Alle Publikationen
2017
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(2017) : Entwicklung als kulturspezifische Lösung universeller Entwicklungsaufgaben In: Rauh, Andreas: Fremdheit und Interkulturalität: Aspekte kultureller Pluralität: Bielefeld: Transcript (Edition Kulturwissenschaft), S. 79-100
Abstract: Ausgehend von einem Verständnis des menschlichen Lebenslaufs als einer Serie universeller Entwicklungsaufgaben wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Rolle kulturelle Modelle dabei spielen. Eingegangen wird auf folgende Punkte: (1) Entwicklung als Zusammenspiel von Gehirn und Umwelt. (2) Kultur und Kontext. (3) Das Bild vom Kind in der westlichen Mittelschicht. (4) Andere kulturabhängige Bilder vom Kind. (5) Entwicklungsaufgaben und kulturspezifische Sozialisationspfade. (6) Kulturelle Organisation von Entwicklungspfaden.
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(2017): Why children follow rules: Legal socialization and the development of legitimacy.. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.001.0001 Abstract: Legal scholars and social scientists studying the law recognize that a central issue in law is understanding why adults obey the law. Evidence suggests that law-related attitudes and values are central to motivating adult law-related behavior, and hence that it is important to understand how they develop during the process of legal socialization. Although this is true, legal scholarship has widely ignored the process of childhood and adolescent socialization. The lack of research on legal socialization is ironic in that by the time people become adults, their law-related attitudes and values are already well formed and they have often had formative personal experiences with legal authorities. This important development begins during childhood and adolescence as part of the overall process of socialization. Our goal in this volume is to encourage scholars to pay greater attention to the issue of legal socialization. We do this by identifying the fundamental processes assoc iated wi th such socialization. These are (1) the internalization of values about how legal authorities are supposed to act toward citizens and how people are supposed to behave toward authorities in their role as citizens; (2) the formation of attitudes about the tangible representations of the law, including courts, laws, police, judges, and other legal authorities; and (3) the development of the cognitive and biological capacity to reason and think about the appropriate role for the law as a social institution in society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 9
2016
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(2016): Ein bisschen Wut tut gut - warum Manager moralisch motivierte Wut ernst nehmen sollten. In: Wirtschaftspsychologie aktuell 23 (1), S. 57-60
Abstract: Es wird die Wut im Arbeitsleben als alltagliches Phanomen und normale Begleiterscheinung bei Interaktionsprozessen zwischen Individuen erortert. Dabei geht es vor allem um den sensiblen Umgang von Fuhrungskraften mit Emotionen von Mitarbeitern. Haufig handelt es sich dabei um prosoziale oder moralisch motivierte Wut (MMW), die sich von herkommlicher Wut unterscheidet. Die MMW ist eine Emotion, die ein Fehlverhalten bewertet, um es dann verantwortungsbewusst zu korrigieren. In diesem Sinne ist MMW ein erregter Gemutszustand, der durch die Verletzung moralischer Standards hervorgerufen wird, andere mehr betrifft als das handelnde Individuum selbst und ein Korrekturverhalten nach sich zieht, selbst wenn es fur dieses Individuum ein Risiko darstellt. Dafur werden zwei Praxisbeispiele (Der Fall Edward Snowden und der VW-Abgasskandal) zitiert und am Beispiel des Films "Die zwolf Geschworenen"wird aufgezeigt, wie Handeln durch MMW beeinflusst wird. Fur Fuhrungskrafte ist es wichtig, verschiedene Arten der Wut zu erkennen und zwischen Wut als Personlichkeitsmerkmal (trait anger) und situationsbedingte Emotion (state anger) zu differenzieren. Nur so konnen Warnsignale von MMW erkannt und richtig eingeordnet werden.
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(2016): Should We Be Talking About Ethics or About Morals ?. In: Ethics & Behavior 27 (5), S. 436-444. DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2016.1275968
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2016.1275968 Abstract: This article seeks to revisit the distinction between the words ethics and morals. First, we understand the word ethics to be focused on the way we seek to live our own life, and hence to connote a relativistic and essentially subjective perspective, whereas we understand the word morals to be focused on the way we should live our lives together, especially through sensitivity to viewpoints other than our own. Second, we perceive a usefulness in such a differentiation when the ethical values of those in a dilemmatic situation are conflicted in order to prioritize moral decision making in contemporary society. We argue that in our current era, characterized by a multiplicity of faiths and by pronounced value pluralism, a philosophical basis for moral decision making needs to be clearly attuned with intersubjectivity and interconnectivity among people. It should be able to determine principles of conduct toward others, no matter how one’s own ethical values, conceptions o f the go od, or life choices might differ from those of others. To do this, we relocate ethical decision making away from an essentially monological reflection on our own values and purposes into a social space wherein we have an inclusive, noncoercive, and reflective dialogue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: entscheiden, Ethics, Gesellschaft, Intersubjectivity, Moral, Morality, Social Values, society, Verhaltensforschung 2015
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(2015): Learning (by) Feeling. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Socialization and Development of Emotions. In: Ethos 43 (2), S. 187-220. DOI: 10.1111/etho.12080
Abstract: Examined cross-cultural differences in socialization and development of feelings. Drawing on approaches from developmental psychology and cultural anthropology, it was analyzed how cultural models of emotion and their corresponding emotionally arousing child-rearing practices lead to culture-specific pathways of emotion development among the Bara (Madagascar) and the Tao (Taiwan). After introducing cultural models of ontogenesis and child rearing, phases of development, interaction patterns, and sanctioning practices are reflected and culture-specific pathways of emotional development are discussed. The focus is set especially on socializing emotions, which are defined in terms of their function to orient individuals toward cultural norms and values and to inculcate social conformity. Based on empirical data gathered in two long-term ethnographic field studies, evidence is provided that the Bara emphasize fear and the Tao anxiety as focal socializing emotions. zitiert von 15
2014
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(2014): A room with a viewpoint revisited. Descriptive norms and hotel guests' towel reuse behavior. In: PLoS one 9 (8). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104086
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25084348 Abstract: Field experiments on descriptive norms as a means to increase hotel guests' towel reuse [1] were replicated and extended. In two hotels in Germany (Study 1: N = 724; Study 2: N = 204), descriptive norm messages suggesting that 75% of guests had reused their towels, or a standard message appealing to environmental concerns, were placed in guests' bathrooms. Descriptive norm messages varied in terms of proximity of the reference group ("hotel guests" vs. "guests in this room") and temporal proximity (currently vs. two years previous). Reuse of towels was unobtrusively recorded. Results showed that reuse rates were high overall and that both standard and descriptive norm messages increased reuse rates compared to a no-message baseline. However, descriptive norm messages were not more effective than the standard message, and effects of proximity were inconsistent across studies. Discussion addresses cultural and conceptual issues in comparing the present findings with previous ones.
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(2014): Professionalism. A framework to guide medical education. In: Medical education 48 (10), S. 980-987. DOI: 10.1111/medu.12520
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25200018 Abstract: CONTEXT Despite considerable advances in the incorporation of professionalism into the formal curriculum, medical students and residents are too often presented with a mechanical, unreflective version of the topic that fails to convey deeper ethical and humanistic aspirations. Some misunderstandings of professionalism are exacerbated by commonly used assessment tools that focus only on superficially observable behaviour and not on moral values and attitudes. METHODS Following a selective literature review, we engaged in philosophical ethical analysis to identify the key precepts associated with professionalism that could best guide the development of an appropriately reflective curriculum. RESULTS The key precepts needed for a robust presentation of professionalism can be grouped under two headings: 'Professionalism as a trust-generating promise' (representing commitment to patients' interests, more than a mere business, a social contract, a public and collective promise, and hard work), and 'Professionalism as application of virtue to practice' (based on virtue, deeper attitudes rather than mere behaviour, and requiring of practical wisdom). CONCLUSIONS These key precepts help students to avoid many common, unreflective misunderstandings of professionalism, and guide faculty staff and students jointly to address the deeper issues required for successful professional identity formation.
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(2014): A towel less. Social norms enhance pro-environmental behavior in hotels. In: The Journal of Social Psychology 154 (2), S. 97-100. DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2013.855623
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24765814 Abstract: Previous research has shown that normative appeals to engage in environmentally friendly behavior were most effective when they were accompanied by a provincial norm (e.g., when norms matched individuals' immediate situational circumstances). Analyzing hotel guests' towel-use during their stay, the current study tests whether messages employing provincial norms were more effective in reducing towel-use than standard environmental messages. In line with previous findings, guests of two hotels used significantly fewer towels when provincial normative appeals--rather than standard environmental messages--were communicated. These findings corroborate to the body of research demonstrating the power of social norms on environmental behavior.
2013
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(2013): Emotions as signals of normative conduct. In: Cognition & emotion 27 (8), S. 1395-1404. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.791615
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23650979 Abstract: Social interactions are heavily norm-based and these norms need to be learned. For this, the emotional reactions of other's in response to a norm transgression can serve as signals. We were able to show that when a group responds with anger to a norm transgressing behaviour, participants were better able to correctly infer the norm than when the group responded with sadness or emotional neutrality. We further tested a process-model showing that this inference is based on the participants' understanding of the groups' appraisals of the behaviour. That is, participants who were able to reverse engineer the underlying appraisal of norm-incompatibility from the emotion expressions inferred the norm more readily. Humans as a social species, require efficient means to quickly adapt to new situations and to perform flawlessly in social contexts. Emotion information is one of the instruments that can be used in this quest.
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(2013): Kultur, Kulturdimensionen und Kulturstandards
Abstract: Ausgehend von einem Kulturbegriff, nach dem Kultur als ein universelles, fur eine Gesellschaft, Organisation und Gruppe typisches Orientierungssystem aufgefasst wird, wird die Entwicklung von Kulturdimensionen und Kulturstandards, die in den letzten Jahrzehnten als zentrale Modelle zur Bestimmung kultureller Unterschiede bekannt wurden, erortert. Das Konzept der Kulturdimensionen basiert auf der grundlegenden Idee, dass es universelle Kategorien oder Themen gibt, mit denen sich alle Kulturen dieser Welt auseinandersetzen und fur die sie Antworten entwickeln mussen. Diese Annahme der grundlegenden Themen oder Wertvorstellungen impliziert, dass alle Kulturen miteinander vergleichbar sein mussen, sobald deren Antworten und Positionen zu den jeweiligen Wertfragen bekannt sind. Damit kann diese Herangehensweise auch als universalistisch bezeichnet werden, da sie kulturubergreifende allgemeine Gultigkeit fur sich beansprucht. Ausgehend von diesen Uberlegungen wurden im Laufe der vergangenen Jahrzehnte verschiedenste Kulturdimensionskonzepte entwickelt. Diese werden skizziert und kritisch diskutiert. Dann wird das Kulturstandardkonzept besprochen und an Beispielen erlautert. Es ist im Kern als ein kulturrelativistischer Ansatz zum Verstandnis von Verhaltensunterschieden zu verstehen. Ausgangspunkt ist eine Kulturdefinition, die Kultur als spezifisches Orientierungssystem versteht, das fur eine Nation, Gesellschaft, Gruppe verbindliche Deutungen und sinnstiftende Funktionen erfullt. Es wird betont, dass sich sowohl das universalistische Konzept der Kulturdimensionen als auch der kulturrelativistische Ansatz, der den Kulturstandards zugrunde liegt, als Basis fur die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Kultur und Stress eignen. Wahrend die universalistische Herangehensweise sich insbesondere fur den Vergleich mehrerer Kulturen und deren Umgang mit Stress anbietet, liefert die kulturrelativistische Annaherung an das Thema vor allem qualitativ wertvolle Erkenntnisse, nicht zuletzt auch uber die Entstehung von Stress in interkulturellen Begegnungssituationen. zitiert von 23
2011
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(2011): Social identities, group norms, and threat. On the malleability of ingroup bias. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 37 (1), S. 82-93. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210386120
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956355 Abstract: Ingroup bias is one of the most basic intergroup phenomena and has been consistently demonstrated to be increased under conditions of existential threat. In the present research the authors question the omnipresence of ingroup bias under threat and test the assumptions that these effects depend on the content of social identity and group norm salient in a situation. In the first two studies cross-categorization and recategorization manipulations eliminated and even reversed mortality salience effects on bias in relations between English and Scottish students (Study 1) as well as English and French people (Study 2). In the third study the specific normative content of a given social identity (collectivism vs. individualism) was shown to moderate mortality salience effects on ingroup bias. The results of these studies suggest a social identity perspective on terror management processes. zitiert von 52
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Aggression/psychology, Attribution, Defense Mechanisms, England, European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology, Group Processes, Existentialism, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Female, Ingroup Outgroup, France, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Response Bias, Scotland, Social Behavior, Social Group, Social Identification, Social Identity, Social Norms, Social Values, Students, Threat, Young Adult -
(2011): Mapping the moral domain. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 101 (2), S. 366-385. DOI: 10.1037/a0021847
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021847 Abstract: The moral domain is broader than the empathy and justice concerns assessed by existing measures of moral competence, and it is not just a subset of the values assessed by value inventories. To fill the need for reliable and theoretically grounded measurement of the full range of moral concerns, we developed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire on the basis of a theoretical model of 5 universally available (but variably developed) sets of moral intuitions: Harm/Care, Fairness/Reciprocity, Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity. We present evidence for the internal and external validity of the scale and the model, and in doing so we present new findings about morality: (a) Comparative model fitting of confirmatory factor analyses provides empirical justification for a 5-factor structure of moral concerns; (b) convergent/discriminant validity evidence suggests that moral concerns predict personality features and social group attitudes not previously considered morally relevant; and (c) we establish pragmatic validity of the measure in providing new knowledge and research opportunities concerning demographic and cultural differences in moral intuitions. These analyses provide evidence for the usefulness of Moral Foundations Theory in simultaneously increasing the scope and sharpening the resolution of psychological views of morality.
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(2011): Social distance modulates recipient's fairness consideration in the dictator game. An ERP study. In: Biological psychology 88 (2-3), S. 253-262. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.08.009
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889968 Abstract: Previous research showed that social distance (e.g., being friends or strangers) influences people's fairness consideration and other-regarding behavior. However, it is not entirely clear how social distance influences the recipient's evaluation of (un)fair behavior. In this study, we let people play a dictator game in which they received (un)fair offers from either friends or strangers while their brain potentials were recorded. Results showed that the medial frontal negativity (MFN), a component associated with the processing of expectancy violation, was more negative-going in response to unfair than to fair offers from friends whereas it did not show differential responses to offers from strangers. The P300 was more positive for fair than for unfair offers irrespective of friends or strangers making the offers. These results suggest that violation of social norms can be detected at an early stage of evaluative processing and that this detection can be modulated by social distance. zitiert von 66
Keywords: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Biologie, distance, Event-Related Potentials, P300/physiology, Female, Friends/psychology, Frontal Lobe/physiology, Games, Experimental, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Reward, science direct, Social Distance, Social Values, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult 2010
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(2010): The others. Universals and cultural specificities in the perception of status and dominance from nonverbal behavior. In: Consciousness and cognition 19 (3), S. 762-777. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.006
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630775 Abstract: The current study analyzes trans-cultural universalities and specificities in the recognition of status roles, dominance perception and social evaluation based on nonverbal cues. Using a novel methodology, which allowed to mask clues to ethnicity and cultural background of the agents, we compared impression of Germans, Americans and Arabs observing computer-animated interactions from the three countries. Only in the German stimulus sample the status roles (employee vs. supervisor) could be recognized above chance level. However we found significant correlations in dominance perception across all countries. Significant correlations were only found for evaluation between German observers and observers from the other two countries. Perceived dominance uniformly predicted the assignment of status-roles in all cultures. Microanalysis of movement behavior further revealed predictive value of specific nonverbal cues for dominance ratings. Results support the hypothesis of universalities in the processing of dominance cues and point to cultural specificities in evaluative responses to nonverbal behavior.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cues, Germany, Humans, Individuality, Judgment, Kommunikation, Nonverbal communication, Power (Psychology), Social Distance, Social Dominance, Social Perception, Social Values, Status, uncertainty, United Arab Emirates, United States, Video Recording, Young Adult -
(2010): Incorporating the cultural value of respeto into a framework of Latino parenting. In: Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 16 (1), S. 77-86
Abstract: Latino families face multiple stressors associated with adjusting to United States mainstream culture that, along with poverty and residence in inner-city communities, may further predispose their children to risk for negative developmental outcomes. Evidence-based mental health treatments may require culturally informed modifications to best address the unique needs of the Latino population, yet few empirical studies have assessed these cultural elements. The current study examined cultural values of 48 Dominican and Mexican mothers of preschoolers through focus groups in which they described their core values as related to their parenting role. Results showed that respeto, family and religion were the most important values that mothers sought to transmit to their children. Respeto is manifested in several domains, including obedience to authority, deference, decorum, and public behavior. The authors describe the socialization messages that Latina mothers use to teach their children respeto and present a culturally derived framework of how these messages may relate to child development. The authors discuss how findings may inform the cultural adaptation of evidence-based mental health treatments such as parent training programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Acculturation, Adult, Child, Child development, Childhood Development, Cultural Characteristics, cultural values, decorum, Dominican Republic, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Ethnic Values, Female, Gesundheit, Hispanic Americans, Humans, Intergenerational Relations, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Latinas, Latino parenting, Latinos, Mexican Americans, MODELS, Parent Child Relations, Parenting, Preschool, preschoolers, Psychological, respect, respeto, Social Values, Socialization, United States, VALUES -
(2010): Compassionate liberals and polite conservatives. Associations of agreeableness with political ideology and moral values. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 36 (5), S. 655-664. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210366854
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371797 Abstract: Political conservatism has been characterized by resistance to change and acceptance of inequality, with liberalism characterized by the polar opposite of these values. Political attitudes are heritable and may be influenced by basic personality traits. In previous research, conservatism (vs. liberalism) has been associated positively with Conscientiousness and negatively with Openness-Intellect, consistent with the association of conservatism with resistance to change. Less clear, however, are the personality traits relating to egalitarianism. In two studies, using a personality model that divides each of the Big Five into two aspects, the present research found that one aspect of Agreeableness (Compassion) was associated with liberalism and egalitarianism, whereas the other (Politeness) was associated with conservatism and traditionalism. In addition, conservatism and moral traditionalism were positively associated with the Orderliness aspect of Conscientiousness and negatively with Openness-Intellect. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of personality's relation to political attitudes and values.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Disziplin, Empathy, Female, Good manners, Entwicklungspsychologie, Höflichkeit, Humans, konservativ, liberal, Male, Middle Aged, Morals, Ontario, Oregon, Personality, Personality Assessment, Persönlichkeitsforschung, Politics, politische Einstellung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Regression Analysis, Schicht, Social Behavior, Social Values, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Klasse, Werte, Young Adult -
(2010): Mental health care and the politics of inclusion. A social systems account of psychiatric deinstitutionalization. In: Theoretical medicine and bioethics 31 (6), S. 411-427. DOI: 10.1007/s11017-010-9155-8
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20711755 Abstract: This paper provides an interpretation, based on the social systems theory of German sociologist Niklas Luhmann, of the recent paradigmatic shift of mental health care from an asylum-based model to a community-oriented network of services. The observed shift is described as the development of psychiatry as a function system of modern society and whose operative goal has moved from the medical and social management of a lower and marginalized group to the specialized medical and psychological care of the whole population. From this theoretical viewpoint, the wider deployment of the modern social order as a functionally differentiated system may be considered to be a consistent driving force for this process; it has made asylum psychiatry overly incompatible with prevailing social values (particularly with the normative and regulative principle of inclusion of all individuals in the different functional spheres of society and with the common patterns of participation in modern function systems) and has, in turn, required the availability of psychiatric care for a growing number of individuals. After presenting this account, some major challenges for the future of mental health care provision, such as the overburdening of services or the overt exclusion of a significant group of potential users, are identified and briefly discussed.
Keywords: Bioethics,, Community Mental Health Services/organization & administration, Deinstitutionalization, Diskriminierung, Ethik, Fehlverhalten, Gesellschaftsprofit, Health Services Accessibility, Hospitals, Psychiatric, Humans, Medizin, Mental Disorders, Mental Health, Pathologie, Patient Care Team, Pflege, Politics, Psychiatry/trends, social systems, ethics, Social Values, Soziale Ordnung, Spain, systems theory, Werte -
(2010): Religiosity as self-enhancement. A meta-analysis of the relation between socially desirable responding and religiosity. In: Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 14 (1), S. 17-36. DOI: 10.1177/1088868309351002
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940283 Abstract: In a meta-analysis, the authors test the theoretical formulation that religiosity is a means for self-enhancement. The authors operationalized self-enhancement as socially desirable responding (SDR) and focused on three facets of religiosity: intrinsic, extrinsic, and religion-as-quest. Importantly, they assessed two moderators of the relation between SDR and religiosity. Macro-level culture reflected countries that varied in degree of religiosity (from high to low: United States, Canada, United Kingdom). Micro-level culture reflected U.S. universities high (Christian) versus low (secular) on religiosity. The results were generally consistent with the theoretical formulation. Both macro-level and micro-level culture moderated the relation between SDR and religiosity: This relation was more positive in samples that placed higher value on religiosity (United States > Canada > United Kingdom; Christian universities > secular universities). The evidence suggests that religiosity is partly in the service of self-enhancement.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Canada, Christianity, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Metaanalyse, Motivation, Religion, Religion and Psychology, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Values, Soziale Erwünschtheit, Sozialpsychologie, United Kingdom, United States, Young Adult 2009
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(2009): Was ist Moral?. In: Zeitschrift fur Individualpsychologie 34 (2), S. 145-157
Abstract: Mit Moral wird die Gesamtheit der Regeln verstanden, mit deren Befolgung zur Realisierung gemeinsamer Werte beigetragen wird. Damit wird die Frage aufgeworfen und diskutiert, ob jeder seine eigenen Werte hat, ein Werteverfall zu beklagen ist und ob es individuell verschiedene moralische Regeln gibt. Es wird argumentiert, dass es fur die Funktion und die Erhaltung sozialen Lebens notwendig ist, dass es objektive und universelle Werte und moralische Normen gibt. Die Theorien, die dies nicht nur in funktionaler, sondern auch in substanzieller Hinsicht zeigen, moralischer Realismus und moralischer Kognitivismus, werden vorgestellt und sie werden anhand sozialphilosophischer Uberlegungen fundiert. Eingegangen wird dabei die Nonkognitivisten A. Ayer, Ch. L. Stevenson und N. Hoerster sowie auf den Kognitivisten H. Putman. zitiert von: 23
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(2009): Vertrauen. Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität. 4. Aufl., Nachdr. Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius (UTB für Wissenschaft Soziologie fachübergreifend)
2008
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(2008): Taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral word norms. In: Behavior research methods 40 (4), S. 1065-1074. DOI: 10.3758/BRM.40.4.1065
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001397 Abstract: Although taboo words are used to study emotional memory and attention, no easily accessible normative data are available that compare taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral words on the same scales. Frequency, inappropriateness, valence, arousal, and imageability ratings for taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral words were made by 78 native-English-speaking college students from a large metropolitan university. The valenced set comprised both positive and negative words, and the emotionally neutral set comprised category-related and category-unrelated words. To account for influences of demand characteristics and personality factors on the ratings, frequency and inappropriateness measures were decomposed into raters' personal reactions to the words versus raters' perceptions of societal reactions to the words (personal use vs. familiarity and offensiveness vs. tabooness, respectively). Although all word sets were rated higher in familiarity and tabooness than in personal use and offensiveness, these differences were most pronounced for the taboo set. In terms of valence, the taboo set was most similar to the negative set, although it yielded higher arousal ratings than did either valenced set. Imageability for the taboo set was comparable to that of both valenced sets. The ratings of each word are presented for all participants as well as for single-sex groups. The inadequacies of the application of normative data to research that uses emotional words and the conceptualization of taboo words as a coherent category are discussed. Materials associated with this article may be accessed at the Psychonomic Society's Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Keywords: Adult, Affect, Female, Humans, Male, Social Behavior, Social Values, Taboo, time, Verbal Behavior, Vocabulary -
(2008): Terms of abuse as expression and reinforcement of cultures. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS 32 (2), S. 174-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.02.001
Abstract: Investigated cross-cultural differences in the expression and perception of verbal abuse terms. Nearly 3,000 university students (mean age 22 years) from Spain, Germany, France, Italy, Croatia, Poland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Norway, Greece, and the Netherlands were instructed to specify terms of abuse that they would employ in hypothetical social situations. Respondents also rated the offensiveness of each of the specified terms. A total of 12,000 abuse terms was thus obtained, which after analyzing for frequency, were reduced to 16 categories. Common to all national samples were terms that referred to genitals or sexual actions, mental abnormality, and impaired intelligence. In all countries, the use of abuse terms varied according to the gender of the target and actor in the hypothetical situations. Cross-cultural differences in the frequency of preferred abuse terms are explained in terms of variability between nations along the dimensions individualism, collectivism, masculinity-femininity, and virility. zitiert von 25
2006
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(2006): "Tu" or "Vous?" A European qualitative study of dignity and communication with older people in health and social care settings. In: Patient education and counseling 61 (3), S. 363-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2005.04.014
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15970421 Abstract: OBJECTIVE To examine the experiences of communication between older people and health and social care providers in six European countries. METHODS Focus groups were carried out with groups of older people (91 focus groups, 391 participants), and health and social care professionals (85 focus groups, 424 participants), in order to gain insights into concepts of good communications. Data collection and analysis continued concurrently according to the method of constant comparison. RESULTS Different styles of communication between professionals and older people were found to be capable of enhancing or jeopardising dignity. The use of appropriate forms of address, listening, giving people choice, including them, respecting their need for privacy and politeness, and making them feel valued emerged as significant ways to maintain older peoples' sense of self-worth and dignity. Despite being aware of good communication practices, health and social care professionals often failed to implement them. Lack of time, staff, resource scarcity, regulation and bureaucracy were cited as barriers, as was a lack of awareness and effort. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The findings have important implications for health and social care professionals when they engage with older people.
Keywords: 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Health, ATTITUDES, Choice Behavior, Communication, Confidentiality, Europe, Female, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Humans, Intergenerational Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Morals, Personal Autonomy, practice, Professional-Patient Relations, PSYCHOLOGY, Qualitative research, Self Efficacy, Semantics, Social Values, time, Videotape Recording 2000
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(2000): Ehre als Idee, Ideal oder Phantom. Bermerkungen zum Ehrenkodex in amerikanischen und deutschen Schulen. In: Padagogische Rundschau 54 (4), S. 339-376
Abstract: Dieser Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit dem Ehrbegriff und dem Ehrgefuhl in der philosophischen Theorie und in der Dichtung sowie der Bedeutung des Ehrbegriffs und der Aufstellung von Ehrenkodizes im Erziehungsbereich. Der Autor fuhrt dabei insbesondere eigene Erfahrungsbeispiele aus seiner Lehrtatigkeit an amerikanischen Hochschulen an, an denen sogenannte "honor codes" lange Tradition haben, die auf religiosen und militarischen Wurzeln sowie auf den Vorstellungen eines "Geistesadels" beruhen. Es werden Ehrenkodizes und Beispiele fur Sanktionen bei Verstossen aus verschiedenen amerikanischen Universitaten vorgestellt. In Deutschland dagegen spielten Ehrenkodizes vor allem in Erziehungseinrichtungen aus der Bewegung der Landerziehungsheime in den 20er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts eine Rolle. Wiederbelebungsversuche derartiger Ideale in gegenwartigen Bildungseinrichtungen in Deutschland scheinen auf wenig Akzeptanz zu stossen. (DIPF/Kr.)
1999
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(1999) : Moralische Integration In: Friedrichs, Jürgen: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie: Soziale Integration: Wiesbaden; Opladen [u.a.]: Springer VS, Westdt. Verl. (Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie : Sonderheft), S. 293-319
Abstract: Unter Heranziehung vorliegender Untersuchungsbefunde wird gezeigt, dass moralische Integration in modernen Gesellschaften nicht nur möglich, sondern auch wirklich ist. Ergebnisse aus Untersuchungen des Moralverständnisses von Kindern und Daten aus der Umfrageforschung belegen einen weit geteilten Konsens über die Gültigkeit grundlegender moralischer Regeln und Normen. Dies steht im scharfen Kontrast zur öffentlichen Wahrnehmung und zu wissenschaftlichen Diagnosen eines moralischen Verfalls. Mehrere Erklärungen für diesen Widerspruch werden diskutiert (unterschiedliche Konzeptualisierungen von Moral, der soziohistorische Wandel im Moralverständnis, die Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung auf moralische Dilemmata und die Fehldeutung der Grauzone eines legitimen moralischen Diskurses als Anzeichen eines totalen Relativismus, mögliche Diskrepanzen zwischen Urteil und Handeln). Anschließend werden einige innerweltliche Mechanismen der sozialen Reproduktion von moralischem Wissen und moralischer Motivation dargestellt. Abschließend wird die mikrosoziologische Analyse mit der makrosoziologischen Fragestellung verknüpft und die These begründet, dass Moral eine notwendige Ressource für die Funktionsfähigkeit demokratischer Gesellschaften ist. zitiert von: 28
Keywords: democracy, Ethics, Moral, Gesellschaft, Moral Development, Integrity, Morality, Social Values, society, Sozialpsychologie, Soziologie