by a more precise delineation of the symbolic codes and social practices to which it is intended to refer. The present contribution tends to side with the scepticists. From this perspective it retraces the most significant milestones of "desociologization" the classical anthropological concept of culture. Finally, it presents more recent anthropological approaches that reconceptualize culture as an arena crosscut by power relations, in which culture is the object of negotiation. (author's abstract) Sowohl Ethnologie wie Soziologie werden durch die Globalisierung herausgefordert. Die vermeintlich abgeschlossenen fremden "Volker" verschwinden; "Gesellschaft" nationalstaatlich zu konzipieren, wird immer unplausibler. Eine (Wieder-)Annaherung der beiden im neunzehnten Jahrhundert ausdifferenzierten Facher tut Not. Taugt "Kultur" dafur als Bruckenbegriff? Soziologen wie Andreas Reckwitz werben fur eine praxis- oder diskurstheoretische Reformulierung des Kulturkonzepts, tragen dabei aber auch zu einer problematischen, weil zu umfassenden "Kulturalisierung" des Sozialen bei. Dagegen halten Ethnologen wie Adam Kuper oder Chris Hann den Kulturbegriff fur so unrettbar reifiziert, diffus und machtblind, dass sie ihn lieber abschaffen oder doch umfassend "soziologisieren" und durch eine prazisere Benennung der jeweils gemeinten symbolischen Codes oder sozialen Praktiken ersetzen wollen. Der vorliegende Artikel schliesst sich eher den Skeptikern an und zeichnet aus dieser Perspektive die wichtigsten Stationen der "Entsoziologisierung" des klassischen ethnologischen Kulturbegriffs und die neuere Kritik in der Ethnologie sowie Ansatze nach, Kultur als Arena von machtformigen Aushandlungsprozessen zu begreifen. (Autorenreferat) zitiert von 21
2008
-
(2008): Auf der Suche nach der inneren Uhr. Musikalische, psychologische und neurologische Konzepte des Timings. Osnabrück: Electronic Publ (Osnabrücker Beiträge zur systematischen Musikwissenschaft)
Abstract: Die wesentlichen Strömungen in der Erforschung von Phänomenen des Timing werden im Überblick dargestellt. Dabei werden musikalische, psychologische und neurologische Konzepte behandelt. Im Zentrum der Betrachtung stehen Fragen zur äußeren Wirkungsweise der "inneren Uhr", zur abstrakten Modellbildung der inneren Uhr, zur Verortung von Modellen im menschlichen Organismus und zur Wirkungsweise der inneren Uhr auf neurophysiologischer Grundlage. - Inhalt: (1) Einleitung. (2) Musikbezogene Untersuchungen (Timingphänomene; Timingmodelle). (3) Psychologische Timingmodelle (Timingphänomene; Timingmodelle). (4) Verortungen. (5) Zusammenfassung: Auf der Suche nach der inneren Uhr. (6) Anhang (Nerven und Informationsübertragung; Motorik: Reflexe und Bewegungsprogramme; Aufbau und Funktion des ZNS; motorische Zentren; auditiver Pfad).
Keywords: Motor Processes, music, Musik, musikalische Bildung, neurophysiology, Neurowissenschaften, Rhythm, PSYCHOLOGY, Theories, time, time perception, timing, Zeit 2007
-
(2007): Reviving the search for social intelligence - A multitrait-multimethod study of its structure and construct validity. In: Personality and Individual Differences 42 (1), S. 3-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.027
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.027 Abstract: Investigated the multidimensionality of social intelligence and the differences between this concept and the concept of academic intelligence. A total of 118 high school and 1st-year psychology students aged 17 to 33 years completed the following measures: the Chapin Social Insight Test (SIT), the Social Translation Subtest (ST), a subtest of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT-Faces), the Interpersonal Perception Task-15 (IPT-15), the Tacit Knowledge Inventory for managers (TKIM), and the Berlin Intelligence Structure Test (BIS). Additionally, social memory was tested verbally, pictorially, and video-based. Results support the suggested factor structure of social intelligence, and quite low correlations between social and academic intelligence tests are found, except for the social memory tests. It is concluded that the design of the postulated social intelligence model holds true, and that social and academic intelligence present 2 separate constructs.
Keywords: Academic Aptitude, Emotional Intelligence, Emotionale Intelligenz, Fähigkeit (Schule und Hochschule), Intelligence, Intelligenz, Modelle, MODELS, multidimensionality of social intelligence & definition of academic intelligence, numerous tests on social memory & knowledge & understanding & academic intelligence, Personality Traits & Processes, Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Persönlichkeitsprozesse, science direct, Social Skills, Soziale Fertigkeiten, Soziale Intelligenz, Theorien, Theories 2001
-
(2001) : The Power Interaction Model: Theory, methodology, and empirical applications. In: Lee-Chai, Annette Y.: The use and abuse of power: Multiple perspectives in the causes of corruption: Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press, S. 195-214
Abstract: Conflict between parties is a fact of life and is to be expected in most social settings. In some situations, the conflict may manifest itself only as a mild disagreement, whereas, in others, mortal combat is not out of the question. Handled properly conflict can lead to positive change and growth, yet if mishandled it can hinder relations and even lead to destruction. The process of gaining compliance in conflict situations can be grouped under three main issues: (1) the means used by one party to influence the attitudes or behaviors of another party, (2) the effectiveness of the influence attempts in gaining compliance, and (3) the various consequences, both positive and negative, associated with these attempts. The present chapter focuses on conflicts in dyadic relationships and presents the Interpersonal Power Interaction Model (IPIM) for understanding the process by which one party chooses tactics for changing behavior or attitudes in the other party. The IPIM can se rve as a n overarching theory in the field of power and can provide greater methodological unity and coordination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1998
-
Bierhoff, Hans-Werner (1998): Aggression und Gewalt. Phänomene Ursachen und Interventionen. Ärger, Aggression und Gerechtigkeit: Moralische Empörung und antisoziales Verhalten. Stuttgart [u.a.]: Kohlhammer
Abstract: Der Zusammenhang zwischen Fairness bzw. Unfairness und aggressivem Verhalten wird vorgestellt. Die in der Psychologie bekannten Fairness-Regeln werden skizziert, und es wird gezeigt, dass Verletzungen dieser Regeln drei unterscheidbare Reaktionstypen auslösen: Ärger, Selbstabwertung, zunehmende Leistungsbereitschaft. Insbesondere der Zusammenhang zwischen Ärger und aggressivem Verhalten (im Kontext von Gerechtigkeit und Verantwortung) wird unter Bezugnahme auf empirische Daten behandelt. Im weiteren wird die Theorie der relativen Deprivation beschrieben, die sich mit dem Phänomen des Ärgers aufgrund steigender Erwartungen befasst und die einen Spezialfall wahrgenommener Unfairness darstellt. Abschließend wird diskutiert, ob die Auslösung von Ärger und Aggression durch Unfairness und Verletzung normativer Erwartungen eher soziobiologisch oder eher soziokulturell erklärt werden kann.
1996
-
(1996): Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Analyse von Kultur(en) und interkulturellen Interaktionen
Abstract: Ein theoretisches Modell zur Beschreibung und Analyse von interkulturellen Prozessen wird vorgestellt. Zentrales Anliegen des Modells ist es, die Dynamik zwischen kultureller Konstanz in uberdauernden kulturellen, womoglich universell gultigen Strukturen und kulturellem Wandel zu verdeutlichen. Dabei wird auch auf das Problem der Abgrenzungs- und Zugehorigkeitsfunktion von Kultur in Verbindung mit dem zugleich thematisierten Aspekt der autonomen, kulturellen Produktion eingegangen. Zentrale Elemente des Modells sind als Analyseeinheit die "Situation" (kulturelle Uberschneidungssituation), aufgefasst als interdependentes Verhaltnis von Individuum und Umwelt, "Schemata" als Reprasentanten von inneren und ausseren Phanomenen sowie die von J. Piaget entlehnten Begriffe der Assimilation, Akkomodation und Aquilibration, mit denen der Gesichtspunkt der erfolgreichen Adaptation an sich verandernde situative Bedingungen betont wird. In der Fahigkeit zur kollektiven, nichtbiologischen Adaptation auf intermediarer Ebene wird ein Ausdruck der Kulturfahigkeit des Menschen gesehen. Mit dem Begriff der praadaptiven Gegensatze werden universell gultige Dilemmata bezeichnet, die vor jeder konkreten Adaptationsleistung fur alle Menschen bestehen. Weitere vorgeschlagene Begriffe sind "adaptives Pendeln" und "adaptive Achsen". Auf die Bedeutung der vorgestellten Theorie fur interkulturelle Kommunikation und fur die Funktion von Mediatoren als Vermittler zwischen Kulturen wird hingewiesen. zitiert von 115
1995
-
(1995) : Towards the ethical robot In: Ford, Kenneth M.; Glymour, Clark N.; Hayes, Patrick J. (Hg.): Android epistemology: Menlo Park, CA; Cambridge, MA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence, S. 243-252
Abstract: reviews the basic approaches to ethical theory common in philosophy and asks the salient question ’how could ethical systems of various sorts be made computable’ (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(1995): Macht und Moral. In: Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften 6 (3), S. 379-387
Abstract: Im Rahmen einer Analyse des Verhältnisses von Macht und Moral wird gezeigt, dass die moralische Bewertung von Machtphänomenen und die machttheoretische bzw. ideologiekritische Analyse moralischer Diskurse, die schwerpunktmäßig in der Antike bzw. in der Moderne entwickelt wurden, logisch miteinander kompatibel, ja komplementär sind. Zunächst wird der Begriff der Macht definiert, und eine Typologie der Ursachen von Machtkämpfen und der Formen von Macht wird in rein deskriptiven Sätzen skizziert. Schließlich werden diese Formen auf der Grundlage einer universalistischen Ethik moralisch bewertet. Macht bzw. Einfluss erweist sich dabei als unvermeidliches Medium des Sozialen, eine Institution mit Gewaltmonopol, die freilich zu ihrem Funktionieren nicht allein auf negativen Sanktionen gegründet sein kann, als moralisch legitimiert. - Dem Hauptartikel folgen 18 kritische Stellungnahmen (Seiten 388-427) und eine Replik des Autoren (Seiten 427-432).
1994
-
(1994) : Aggression als Verletzung sozialer Regeln In: Hoefert, Hans-Wolfgang: Neue Wege der Psychologie. Eine Wissenschaft in der Veränderung.: Heidelberg
Abstract: Unter besonderer Berucksichtigung qualitativer Ansatze werden Uberlegungen zum Verhaltnis von gesellschaftlichen Regeln, Moral und Aggression angestellt. Zunachst wird auf den Gegensatz von privaten und offentlichen Regeln eingegangen, und moralisches Handeln wird als Spezialfall regulativen Handelns aufgefasst. Dann werden unterschiedliche psychologische Definitionen des Aggressionsbegriffs erortert. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Definitionsvorschlag von G. Juttemann, der an die Vorstellung einer postkonventionellen bzw. autonomen Moral gebunden ist, Aggression als Verletzung konsensorientierter sozialer Regeln begreift. Dies wird am Beispiel der Unterlassung als aggressiver Regelverletzung veranschaulicht.
1992
-
(1992) : Über die Schwierigkeiten der Psychologie mit dem Gegenstand "Kultur": Kultur und Kulturentwicklung als vernachlässigte Gegenstandsbereiche der Psychologie In: Allesch, Christian G.: Psychologische Aspekte des kulturellen Wandels: Wien: VWGÖ, S. 31-41
Abstract: Im Rahmen theoriegeschichtlicher Überlegungen wird gezeigt, dass Kultur und Kulturentwicklung in der psychologischen Forschung vernachlässigte Gegenstände sind. Dabei wird der Versuch unternommen, Hinweise darauf zu finden, wo die spezifischen Schwierigkeiten der Psychologie im Umgang mit der Kultur liegen. Ein möglicher Ausweg aus diesen Schwierigkeiten wird in der Weiterentwicklung der theoretischen Ansätze von A. Lang, E. Bösch und W. Salber gesehen, die durch eine integrative Sicht des Verhältnisses von Kultur und Subjekt sowie durch die Betonung der Schlüsselrolle von Metaphern im Rahmen der kulturpsychologischen Theorieentwicklung gekennzeichnet sind. Zukünftige Perspektiven der Kulturpsychologie werden abschließend aufgezeigt. zitiert von 2
-
(1992): Prozedurale Gerechtigkeit. Das Wie und Warum der Fairness. In: Zeitschrift fur Sozialpsychologie 23 (3), S. 163-178. Online verfügbar unter http://econtent.hogrefe.com/loi/zspx
Abstract: Presents an overview of social psychological research on procedural fairness. The author then differentiates between distributive, interactional and procedural fairness. In addition, several procedures which are widely applied to conflict resolution are identified and their potential effects on perceived fairness are analyzed. Process control effects (i.e., voice) and appeal are emphasized as two important features of the conflict-resolution process. Finally, several theories of procedural justice are described including an attributional framework, referent cognitions theory, impression-management theory, and the mediatory model of distributive and procedural justice. In general, the application of the procedural justice concept in organizational conflicts and in the legal system is emphasized. Ein Uberblick uber die sozialpsychologische Forschung zur prozeduralen Gerechtigkeit wird gegeben. Zunachst wird die Unterscheidung zwischen distributiver, interaktionaler und prozeduraler Fairness erlautert. Dann werden Kriterien der Fairness im Zusammenhang mit diesen drei Formen von Fairness besprochen. Weiterhin werden mehrere Verfahren, die vielfach zur Konfliktlosung angewandt werden, im Hinblick auf ihre Auswirkungen auf die wahrgenommene Fairness analysiert. Effekte der Prozesskontrolle und Berufung werden als zwei wichtige Elemente der Konfliktlosung besonders betont. Abschliessend werden verschiedene Theorien der prozeduralen Gerechtigkeit beschrieben: (1) attributionstheoretischer Ansatz, (2) Referent-Cognitions-Theorie, (3) Impression-Management-Theorie, (4) Mediationsmodell distributiver und prozeduraler Fairness.