Alle Publikationen
2018
-
(2018): Moral dialogs. In: The Social Science Journal 55 (1), S. 6-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.soscij.2018.02.010
Abstract: Moral dialogs are social processes through which people form new shared moral understandings. They differ from reasoned deliberations because they are focused on values and not on facts, logic or reason. They differ from irrational passions because value statements require moral justifications. Such dialogs take place not just in families and communities, but often on national levels and sometimes even on transnational ones. They played a core role in major societal changes brought about by social movements, such as those that advanced civil rights, women's rights, and the protection of the environment. Most importantly, when successfully concluded, moral dialogs affect not just attitudes and values, but also voluntary behavior as well as laws. Although dialogs may differ greatly in their normative content, they have the same basic sociological format and follow the same basic ‘natural history.’ The article introduces the author's conception of what constitutes moral dialogs by drawing on available evidence, and provides a framework for additional research on the subject at hand. zitiert von: 20
-
(2018) : Exploring the Effect of Politeness on User Contribution in Q&A sites: A Case Study of Stack Overflow In: Shen, Weiming; Luo, Junzhou; Barthès, Jean-Paul; Dong, Fang; Zhang, Jinghui; Zhu, Haibin (Hg.): Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD): May 9-11, 2018, Nanjing, China: 2018 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD): Nanjing, China: 5/9/2018 - 5/11/2018. IEEE International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Dongnan-Daxue; IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society; Cscwd: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 713-718
Abstract: Online question and answer (Q&A) sites are platforms allowing users to seek information or social support, which is sometimes socially uncomfortable. A major challenge in Q&A sites is how to encourage user contribution. Theory of linguistic politeness informs us that politeness is able to ease the tension resulting from face-threatening acts (FTA), and it is applicable to Q&A sites. However, Stack Overflow (SO), one of the most popular Q&A site for programmers, denies the use of linguistic politeness (e.g., greetings, salutations, and gratitude expressions), aiming at building a nonsocial platform. This paper focuses on a specific politeness strategy-expressing gratitude-in Q&A sites, and examines its effect on answerers' future contributions from the aspects of quality. Results indicate that gratitude expressions in comments can motivate answerers to generate higher quality content.
-
(2018): Learning moral values. Another's desire to punish enhances one's own punitive behavior. In: Journal of experimental psychology. General, S. 1211-1224. DOI: 10.1037/xge0000405
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29878807 Abstract: There is little consensus about how moral values are learned. Using a novel social learning task, we examine whether vicarious learning impacts moral values-specifically fairness preferences-during decisions to restore justice. In both laboratory and Internet-based experimental settings, we employ a dyadic justice game where participants receive unfair splits of money from another player and respond resoundingly to the fairness violations by exhibiting robust nonpunitive, compensatory behavior (baseline behavior). In a subsequent learning phase, participants are tasked with responding to fairness violations on behalf of another participant (a receiver) and are given explicit trial-by-trial feedback about the receiver's fairness preferences (e.g., whether they prefer punishment as a means of restoring justice). This allows participants to update their decisions in accordance with the receiver's feedback (learning behavior). In a final test phase, participants again directly experience fairness violations. After learning about a receiver who prefers highly punitive measures, participants significantly enhance their own endorsement of punishment during the test phase compared with baseline. Computational learning models illustrate the acquisition of these moral values is governed by a reinforcement mechanism, revealing it takes as little as being exposed to the preferences of a single individual to shift one's own desire for punishment when responding to fairness violations. Together this suggests that even in the absence of explicit social pressure, fairness preferences are highly labile. (PsycINFO Database Record
-
(2018) : Towards Skills Evaluation of Elderly for Human-Robot Interaction: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Nanjing, China: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 886-892
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525843 Abstract: For a proactive and user-centered robotic assistance and communication, an assistive robot must make decisions about the level of assistance to be provided. Therefore, the robot must be aware of the preferences and the capabilities of the elderly. At the same time, relying on a sensing setup which is totally embedded in the assistive robot would increase its usability. In the framework of the RAMCIP project, a novel skills evaluation methodology has been developed to make the robot aware of the user's perceptual, cognitive and motor skills. This paper presents such a methodology and its preliminary evaluation. Based on a task analysis of the activities for which the robot provides assistance, the user's skills are given a score which is updated at different time scales based on the source of information. Highly reliable information is gathered from caregivers at a low rate by means of a graphical interface hosted by the robot. This information refers to standard medical examinations. Based on the modules for motion tracking, object and activity recognition, specific actions of ADL are selected to update motor skills score at a higher rate, which is typically twice per day. The two sources of information are then fused in a Kalman filter. Preliminary results on the illustrative example of arm precision show that the robot's sensing and cognitive capabilities suffice to obtain a state-of-the-art evaluation of the arm precision skill.
-
Fiske, Susan T. (2018): Social cognition. Selected Works of Susan T. Fiske. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge
-
(2018) : A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition (2002) In: Fiske, Susan T.: Social cognition: Selected Works of Susan T. Fiske: Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge, S. 171-222
-
(2018): Moral Emotions Toward Others at Work and Implications for Employee Behavior. A Qualitative Analysis Using Critical Incidents. In: Journal of Business and Psychology 33 (1), S. 155-180. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-016-9484-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9484-3 Abstract: We propose a theoretical framework for and, via critical incidents, inductively investigate (a) the situations that trigger moral emotions toward others at work and (b) worker responses to these situations. Critical incidents were collected from a heterogeneous sample of 423 workers. Participants described an incident that caused each of four moral emotions (gratitude, anger, admiration, and contempt) and their response. Incidents and responses were coded, and frequencies, differences across the moral emotions, and associations between incidents and responses were analyzed. Several morally relevant situations at work were found to trigger the moral emotions. Participants responded in ways that had implications for their performance and their own well-being. The incidents largely align with moral foundations theory (Haidt and Graham in Social Justice Research, 20, 98–116, 2007). Responses also show evidence for social exchange, social learning, and rational expectancy-ba sed proc esses and behavior. The incidents specify several practices for managers and organizations to encourage and avoid. This was the first qualitative study of moral emotions at work and one of the few workplace studies to examine these emotions empirically. Several understudied factors and behavioral responses emerged. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2018): They did it again!. Social control responses to repeated incidences of deviance in small groups / ¡Lo han vuelto a hacer! Respuestas de control social a la incidencia repetida de la desviación en grupos pequeños. In: Revista de Psicología Social 33 (3), S. 578-619. DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2018.1482055
Abstract: Deviant group members who break group norms often challenge social validity and group locomotion, invoking varying types of social control responses. The current study (N = 95) investigated changes over time in the use of four social control responses of varying severity (persuasion, embarrassment, temporary exclusion and permanent exclusion) employed in response to deviance. It also tested the roles that perceived effectiveness of and social support for various responses play in response selection. Findings show severity of social control response selection is driven by both pragmatic and identity-based concerns: Over time, responses become more severe, driven in part by effectiveness and social support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2018): Effects of Robot Facial Characteristics and Gender in Persuasive Human-Robot Interaction. In: Front. Robot. AI 5. DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00073
DOI: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frobt.2018.00073/full Abstract: The growing interest in social robotics makes it relevant to examine the potential of robots as persuasive agents and, more specifically, to examine how robot characteristics influence the way people experience such interactions and comply with the persuasive attempts by robots. The purpose of this research is to identify how the (ostensible) gender and the facial characteristics of a robot influence the extent to which people trust it and the psychological reactance they experience from its persuasive attempts. This paper reports a laboratory study where SociBotTM, a robot capable of displaying different faces and dynamic social cues, delivered persuasive messages to participants while playing a game. In-game choice behavior was logged, and trust and reactance toward the advisor were measured using questionnaires. Results show that a robotic advisor with upturned eyebrows and lips (features that people tend to trust more in humans) is more persuasive, evokes more trust, and less psychological reactance compared to one displaying eyebrows pointing down and lips curled downwards at the edges (facial characteristics typically not trusted in humans). Gender of the robot did not affect trust, but participants experienced higher psychological reactance when interacting with a robot of the opposite gender. Remarkably, mediation analysis showed that liking of the robot fully mediates the influence of facial characteristics on trusting beliefs and psychological reactance. Also, psychological reactance was a strong and reliable predictor of trusting beliefs but not of trusting behavior. These results suggest robots that are intended to influence human behavior should be designed to have facial characteristics we trust in humans and could be personalized to have the same gender as the user. Furthermore, personalization and adaptation techniques designed to make people like the robot more may help ensure they will also trust the robot.
Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz -
(2018): Poker Face Influence: Persuasive robot with minimal social cues triggers less psychological reactance. In: RO-MAN 2018 - 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, S. 940-946. DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525535
-
(2018): The influence of social cues in persuasive social robots on psychological reactance and compliance. In: Computers in Human Behavior 87, S. 58-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.016 Abstract: People can react negatively to persuasive attempts experiencing reactance, which gives rise to negative feelings and thoughts and may reduce compliance. This research examines social responses towards persuasive social agents. We present a laboratory experiment which assessed reactance and compliance to persuasive attempts delivered by an artificial (non-robotic) social agent, a social robot with minimal social cues (human-like face with speech output and blinking eyes), and a social robot with enhanced social cues (human-like face with head movement, facial expression, affective intonation of speech output). Our results suggest that a social robot presenting more social cues will cause higher reactance and this effect is stronger when the user feels involved in the task at hand. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2018): A Relational Approach to Evil Action. Vulnerability and its Exploitation. In: The Journal of Value Inquiry 1. DOI: 10.1007/s10790-018-9637-x
-
(2018): Supervisor-employee power distance incompatibility, gender similarity, and relationship conflict. A test of interpersonal interaction theory. In: The Journal of applied psychology 103 (3), S. 334-346. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000265
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000265 Abstract: According to interpersonal interaction theory, relational harmony surfaces when two individuals have compatible interaction styles. Building from this theory, we propose that supervisor-employee power distance orientation incompatibility will be related to employees' experience of higher levels of relationship conflict with their supervisors. Additionally, we propose an asymmetrical incongruence effect such that relationship conflict will be highest when supervisors are high in power distance and employees are low in power distance. Furthermore, we address calls in interpersonal interaction research for more direct attention to the social context of the dyadic interaction and explore the moderating effects of supervisor-employee gender (dis)similarity on the relationship between this incompatibility and conflict. We propose that supervisor-employee gender dissimilarity (e.g., male-female or female-male pairs) acts as a conditional moderator, neutralizing the power distance incongruence effect and the asymmetrical incongruence effect. Using 259 supervisor-employee dyads in the physical therapy industry, the hypotheses were generally supported. Theoretical and practical implications regarding the unique benefits of power distance compatibility and gender diversity in supervisor-employee dyads are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
-
(2018) : Into the wild: Big data analytics in moral psychology. In: Gray, Kurt James; Graham, Jesse (Hg.): Atlas of moral psychology: What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character? - Helzer, Erik G.; Critcher, Clayton R.: New York, NY: The Guilford Press, S. 525-536, zuletzt geprüft am 25.04.2018
Abstract: How can we investigate moral values in the real world? We propose that naturally generated linguistic data, such as social media content, can be used to study morality outside of the laboratory. Moral values are culturally variable entities that emerge from dynamic, hierarchical interactions between individual- and group level phenomena. Human-generated unstructured data from sources such as social media offer an unprecedented opportunity to observe these phenomena in a natural habitat, which is an essential vantage point for understanding moral values and their role in moral judgment and behavior. We believe it is vital that researchers supplement traditional methodologies with alternative approaches that have greater ecological and external validity and that are better able to capture the full social–functional range of morality. In this chapter, we argue that a range of computationally intensive methods, drawn predominantly from computer science and computational linguistics , can help researchers do just this. By mining psychologically relevant information from large-scale, human-generated, online data such as blog posts, news articles, tweets, Facebook status updates, and social network structures—collectively referred to as 'big data'—researchers can use these methods to investigate morally relevant phenomena in the real world. These methods enable researchers to investigate large-scale, diachronic moral phenomena such as the diffusion of moral values through populations and the moralization of specific topics. They also offer researchers new opportunities to investigate the relationship between moral values and moral behavior, which is both notoriously difficult to study in the laboratory and deeply important for understanding how morality functions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 2
Keywords: Data Mining, Medien, Interaktionsforschung, Moral, Judgment, Morality, social media, VALUES -
Gray, Kurt James; Graham, Jesse (Hg.) (2018): Atlas of moral psychology. What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character? - Helzer, Erik G.; Critcher, Clayton R.. New York, NY: The Guilford Press
Abstract: What do people evaluate when they assess another person’s moral character? In this chapter, we define moral character in novel social cognitive terms and offer empirical support for the idea that the central qualities of moral character are those deemed essential for social relationships. We approach this chapter from the theoretical standpoint that the centrality of character evaluation is due to its function in social life. Evaluation of character is, we think, inherently a judgment about a person’s qualifications for being a solid long-term social investment. That is, people attempt to suss out moral character because they want to know whether a particular agent is the type of person who likely possesses the necessary (even if not sufficient) qualities they expect in a social relationship. In developing these ideas theoretically and empirically, we consider what form moral character takes, discuss what this proposal suggests about how people may and do assess other s’ mor al character, and identify an assortment of qualities that our perspective predicts will be central to moral character evaluation. In developing these ideas theoretically and empirically, we consider what form moral character takes, discuss what this proposal suggests about how people may and do assess others’ moral character, and identify an assortment of qualities that our perspective predicts will be central to moral character evaluation. We begin by putting forward a new idea of what we think moral character means, rooted in a social-cognitive view of the person as a moral being. We introduce the idea that a person’s moral character takes the form of moral cognitive machinery—essentially a processor that accepts inputs that, if the processor functions well, should output morally relevant judgments and behavior. We next take on the question of content: What are the more specific characteristics of a person with good moral character? That is, instead of considering t he abstr act form that moral character may take, we ask what qualities define moral character. In this section, we present several forms of preliminary evidence suggesting that moral qualities are those that describe necessary conditions of social investment. In so doing, we engage with two questions. First, we consider how our perspective is compatible with both moral pluralism and moral universalism— how moral codes may show variety and consistency across cultural contexts. Second, we consider in what circumstances people should be more or less likely to assume that others’ character is more or less upstanding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 3 "This comprehensive and cutting-edge volume maps out the terrain of moral psychology, a dynamic and evolving area of research. In 57 concise chapters, leading authorities and up-and-coming scholars explore fundamental issues and current controversies. The volume systematically reviews the empirical evidence base and presents influential theories of moral judgment and behavior. It is organized around the key questions that must be addressed for a complete understanding of the moral mind"-- "Description: This comprehensive and cutting-edge volume maps out the terrain of moral psychology, a dynamic and evolving area of research. In 56 concise chapters, leading authorities and up-and-coming scholars explore fundamental issues and current controversies. The volume systematically reviews the empirical evidence base and presents influential theories of moral judgment and behavior. It is organized around the key questions that must be addressed for a complete understanding of the moral mind. Key Words: altruism, badness, beliefs, convictions, ethical behavior, evil, evolutionary psychology, free will, goodness, human behavior, immorality, justice, moral character, moral emotions, moral judgments, moral philosophy, moral psychology, moral reasoning, personality, social cognition, social norms, social psychology, values"--
Keywords: Moral, Morality, Peer Evaluation, Personality Traits, Social Cognition, social sciences, Sonstiges -
(2018): Studying social change, culture, and human development. A theoretical framework and methodological guidelines. In: Developmental Review, S. 16-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.05.003
Abstract: In a time of massive social change around the world, a major goal of the present article is to provide interdisciplinary methods for studying social change, culture, and human development and an interdisciplinary theory that can serve as a framework for this research (Greenfield, 2009, 2016). The purpose is to provide developmental researchers with useful theoretical and methodological guidelines to study human development in changing sociodemographic and cultural contexts. Examples of two types of research design for studying social change are presented: Diachronic, in which data are gathered at different points in time; and synchronic, in which all data are gathered at the same point in time. While research designs and techniques vary, the findings that are summarized provide strong support for Greenfield's interdisciplinary theory of social change and human development. One take-away is that researchers should avoid methodocentrism: a strong theoretical framework can be tested, supported, and enhanced using a variety of methods and methodologies. In addition to research designs, the article describes and analyzes data gathering techniques that can be used with participants across the whole sociodemographic spectrum of educational levels, technology experience, agricultural or commercial economy, and rural or urban residence. These techniques are equally useful for both cross-cultural comparison and the study of social change. The article concludes by comparing the WEIRD conceptualization (Henrich, Heine, & Norazayan, 2010) with the theory of social change and human development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2018): Social cognition. How individuals construct social reality. Second edition. London; New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
Abstract: Introduction: what is social cognition research about? -- General framework of social cognitive processing -- Perceiving and encoding -- Storing and retrieving information -- Using information : controlled and automatic processing of information -- Using information : judgmental shortcuts -- The interplay of cognition and feelings : mood states -- The interplay of cognition and feelings : fluency -- Communicating information -- How the environment constrains social cognitive processing -- Glossary -- References
Keywords: Kognition, Social Perception -
(2018): Designing a socially integrated mobile robot for ethological research. In: Robotics and Autonomous Systems 103, S. 42-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2018.02.003
Abstract: A robot introduced into an animal group, accepted by the animals as conspecifics, and capable of interacting with them is an efficient tool for ethological research, particularly in studies of collective and social behaviour. In this paper, we present the implementation of an autonomous mobile robot developed by the authors to study group behaviour of chicks of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). We discuss the design of the robot and of the experimental framework that we built to run animal-robot experiments. The robot design was experimentally validated, we demonstrated that the robot can be socially integrated into animal groups. The designed system extends the current state of the art in the field of animal-robot interaction in general and the birds study in particular by combining such advantages as (1) the robot being a part of the group, (2) the possibility of mixed multi-robot, multi-animal groups, and (3) close-loop control of robots. It opens new opportunities in the study of behaviour in domestic fowl by using mobile robots; being socially integrated into the animal group, robots can profit from the positive feedback mechanism that plays key roles in animal collective behaviour. They have potential applications in various domains, from pure scientific research to applied areas such as control and ensuring welfare of poultry.
Keywords: Design -
(2018): Moral foundations of positive and negative intergroup behavior. Moral exclusion fills the gap. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS 64, S. 67-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.03.006
Abstract: Personal criteria about the morally appropriate forms of behavior can be crucial when coming into contact with members of culturally different outgroups. In our study, we investigated whether moral exclusion mediates the relationship between moral foundations and positive and negative behavioral intentions toward Muslim people. Our aim was to identify the psychological mechanism that explains why particular people intend to harm (or not harm), and help (or not help) members of particular outgroups. Using survey data from an online questionnaire, structural equation modeling and mediation analysis showed that individualizing moral foundations had a negative relationship with negative behavioral intentions and a positive relationship with positive intentions towards Muslim people. Binding moral foundations showed the opposite connection with behavioral intentions. The relationship between moral foundations and intergroup behavioral intentions was mediated by moral exclusion. These results imply that moral intuitions form the basis of behavioral intentions toward a culturally different outgroup both directly and by influencing whether or not the outgroup is worthy of moral concern.
-
(2018) : Toward an Organic Computing Approach to Automated Design of Processing Pipelines In: ARCS: ARCS Workshop 2018; 31th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems: Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer SE, S. 1-8. Online verfügbar unter https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8385430/
Abstract: This paper aims to propose a novel Organic Computing concept to dealing with the overall issue of automated design of processing pipelines. It is outlined how several methods standing under the Artificial Intelligence umbrella are combined to form a technique that can be realized by Organic Computing systems to strengthen their self-configuration property by implementing self-optimization and self-learning techniques. Three envisioned application scenarios are discussed which will serve as first testbeds for the proposed architecture in a future research project: The automated design of 1) a data pre-processing observer component for the refurbishment and the analysis of insufficient quality data to improve the learning ability of employed machine learning algorithms, 2) an image processing pipeline for industrial imaging systems, and, 3) production lines in manufacturing scenarios.
-
(2018): Fairness, fast and slow. A review of dual process models of fairness. In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, S. 49-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.016
Abstract: Fairness, the notion that people deserve or have rights to certain resources or kinds of treatment, is a fundamental dimension of moral cognition. Drawing on recent evidence from economics, psychology, and neuroscience, we ask whether self-interest is always intuitive, requiring self-control to override with reasoning-based fairness concerns, or whether fairness itself can be intuitive. While we find strong support for rejecting the notion that self-interest is always intuitive, the literature has reached conflicting conclusions about the neurocognitive systems underpinning fairness. We propose that this disagreement can largely be resolved in light of an extended Social Heuristics Hypothesis. Divergent findings may be attributed to the interpretation of behavioral effects of ego depletion or neurostimulation, reverse inference from brain activity to the underlying psychological process, and insensitivity to social context and inter-individual differences. To better dissect the neurobiological basis of fairness, we outline how future research should embrace cross-disciplinary methods that combine psychological manipulations with neuroimaging, and that can probe inter-individual, and cultural heterogeneities.
-
(2018): Staying with the trouble for multispecies environmental justice. In: Dialogues in Human Geography 8 (1), S. 102-105. DOI: 10.1177/2043820617739208
-
(2018) : Real-time Intelligent Tele-Care Assistance Systems In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: Broadband Coverage in Germany; 12th ITG-Symposium: Berlin, Germany: VDE Verlag GmbH, S. 1-4. Online verfügbar unter https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8385230/
Abstract: The combination and fusion of technologies and procedures from "Ambient Assisted Living" (AAL), "Human-Technology Interaction" (MTI) and "eHealth" to target a real-time capable sensor data analysis-framework is the re-search focus of the "fast care"-project. This project is a part of the combined "fast" consortium at the Technical University of Dresden, which consists of more than 25 project parts working on the Next Generation 5G haptic internet. "Fast care" is focused on haptic care in the home environment. Measurements and observations by an adhoc-networked, real-time sensor infrastructure are performed with the aim of creating an integrated situation picture for direct interaction with an actor infrastructure or for the generation of a future forecast - with a latency period of less than 10 ms.
-
(2018): Who am I?. The role of moral beliefs in children's and adults' understanding of identity. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, S. 210-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.007
Abstract: Adults report that moral characteristics—particularly widely shared moral beliefs—are central to identity. This perception appears driven by the view that changes to widely shared moral beliefs would alter friendships and that this change in social relationships would, in turn, alter an individual's personal identity. Because reasoning about identity changes substantially during adolescence, the current work tested pre- and post-adolescents to reveal the role that such changes could play in moral cognition. Experiment 1 showed that 8- to 10-year-olds, like adults, judged that people would change more after changes to their widely shared moral beliefs (e.g., whether hitting is wrong) than after changes to controversial moral beliefs (e.g., whether telling prosocial lies is wrong). Following up on this basic effect, a second experiment examined whether participants regard all changes to widely shared moral beliefs as equally impactful. Adults, but not children, reported that individuals would change more if their good moral beliefs (e.g., it is not okay to hit) transformed into bad moral beliefs (e.g., it is okay to hit) than if the opposite change occurred. This difference in adults was mediated by perceptions of how much changes to each type of belief would alter friendships. We discuss implications for moral judgment and social cognitive development.
-
(2018): What's (not) underpinning ambivalent sexism?. Revisiting the roles of ideology, religiosity, personality, demographics, and men's facial hair in explaining hostile and benevolent sexism. In: Personality and Individual Differences 122, S. 29-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.001
Abstract: Ambivalent sexism is a two-dimensional framework that assesses sexist and misogynous attitudes. The current corpus of research on such attitudes suggest that they are predicted by numerous variables, including religious beliefs, ideological variables, and men's facial hair. Most studies, however, have treated such predictors as if they are independent – inferring that zero-order correlations between sexism and its predictors are not confounded by omitted third variables. In the current work, we address ambivalent sexism using a large array of known correlates of sexist attitudes in two large and demographically diverse samples. We show that low empathic concern is the primary driver of hostile-, but not benevolent sexism (Study 1); that social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, religiosity, and low Openness and Agreeableness differentially predict ambivalent sexism (Study 2); along with male gender and low education level (Study 1 and 2). Contradicting an earlier finding, men's facial hair was not correlated with hostile sexism in either studies and a short full beard predicted lower scores on benevolent sexism in Study 2. Thus, we replicated the main findings from most previous research except for men's facial hair, and we also show the paths through which predictors of sexist attitudes exert their effects.