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  • 2017

  • Laukyte, Migle (2017): Artificial agents among us. Should we recognize them as agents proper?. In: Ethics and Information Technology 19 (1), S. 1-17. DOI: 10.1007/s10676-016-9411-3

    Abstract: Abstract In this paper, I discuss whether in a society where the use of artificial agents is pervasive, these agents should be recognized as having rights like those we accord to group agents. This kind of recognition I understand to be at once social and legal, and I argue that in order for an artificial agent to be so recognized, it will need to meet the same basic conditions in light of which group agents are granted such recognition. I then explore the implications of granting recognition in this manner. The thesis I will be defending is that artificial agents that do meet the conditions of agency in light of which we ascribe rights to group agents should thereby be recognized as having similar rights. The reason for bringing group agents into the picture is that, like artificial agents, they are not self-evidently agents of the sort to which we would naturally ascribe rights, or at least that is what the historical record suggests if we look, for example, at what it took for corporations to gain legal status in the law as group agents entitled to rights and, consequently, as entities subject to responsibilities. This is an example of agency ascribed to a nonhuman agent, and just as a group agent can be described as nonhuman, so can an artificial agent. Therefore, if these two kinds of nonhuman agents can be shown to be sufficiently similar in relevant ways, the agency ascribed to one can also be ascribed to the other-this despite the fact that neither is human, a major impediment when it comes to recognizing an entity as an agent proper, and hence as a bearer of rights.

    Keywords: agency, Anerkennung, Anerkennung technischer Systeme, Anerkennung und technische Systeme, Artificial agent, artificial agents, doppelter Treffer, Favoriten, Group agent, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, Personhood, RATIONALITY, Realtechnik, recognition and self, responsibility, Rights, Serviceroboter, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Robotik, Technik

  • 2011

  • Wareham, Christopher (2011): On the moral equality of artificial agents. In: International Journal of Technoethics 2 (1), S. 35-42. DOI: 10.4018/IJT.2011010103

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJT.2011010103 

    Abstract: Artificial agents such as robots are performing increasingly significant ethical roles in society. As a result, there is a growing literature regarding their moral status with many suggesting it is justified to regard manufactured entities as having intrinsic moral worth. However, the question of whether artificial agents could have the high degree of moral status that is attributed to human persons has largely been neglected. To address this question, the author developed a respect-based account of the ethical criteria for the moral status of persons. From this account, the paper employs an empirical test that must be passed in order for artificial agents to be considered alongside persons as having the corresponding rights and duties. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

    Keywords: artificial agents, Artificial intelligence, Moral & Ethik, moral equality, Morality, Robotics, Robots

  • 2008

  • Al-Fedaghi, Sabah S. (2008) : Typification-based ethics for artificial agents: 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies: Phitsanulok, Thailand: IEEE, S. 482-491

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/DEST.2008.4635149 

    Abstract: A digital ecosystem has to deal with the notion of responsibility with respect to some of its entities, including artefacts. Autonomous artificial agents have given rise to the study of the possibility that these agents have ethical aspects. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for ethical situations that involve artificial agents such as robots. Specifically, we focus on how ethical rules should be applied in reference to artificial agents in order for them to act correctly when facing ethical situations. We typify these situations in order to facilitate ethical evaluations. This typification involves classifications of ethical agents and patients according to whether they are human beings, human-based organizations, or non-human beings, and in reference to ethical evaluations of each of these entities. The resultant methodology is applied to Asimovpsilas ldquoLaws of Robotics.

    Keywords: Artificial agent, artificial agents, Asimov’s Laws, Biological system modeling, control engineering computing, digital ecosystem, Ecosystems, ethical agent, ethical aspect, ethical aspects, ethical evaluation, ethical rule, Ethics, Humans, ieee xplore, Moral & Ethik, ORGANIZATIONS, Robot, Robot sensing systems, Robots, Software agents, typification-based ethics
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