Alle Publikationen
2016
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(2016): The impact of technology on older adults’ social isolation. In: Computers in Human Behavior 63, S. 594-603. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.092
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.092 Abstract: Research indicates that social isolation and loneliness have a negative effect on health and wellbeing among older people. Various technology-based interventions have been offered to reduce social isolation; however, research demonstrating the role of various types of technologies and their effectiveness in dealing with social isolation among seniors is scarce. This study undertakes a systematic literature review of empirical studies on various types of technologies and their effectiveness in alleviating social isolation among seniors. Relevant electronic databases were searched and through 6886 initial set of studies published from 2000 to 2015 we have found eight different technologies that have been applied to alleviate social isolation, namely, general ICT, video game, robotics, personal reminder information and social management system, asynchronous peer support chat room, social network sites, Telecare and 3D virtual environment. We further evaluated the effectiveness of the technologies with social isolation among seniors. Findings show that technologies can be used to reduce social isolation among seniors. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of new technologies.
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(2016): Socially adaptive path planning in human environments using inverse reinforcement learning. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 8 (1), S. 51-66. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-015-0310-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-015-0310-2 Abstract: A key skill for mobile robots is the ability to navigate efficiently through their environment. In the case of social or assistive robots, this involves navigating through human crowds. Typical performance criteria, such as reaching the goal using the shortest path, are not appropriate in such environments, where it is more important for the robot to move in a socially adaptive manner such as respecting comfort zones of the pedestrians. We propose a framework for socially adaptive path planning in dynamic environments, by generating human-like path trajectory. Our framework consists of three modules: a feature extraction module, inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) module, and a path planning module. The feature extraction module extracts features necessary to characterize the state information, such as density and velocity of surrounding obstacles, from a RGB-depth sensor. The inverse reinforcement learning module uses a set of demonstration trajectories generated by an expert to learn the expert’s behaviour when faced with different state features, and represent it as a cost function that respects social variables. Finally, the planning module integrates a three-layer architecture, where a global path is optimized according to a classical shortest-path objective using a global map known a priori, a local path is planned over a shorter distance using the features extracted from a RGB-D sensor and the cost function inferred from IRL module, and a low-level system handles avoidance of immediate obstacles. We evaluate our approach by deploying it on a real robotic wheelchair platform in various scenarios, and comparing the robot trajectories to human trajectories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2016): Does children's moral compass waver under social pressure? Using the conformity paradigm to test preschoolers' moral and social-conventional judgments. In: Journal of experimental child psychology 150, S. 241-251. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.06.006
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27367300 Abstract: The current study tested whether preschoolers' moral and social-conventional judgments change under social pressure using Asch's conformity paradigm. A sample of 132 preschoolers (Mage=3.83years, SD=0.85) rated the acceptability of moral and social-conventional events and also completed a visual judgment task (i.e., comparing line length) both independently and after having viewed two peers who consistently made immoral, unconventional, or visually inaccurate judgments. Results showed evidence of conformity on all three tasks, but conformity was stronger on the social-conventional task than on the moral and visual tasks. Older children were less susceptible to pressure for social conformity for the moral and visual tasks but not for the conventional task. zitiert von: 6
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(2016): How Not to Structure a Social Theory. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 36 (4), S. 464-479. DOI: 10.1177/0048393106293456
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(2016) : Zombies In: Zalta, Edward: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Stanford, California: Metaphysics Research Lab. Online verfügbar unter https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/zombies/
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(2016): Quality of Life for Diverse Older Adults in Assisted Living: The Centrality of Control. In: Journal of gerontological social work 59 (7-8), S. 512-536. DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2016.1254699
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27824306 Abstract: This pilot project asked: How do ethnically diverse older adult residents of assisted living (AL) facilities in British Columbia (BC) experience quality of life? And, what role, if any, do organizational and physical environmental features play in influencing how quality of life is experienced? The study was conducted at three AL sites in BC: two ethnoculturally targeted and one nontargeted. Environmental audits at each site captured descriptive data on policies, fees, rules, staffing, meals, and activities, and the built environment of the AL building and neighborhood. Using a framework that understands the quality of life of older adults to be contingent on their capability to pursue 5 conceptual attributes-attachment, role, enjoyment, security, and control-we conducted 3 focus groups with residents (1 per site) and 6 interviews with staff (2 per site). Attributes were linked to the environmental features captured in the audits. All dimensions of the environment, especially organizational, influence tenants' capability to attain the attributes of quality of life, most importantly control. Although many tenants accept the trade-off between increased safety and diminished control that accompanies a move into AL, more could be done to minimize that loss. Social workers can advocate for the necessary multi-sectoral changes.
Keywords: 80 and over, Aged, Assistenz, Assisting Living Facilities, Attitude of Health Personnel, British Columbia, Community Networks, Female, Focus Groups, Gerontologie, Humans, Male, Personal Autonomy, Personal Satisfaction, Pilot Projects, PSYCHOLOGY, Quality of Life, Safety Management, standards -
Köhle, Karl; Herzog, Wolfgang; Joraschky, Peter; Kruse, Johannes; Langewitz, Wolf; Söllner, Wolfgang (Hg.) (2016): Uexküll, Psychosomatische Medizin. Theoretische Modelle und klinische Praxis. 8. Auflage. München: Urban & Fischer in Elsevier
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(2016): Leader prototypicality moderates the relation between access to flexible work options and employee feelings of respect and leader endorsement. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management 27 (22), S. 2771-2789. DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2015.1126337
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1126337 Abstract: Organizations are increasingly o!ering "exible work arrangements (FWA), which are associated with a variety of individual and organizational outcomes. Supervisors may support, discourage or prohibit employees’ access to and use of such programs. These actions and decisions can a!ect employees’ feelings of being respected, and their endorsement of their supervisor – that is, matters that a!ect employees’ motivation to work in pursuit of group and organizational goals. In the present paper, we take a fresh look at these relationships by proposing, in line with the social identity approach, that they are moderated by leader ingroup prototypicality (i.e. the supervisor’s representativeness of group identity). Results from two large sample surveys a year apart at one organization show that employees with supervisors who allow more FWA feel more respected as well as express stronger endorsement of their leaders. Importantly, both of those relationships are moderated by the degree of the supervisor’s in-group prototypicality, but in opposite ways. The association of FWA allowance with respect increases slightly under conditions of higher prototypicality. However, the association of FWA allowance with endorsement of leaders increases more strongly under conditions of lower prototypicality. The discussion considers theoretical, practical and research implications of these #ndings.
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(2016) : Japanese students apply same moral norms to humans and robot agents: Considering a moral HRI in terms of different cultural and academic backgrounds: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Christchurch, New Zealand: IEEE Press, S. 457-458
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451804 Abstract: An investigation was conducted into how Japanese students apply moral norms to humans and robot agents. The result revealed that they applied the same moral norm to both. This result was different from that of a former experiment done by Malle et al. A possible interpretation discussed is that such a difference would be caused by the participants’ cultural or academic background.
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(2016): Anticipating Human Activities Using Object Affordances for Reactive Robotic Response. In: IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 38 (1), S. 14-29. DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2015.2430335
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26656575 Abstract: An important aspect of human perception is anticipation, which we use extensively in our day-to-day activities when interacting with other humans as well as with our surroundings. Anticipating which activities will a human do next (and how) can enable an assistive robot to plan ahead for reactive responses. Furthermore, anticipation can even improve the detection accuracy of past activities. The challenge, however, is two-fold: We need to capture the rich context for modeling the activities and object affordances, and we need to anticipate the distribution over a large space of future human activities. In this work, we represent each possible future using an anticipatory temporal conditional random field (ATCRF) that models the rich spatial-temporal relations through object affordances. We then consider each ATCRF as a particle and represent the distribution over the potential futures using a set of particles. In extensive evaluation on CAD-120 human activity RGB-D dataset, we first show that anticipation improves the state-of-the-art detection results. We then show that for new subjects (not seen in the training set), we obtain an activity anticipation accuracy (defined as whether one of top three predictions actually happened) of 84.1, 74.4 and 62.2 percent for an anticipation time of 1, 3 and 10 seconds respectively. Finally, we also show a robot using our algorithm for performing a few reactive responses.
Keywords: Affordance, affordances, Affordanz, Algorithms, Aniticipation, Human Activities, Humans, Imaging, Intentionserkennung (Roboter erkennt Menschenintention), J. J. Gibson's theory of affordance, machine learning, MODELS, Movement, PERCEPTION, Psychological, Robotics, Soziosensitive Systeme, Soziosensitivität, Statistical, Three-Dimensional, Video Recording -
(2016): Moral emotions in social interactions. Kumulative Dissertation. Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz. Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Human- und Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 219. 2016.. Online verfügbar unter http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-205153.
Abstract: In the five contributions of this cumulative dissertation moral emotions in social interactions are investigated. - (1) Korner, A., Tscharaktschiew, N., Schulz, K., Schindler, R., & Rudolph, U. (2016, submitted). The everyday moral judge - Autobiographical recollections of moral emotions. (2) Korner, A., Schossow, F., & Rudolph, U. (2016, submitted). Emotional disapproval - Cognitive and social determinants of anger, indignation, and contempt. (3) Schindler, R., Korner, A., Bauer, S., Hadji, S., & Rudolph, U. (2015). Causes and consequences of schadenfreude and sympathy: A developmental analysis. PLOS ONE, 10 (10), e0137669. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137669. (4) Korner, A., Schindler, R., & Hahnemann, T. (in press). How moral emotions affect the probability of relapse. In P. A. Granhag (Ed.), Psychology and law in Europe: When West meets East. New York: CRC Press. (5) Korner, A., & Hommel, B. (2016, submitted). Psychopathy and spatial abilities - Reduced navigation-performance as a result of structural brain changes?
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(2016): The Everyday Moral Judge - Autobiographical Recollections of Moral Emotions. In: PLoS one 11 (12). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167224
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167224 Abstract: Moral emotions are typically elicited in everyday social interactions and regulate social behavior. Previous research in the field of attribution theory identified ought (the moral standard of a given situation or intended goal), goal-attainment (a goal can be attained vs. not attained) and effort (high vs. low effort expenditure) as cognitive antecedents of moral emotions. In contrast to earlier studies, mainly relying on thought experiments, we investigated autobiographical recollections of N = 312 participants by means of an online study. We analyzed a diverse range of moral emotions, i.e., admiration, anger, contempt, indignation, pride, respect, schadenfreude, and sympathy, by using a mixed-method approach. Qualitative and quantitative methods clearly corroborate the important role of ought, goal-attainment, and effort as eliciting conditions of moral emotions. Furthermore, we built categorical systems based on our participants' descriptions of real-life situations, allowing for more fine-grained distinctions between seemingly similar moral emotions. We thus identify additional prerequisites explaining more subtle differences between moral emotion clusters as they emerge from our analyses (i.e., cluster 1: admiration, pride, and respect; cluster 2: anger, contempt, and indignation; cluster 3: schadenfreude and sympathy). Results are discussed in the light of attributional theories of moral emotions, and implications for future research are derived.
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(2016): Ethische Herausforderungen zum Einsatz sozial-assistiver Roboter bei älteren Menschen. In: Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 49 (4), S. 303-307. DOI: 10.1007/s00391-016-1066-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-016-1066-5 Abstract: Socially assistive robots are increasingly discussed as solutions in care and domestic use for the support of senior adults; however, this raises ethical questions which hitherto have not been considered or were not predictable. The most important questions are those of privacy and data protection, safety and responsibility as well as involvement of vulnerable persons and deception. Consequently, the ethical principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy and fairness should be transposed to robotics. Clear answers and solutions are not yet available for every ethical challenge in robotics; however, the development of ethical guidelines for deployment of robots and research in the field of social service robots (SSR) are essential steps in order to embed ethics into dealing with socially assistive robots. This article provides some practical suggestions on this issue from a robotics project.
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(2016): Gender, Sociological Theory and Bourdieu’s Sociology of Practice. In: Theory, Culture & Society 23 (6), S. 119-134. DOI: 10.1177/0263276406069778
Abstract: While feminist sociology has succeeded in being recognized as a legitimate field of sociological research (yet mainly as a limited field within the broader discipline), its core objective-namely, to reconfigure the discipline, instating gender as a central analytic category-has not yet been achieved. This article argues that Bourdieu's sociology of practice offers a theoretical framework for fundamentally reconstructing sociology to integrate gender as a central category. After a brief outline of Bourdieu's reasoning in Masculine Domination and of the controversy surrounding this essay, I discuss the concept of habitus, which forms the theoretical core of Masculine Domination, in the broader context of Bourdieu's work. Habitus: is air analytical tool that overcomes the discipline's theoretical barriers to the integration of the category of gender on a central point: the concept of the social agent. I will demonstratethis by opposing the concept of habitus to the construct of the social role that, up to this day, is most influential in shaping the sociological understanding of the social agent.
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Kury, Helmut; Redo, Sławomir; Shea, Evelyne (Hg.) (2016): Women and children as victims and offenders. Background, prevention, reintegration : suggestions for succeeding generations. [Cham]: Springer International Publishing Switzerland
Abstract: There is a growing momentum for international and domestic legal reforms to confront violence against women and children, as indicated by the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and recent initiatives by the United Nations and others. This chapter examines the impact and potential of international human rights law as a component of efforts to prevent and redress violence against women and children.
Keywords: Dzieci, Kobiety, Missbrauch, Ofiary przestępstw, Rechtswissenschaft, Uczenie się społeczne -
(2016): Anger and perception of unfairness and harm: Cultural differences in normative processes that justify sanction assignment. In: Asian Journal of Social Psychology 19 (1), S. 6-15. DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12119
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12119 Abstract: Drawing on moral foundation theory, the author found that in response to an infringement of intellectual property rights, both US and Chinese samples reported anger and evaluated the infringement negatively. The results also highlight the importance of considering cultural factors in moral decision‐making. Apparently, in Chinese culture, moral decisions tend to be norm‐based, even when people are assigning sanction to a transgression of the ethics of autonomy. In contrast, in American culture, moral decisions tend to be preference‐based. Furthermore, although people tend to express their anger through punishment and contempt and disgust with social exclusion, in the American context, due to its relatively high mobility, to express their moral anger, individuals prefer to sanction wrongdoing by socially isolating the wrongdoer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2016): Cultural Evolution, Reductionism in the Social Sciences, and Explanatory Pluralism. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 30 (3), S. 331-361. DOI: 10.1177/004839310003000301
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(2016): Power and sadomasochism. Understanding the antecedents of a knotty relationship. In: Social Psychological and Personality Science 7 (2), S. 142-148
Abstract: Examined the relationship between social power and sexual arousal to consensual sadomasochism. A large sample of 14,306 men and women (mean age 33 years) completed the Dominance subscale of the Achievement Motivation Scale and the Sadism and Masochism fantasy subscales of the Violent Sexual Interest Questionnaire (VSIQ). Results showed that power increases the arousal to sadomasochism, after controlling for age and dominance. Furthermore, the effect of power on arousal by sadistic thoughts is stronger among women than among men, while the effect of power on arousal by masochistic thoughts is stronger among men than women. These findings refute common beliefs, reinforced through novels such as Fifty Shades of Grey, that the desire for sadomasochism reflects a desire to play out power dynamics in the bedroom. Instead, the effect of power is driven through a process of disinhibition that leads people to disregard sexual norms in general and disregard sexual norms associated with their gender in particular. These results add to an emerging literature that social power changes traditional gender patterns in sex. zitiert von 4
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(2016): To Have Control Over or to Be Free From Others? The Desire for Power Reflects a Need for Autonomy. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 42 (4), S. 498-512. DOI: 10.1177/0146167216634064
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26984014 Abstract: The current research explores why people desire power and how that desire can be satisfied. We propose that a position of power can be subjectively experienced as conferring influence over others or as offering autonomy from the influence of others. Conversely, a low-power position can be experienced as lacking influence or lacking autonomy. Nine studies show that subjectively experiencing one's power as autonomy predicts the desire for power, whereas the experience of influence over others does not. Furthermore, gaining autonomy quenches the desire for power, but gaining influence does not. The studies demonstrated the primacy of autonomy across both experimental and correlational designs, across measured mediation and manipulated mediator approaches, and across three different continents (Europe, United States, India). Together, these studies offer evidence that people desire power not to be a master over others, but to be master of their own domain, to control their own fate. zitiert von 30
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(2016): Dear computer, teach me manners: Testing virtual employment interview training. In: International Journal of Selection and Assessment 24 (4), S. 312-323
Abstract: Introduced and evaluated virtual employment interview (VI) training with a focus on nonverbal behavior. In the present study, participants in the VI training group took part in a simulated interview with a virtual character. Simultaneously, the computer analyzed participants' nonverbal behavior and provided real-time feedback. A control group received parallel interview training. Following training, participants took part in mock interviews, where interviewers rated participants' nonverbal behavior, and interview performance. A total of 70 college students (mean age 24 years) participated. Measures included the Measurement of Anxiety in Selection Interviews (MASI). Results revealed (1) that participants of VI training showed better interview performance, (2) that this effect was mediated by nonverbal behavior, and (3) that VI training had a positive influence on interview anxiety. These results have important practical implications for applicants, career counseling centers, and organizations.
Keywords: Angst, Anxiety, Arbeits - und Organisationspsychologie, Berufliche Interessen, berufliche Laufbahn und Berufsberatung, Bewerbungsgespräche, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Feedback, interpersonal communication, Interpersonale Kommunikation, interview anxiety, Job Applicant Interviews, Manieren, MASI, job interviews: virtual employment interview training, Nonverbal behavior, Kommunikation, Nonverbal communication, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Occupational Interests & Guidance, performance, Specialized Interventions, Spezielle Interventionen, Test Coaching, Testtraining, Training, Verhaltensforschung, Virtual Classrooms, Virtuelle Klassenzimmer, Wirtschaftspsychologie -
(2016): From Interrelational Ontology to Instrumental Ethics. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 20 (2), S. 112-128. DOI: 10.5840/techne20168857
Abstract: Current human/social science research supports Don Ihde’s postphenomenology. In particular, archeology and anthropology support Ihde’s instrumental realism, and history identifies the culture that nourished Platonic and Aristotelian separation of mentality and materiality. Deweyean pragmatism, beginning with his analysis of the reflex arc, supports both instrumental realism and an interrelational ontology that rejects the residual Cartesian dualism in Husserlian phenomenology. Ihde’s acknowledgment of the affinity between postphenomenology and Deweyean pragmatism enables expanding his prevalent epistemological and structural orientation to encompass a normative dimension. Peter-Paul Verbeek’s focus on the ethical dimension of how products are designed and how things interact with humans is an important expansion of pragmatic postphenomenology as well as an expansion of current research on the “4e’s” of cognition—embedded, embodied, enacted, and extended—to include a fifth: ethical.
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(2016): Human-robot spatial interaction in a hallway Technische Universität Berlin, Dietrich Manzey und Rainer Hoeger
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14279/DEPOSITONCE-5084 Abstract: In general, previous research in human-robot interaction has provided evidence for the relevance of robotic motion behavior on positive impressions towards robots. In particular, a socially appropriate designed robotic distance behavior, avoiding personal space violations, has been reported to be essential for a comfortable human-robot spatial interaction. Unfortunately, human-robot proxemics lacks systematic explorations of accepted frontal approach and lateral passing distances in a hallway, and existing studies are complicated to relate to each other due to the application of many different robots and a high variance of further incomparable study details. Thus, the primary research goal of this dissertation was to explore accepted frontal approach and lateral passing distances for an autonomously moving robot toward a standing human in a hallway, and supplementary, the relation of these distance preferences to the robot’s level of speed and human likeness. In addition, the present work intends to explore the relevance of a robot’s proxemic behavior for its overall motion acceptance, and people’s underlying psychological motives guiding their preferences. Towards an exploration of these research objectives, a method comprising a series of three studies was conceptualized and conducted in comparable hallway-like settings. In a first study, participants were instructed to actively control a robot’s frontal approach and its lateral passing distance according to their arousing feelings of discomfort. In two successive studies, the analyzed thresholds of comfort were validated for two diverse robots, autonomously maintaining frontal approach and lateral passing distances in a hallway. In addition, potential influences of a robot’s level of speed (0.6m/s, 0.8m/s) and human likeness (machine-, human-like) on subjects’ distance preferences were explored. In these studies, participants’ sensations were captured by using a set of questionnaires. Obtained results uncovered that accepted frontal approach (approximate 0.8m) and lateral passing mean distances (approximate 0.4m) towards autonomously moving robots in a hallway exist, and that these distances were not significantly affected by the simulated autonomy of the robots. However, a faster robot speed (0.8m/s) significantly increased subjects’ distance preferences. The different outward robot designs of the employed robots had no significant influence on subjects’ frontal distance preferences. In contrast, the manipulated level of human likeness showed that a more human-like robot design had only significant influences on subjects’ lateral distance preferences when a real human face was projected on a robot’s screen (decrease in lateral distances by more than 0.1m). Essentially, in line with previous research, the present work shows that a socially acceptable moving robot should consider people’s distance preferences in order to avoid feelings of discomfort, and to increase the perceived safety and the overall motion acceptance. In consensus with prevailing psychological motives in human-human spatial interactions, the present work suggests similar mechanisms in a human-robot spatial interaction guiding subjects’ preferences. Ultimately, beyond the attained mean distances, frontal approach distances of 1.1m and lateral passing distances of 0.6m were suggested for designing a socially appropriate first contact for a large majority of individuals, which in turn supports a facilitated societal integration. Limitations of this research project are discussed and suggestions for future investigations are presented. Insgesamt hat die bisherige Forschung in human-robot interaction gezeigt, dass das Bewegungsverhalten eines Roboters für positive Eindrücke gegenüber Robotern von Relevanz ist. Ein sozial angemessen gestaltetes Abstandsverhalten von Robotern, dass Verletzungen des personal space vermeidet, wird vor allem als ein essentielles Kriterium für eine komfortable räumliche Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Roboter postuliert. Leider mangelt es der human-robot proxemics bisher an systematischen Untersuchungen zu akzeptierten frontalen Annäherungsdistanzen und seitlichen Passierdistanzen im Gang, und weiterhin ist es schwierig, aufgrund von vielen unterschiedlich verwendeten Robotern sowie einer hohen Varianz von zahlreichen anderen unvergleichbaren Studienmerkmalen, bereits durchgeführte Studien aufeinander zu beziehen.\tDemzufolge war das primäre Forschungsziel dieser Dissertation akzeptierte frontale Annäherungs- und seitliche Passierdistanzen von einem autonom fahrenden Roboter gegenüber einem im Gang stehenden Menschen zu explorieren, und darauf aufbauend, die Beziehung von Distanzpräferenzen zu der Geschwindigkeit und Menschenähnlichkeit des Roboters zu erforschen. Außerdem beabsichtigt die vorliegende Arbeit die Relevanz des proxemischen Verhaltens eines Roboters für dessen gesamte Bewegungsakzeptanz zu ergründen sowie Einblicke auf die zugrunde liegenden psychologischen Motive der Distanzpräferenzen zu erhalten. Die Grundlage für die Erforschung dieser Ziele bildet eine Serie von drei Studien, die in vergleichbaren gangähnlichen Versuchsumgebungen durchgeführt wurden. In der ersten Studie mussten die Probanden die frontale Annäherungsdistanz und die seitliche Passierdistanz des Roboters in Abhängigkeit ihrer räumlichen Behaglichkeit selbst kontrollieren. In zwei nachfolgenden Studien wurden die analysierten Komfortschwellen mit zwei unterschiedlichen Robotern validiert, die frontale Annäherungs- und seitliche Passierdistanzen im Gang autonom einhielten. Desweiteren wurden potentielle Einflüsse der Robotergeschwindigkeit (0.6m/s, 0.8m/s) und der Menschenähnlichkeit (maschinenähnlich/menschenähnlich) des Roboters auf die Distanzpräferenzen der Probanden untersucht. Hierfür wurden die Empfindungen der Probanden mit Hilfe von Fragebögen gemessen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigten, dass eine durchschnittlich akzeptierte frontale Annäherungs- (ungefähr 0.8m) und eine durchschnittlich akzeptierte seitliche Passierdistanz (ungefähr 0.4m) gegenüber autonom fahrender Roboter im Gang existiert, und das diese Distanzen nicht signifikant durch die simulierte Autonomie der Roboter beeinflusst wurden. Allerdings führte eine höhere Robotergeschwindigkeit (0.8m/s) zu einer signifikanten Vergrößerung der Distanzpräferenzen. Der unterschiedliche äußere Erscheinungscharakter der beiden verwendeten Roboter hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die frontalen Distanzpräferenzen der Probanden. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte die Manipulation der Menschenähnlichkeit, dass ein eher menschenähnlich anmutender Roboter zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der seitlichen Distanzpräferenzen führt, wenn ein reales menschliches Gesicht auf dem Bildschirm des Roboters projeziert wurde (Verringerung der seitlichen Distanz um mehr also 0.1m). Im Wesentlichen bestätigt die vorliegende Arbeit vorherige Forschungsaktivitäten, denn sie zeigt, dass menschliche Distanzpräferenzen berücksichtigt werden müssen, um ein sozial akzeptiertes Bewegungsverhalten eines Roboters zu bewirken, und damit Unbehaglichkeit zu vermeiden und die wahrgenommene Sicherheit sowie die gesamte Bewegungsakzeptanz zu erhöhen. Weiterhin lassen die erzielten Ergebnisse vermuten, dass die präferenzbestimmenden Mechanismen in der räumlichen Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Roboter sich sehr mit den vorherrschenden psychologischen Motiven aus der räumlichen Interaktion zwischen Menschen ähneln. Abschließend, und unabhängig von den berichteten Durchschnittsdistanzen, verdeutlichten die gewonnenen Ergebnisse, dass eine frontale Annäherungsdistanz von 1.1m und eine seitliche Passierdistanz von 0.6m wesentlich geeigneter sind, um einen sozial angemessenen Erstkontakt für eine große Mehrheit von Individuen zu gewährleisten, was wiederum zu einer erleichterten sozialen Integration führt. Die Limitationen dieses Forschungsprojekts sind diskutiert und Vorschläge für weiterführende Forschungsaktivitäten sind präsentiert.
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(2016): Explaining Car Drivers’ Intention to Prevent Road-Traffic Noise. In: Environment and Behavior 48 (6), S. 826-853. DOI: 10.1177/0013916515570476
Abstract: Analyzed predictors of car drivers' intention to prevent road traffic noise and studied the effects of noise exposure, noise sensitivity, and noise annoyance on problem awareness. 1,002 car drivers participated in a two-wave longitudinal survey over four months. Predictor analysis was based on the norm activation model (i.e., personal norm, problem awareness, awareness of consequences, social norm, and value orientations). Results show that personal norm had a large prospective effect on intention, even when the previous level of intention was controlled for, and mediated the effect of all other variables on intention. Almost 60% of variance in personal norm was explained by problem awareness, social norm, and biospheric value orientation. The effects of noise sensitivity and noise exposure on problem awareness were small and mediated by noise annoyance. In conclusion, four communication strategies for strengthening the intention to prevent road-traffic noise in car drivers are proposed.
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(2016): Multi-Agent Cooperation and the Emergence of (Natural) Language. Online verfügbar unter https://arxiv.org/pdf/1612.07182
Abstract: The current mainstream approach to train natural language systems is to expose them to large amounts of text. This passive learning is problematic if we are interested in developing interactive machines, such as conversational agents. We propose a framework for language learning that relies on multi-agent communication. We study this learning in the context of referential games. In these games, a sender and a receiver see a pair of images. The sender is told one of them is the target and is allowed to send a message from a fixed, arbitrary vocabulary to the receiver. The receiver must rely on this message to identify the target. Thus, the agents develop their own language interactively out of the need to communicate. We show that two networks with simple configurations are able to learn to coordinate in the referential game. We further explore how to make changes to the game environment to cause the "word meanings" induced in the game to better reflect intuitive semantic properties of the images. In addition, we present a simple strategy for grounding the agents' code into natural language. Both of these are necessary steps towards developing machines that are able to communicate with humans productively.
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(2016): A descriptive analysis. The role of social intelligence in school leadership. ProQuest Information & Learning, US.
Abstract: Social intelligence plays a crucial role in workplace environments, especially for individuals in leadership positions. The ability to anticipate the responses of others while acting wisely and in a predictive manner is a vital component of this type of intelligence. Principals are in a certain type of leadership position which requires a high degree of social intelligence. This study examined applications of social intelligence and investigated the relationship between an assessment representing this concept and successful leadership traits. The researcher investigated successful campus ratings as associated with social intelligence scores of administrative personnel. The research questions included inquiry regarding the relationship between social intelligence and school success, the role of social intelligence in academic performance, and teacher perceptions regarding leadership characteristics and social skills. A survey was developed to collect data and information regarding background and leadership skills. These factors were examined and analyzed. The instrument applied in this study was a standardized measure of social intelligence. By using social intelligence, leaders may be chosen for positions that will impact education in a positive manner. Future research is planned to continue examination of social intelligence according to the data collected in this study and the predictive value of multiple factors in school success. Applications to higher education are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)