Alle Publikationen
2012
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(2012): Formulaic Language in Language Socialization. In: Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 32, S. 173-188. DOI: 10.1017/S0267190512000049
Abstract: This article reviews recent research on the roles of formulaic language in language socialization theory and research from the point of view that formulaic language is a chunk of language (e.g., one word, string of several words) repeatedly used in verbal routines and other contexts. Although the notion of formulaic language is not always explicitly discussed in the literature of language socialization, previous research suggests that formulaic language is indeed an important notion within the theory of language socialization, for it often plays a crucial role in socializing novices to social dimensions such as politeness, hierarchy, and social identities including social roles and statuses, and relationships. This article first provides a brief introduction of language socialization theory, its research methods, and recent developments. It then reviews recent language socialization research on formulaic language in first and second language (L1, L2) and heritage language environments, including how novices are socialized to use formulaic language, how they are socialized through its use, and how they actually use it in normative and novel ways in participating in social interaction with experts and/or peers. Finally, the major findings of recent studies are summarized, and the article concludes by suggesting several directions for further research on formulaic language in language socialization.
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(2012): Frame-Semantik. Ein Kompendium. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110269451
Abstract: Frame semantics is an important recent development in linguistic theory that links linguistics, cognitive psychology, general cognitive science, and AI research. This handbook-style introductory work, which is the first to com-prehensively consider the topic from a linguistic perspective, discusses the most important frame models and their theoretical roots, applications, and implications. The handbook format allows each chapter to be read and used individually Frame semantics is an important recent development in linguistic theory that links linguistics, cognitive psychology, general cognitive science, and AI research. This handbook-style introductory work, which is the first to com-prehensively consider the topic from a linguistic perspective, discusses the most important frame models and their theoretical roots, applications, and implications. The handbook format allows each chapter to be read and used individually. Dietrich Busse,Universität Düsseldorf.
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(2012): A practitioner's guide to interpersonal communication theory. An overview and exploration of selected theories. In: Patient education and counseling 87 (3), S. 261-267. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.10.006
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22112396 Abstract: OBJECTIVE To provide a brief overview of selected interpersonal theories and models, and to present examples of their use in healthcare communication research. RESULTS Nine interpersonal communication theories and their application to healthcare communication are discussed. CONCLUSION As healthcare communication interactions often occur at an interpersonal level, familiarity with theories of interpersonal communication may reinforce existing best practices and lead to the development of novel communication approaches with patients. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This article serves as an introductory primer to theories of interpersonal communication that have been or could be applied to healthcare communication research. Understanding key constructs and general formulations of these theories may provide practitioners with additional theoretical frameworks to use when interacting with patients.
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(2012): Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition. ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy. In: Brain structure & function 217 (4), S. 783-796. DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270812 Abstract: Morally judicious behavior forms the fabric of human sociality. Here, we sought to investigate neural activity associated with different facets of moral thought. Previous research suggests that the cognitive and emotional sources of moral decisions might be closely related to theory of mind, an abstract-cognitive skill, and empathy, a rapid-emotional skill. That is, moral decisions are thought to crucially refer to other persons' representation of intentions and behavioral outcomes as well as (vicariously experienced) emotional states. We thus hypothesized that moral decisions might be implemented in brain areas engaged in 'theory of mind' and empathy. This assumption was tested by conducting a large-scale activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, which assessed 2,607 peak coordinates from 247 experiments in 1,790 participants. The brain areas that were consistently involved in moral decisions showed more convergence with the ALE analysis targeting theory of mind versus empathy. More specifically, the neurotopographical overlap between morality and empathy disfavors a role of affective sharing during moral decisions. Ultimately, our results provide evidence that the neural network underlying moral decisions is probably domain-global and might be dissociable into cognitive and affective sub-systems.
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(2012): One’s a Crowd?. On Greenwood’s Delimitation of the Social. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 43 (4), S. 519-530. DOI: 10.1177/0048393112454335
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393112454335 Abstract: In an effort to carve a distinct place for social facts without lapsing into a holistic ontology, John Greenwood has sought to define social phenomena solely in terms of the attitudes held by the actor(s) in question. I argue that his proposal allows for the possibility of a “lone collectivity” that is (1) unpalatable in its own right and (2) incompatible with the claim that sociology is autonomous from psychology. As such, I conclude that the relevant beliefs need to be held by more than one person.
Keywords: Anerkennung und kollektive Intentionalität, Durkheim, Game Theory, Gilbert, Gruppennorm, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, individualism, Intellektualtechnik, Kogn. Architektur, kognitive Architekturen, kollektive Intentionalität, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Natur & Genese von Normen, Ontology, philosophy of the social sciences, Realtechnik, social psychology, Sociology, Technik, Theorie der Normen und Kollektive Repräsentationen (Durkheim) -
Chapelle, Carol A. (2012): The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. CO-EN. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Abstract: A comprehensive resource covering the highly diverse field of applied linguistics. It brings together historic and emerging areas of research within applied linguistics. The 10 volumes combine individual entries ranging from 1,500 to 4,000 words, with longer, essay-style contributions giving a detailed overview of key developments and ideas. Covers 31 key areas of the field, including Language Teaching and Learning, Bilingual Education, Language Policy and Planning, Assessment andEvaluation, Corpus Linguistics, Discourse and Conversation Analysis, the Neurobiology of Language, Literacy, and Technology and Language
Keywords: Applied linguistics -
(2012): Norms of Fairness., Michigan, US. Online verfügbar unter http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3458823, zuletzt geprüft am 24.02.2018
Abstract: Chapter 1 introduces the topic of fairness. Chapter 2 measures the beliefs and behavior of third parties who were given the opportunity to sanction or reward individuals who engaged in an economic bargaining game under different social contexts. Third parties preferred to compensate the victim of an unfair bargaining outcome rather than sanction the perpetrator, but were willing to punish the perpetrator when this was the only option available. Third party beliefs about whether unequal bargaining outcomes were fair differed based on the bargaining context, but actual sanctioning and compensation behavior did not. Chapter 3 uses an economic bargaining game to demonstrate that both fair behavior and perceptions of fairness depend upon beliefs about what one ought to do in a situation – that is, upon normative expectations. We manipulated such expectations by creating informational asymmetries about the offer choices available to the Proposer, and found that behavior varies accordingly. Proposers and Responders showed a remarkable degree of agreement in their beliefs about which choices are considered fair. We discuss how these results fit into a theory of social norms. Chapter 4 uses an economic bargaining game to test for the existence of two phenomena related to social norms, namely norm manipulation – the selection of an interpretation of the norm that best suits an individual – and norm evasion – the deliberate, private violation of a social norm. We found that the manipulation of a norm of fairness was characterized by a self-serving bias in beliefs about what constituted normatively acceptable behavior, so that an individual who made an uneven bargaining offer genuinely believed it was fair, even though recipients of the offer considered it to be unfair. In contrast, norm evasion operated as a highly explicit process. When they could do so without the recipient's knowledge, individuals made uneven offers despite knowing that their behavior was unfair. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2012): Power, defensive denigration, and the assuaging effect of gratitude expression. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (3), S. 778-782. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.016
Abstract: This article examines the interactive effects of power, competency threats, and gratitude expression on the tendency to denigrate others. The results of two experiments indicate that (1) power holders whose competence has been threatened are more likely than others to denigrate interaction partners, and (2) receiving gratitude expression has self-affirming effects for insecure power holders. Experiment 1 demonstrated that high-power, but not low-power, individuals who received threatening feedback about their competence denigrated the competence of their partners. Importantly, this tendency was ameliorated when subordinates expressed gratitude for previous help provided from the power holder. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the ameliorating effect of gratitude expression on threatened power holders' tendency to denigrate subordinates is mediated by increased perceptions of social worth. Implications for research on power, gratitude expression, and the self are discussed. zitiert von 22
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Chowdhry, Bhawani Shankar; Shaikh, Faisal Karim; Akbar Hussain, Dil Muhammad; Aslam Uqaili, Muhammad (Hg.) (2012): Emerging Trends and Applications in Information Communication Technologies. Second International Conference, IMTIC 2012, Jamshoro, Pakistan, March 28-30, 2012. Proceedings. New York: Springer (Communications in Computer and Information Science Ser)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28962-0 Abstract: Annotation
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(2012): Technology as Skill and Activity. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 16 (3), S. 208-230. DOI: 10.5840/techne201216315
Abstract: Can we conceive of a philosophy of technology that is not technophobic, yet takes seriously the problem of alienation and human meaning-giving? This paperretrieves the concern with alienation, but brings it into dialogue with more recent philosophy of technology. It defines and responds to the problem of alienation in a way that avoids both old-style human-centered approaches and contemporary thingcentered or hybridity approaches. In contrast to the latter, it proposes to reconcile subject and object not at the ontic level but at the ontological, transcendental level and at the level of skilled activity. Taking inspiration from Dreyfus’s reading of Heidegger and engaging critically with the work of Borgmann and Arendt, it explores a phenomenology and ethics of skill. It is concluded that new and emerging technologies must be evaluated not only as artifacts and their consequences, but also in terms of the skills and activities they involve and require. Do they promote engagement with the world and with others, thus making us into better persons?
Keywords: Anerkennung, Anerkennung und technische Systeme, deutsche Community, Disziplin, Entfremdung, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, Konstruktion des Selbst, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Phänomenologie, Philosophie, Reflexionen über MTR, Soziale Angemessenheit, Technik, Technikphilosophie, Zeitschrift: techne -
(2012): Getting Down to Basics. A Situated Model of Conflict in Social Relations. In: Negotiation Journal 28 (1), S. 7-43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1571-9979.2011.00324.x
Abstract: The field of conflict resolution is fractured. Despite many decades of fine research, we still lack a basic unifying framework that integrates the many theories of conflict dynamics. Thus, the findings from research on conflict are often piecemeal, decontextualized, contradictory, or focused on negative outcomes, which contributes to a persistent research-practice gap. In this article, we describe a situated model for the study of conflict that combines separate strands of scholarship into a coherent framework for conceptualizing conflict in dyadic social relations. The model considers conflict interactions in the context of social relations and employs prior research on the fundamental dimensions of social relations to create a basic framework for investigating conflict dynamics. The resulting model is heuristic and generative. We discuss the theoretical context and main propositions of this model as well as its implications for conflict resolution practitioners.
Keywords: adaptivity, BEHAVIOR, conflict, conflict theory, COOPERATION, decision-making, Dyadic Social Relations, dynamic systems theory, DYNAMICAL-SYSTEMS, HANDLING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT, Interaktion, interdependence, INTRACTABLE CONFLICT, Konfliktverhalten, NEGOTIATION, ORGANIZATIONAL POWER, POWER, social relations, stimulus fields, UNEQUAL POWER -
(2012): Democracy, Narcissism, and the World Wide Web. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 16 (3), S. 252-274. DOI: 10.5840/techne201216317
Abstract: Against a thinker like Martin Heidegger who takes restraints on individual freedom and the promotion of authoritarianism as implicit features in the ongoing development of technology, Andrew Feenberg argues for a “democratic rationalization” of modern technology whereby people effectively choose their own futures, not in spite of their tools, but increasingly because of them. Acknowledging the Web’s democratic potential, I believe that a new threat—far different from authoritarian regimes or structures—has emerged: a rampant and multifarious narcissism that threatens to drown democratic ideals in a wave of self-obsession and self-promotion.
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(2012): Instrumentality boosts appreciation: Helpers are more appreciated while they are useful.. In: Psychological science 23 (6), S. 560-566
Abstract: We propose that in social interactions, appreciation of a helper depends on that helper’s instrumentality: The more motivated one is to accomplish a goal, and the more one perceives a helper as able to facilitate that goal, the more appreciation one will feel for that helper. Four experiments supported this instrumentality-boost hypothesis by showing that beneficiaries felt more appreciation of their helpers while they were receiving help toward an ongoing task than after that task was completed or after the helper was deemed no longer instrumental. This finding held for both the positive side of appreciation (gratitude) and the negative side (feelings of indebtedness) and also across a range of relationships (complete strangers, newly acquainted partners, and friends). This pattern of appreciation is counterintuitive for helpers, and so a mismatch arises between the time courses of beneficiaries’ experienced appreciation and helpers’ expectations of appreciation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Soziale Anerkennung, Sozialpsychologie -
Cooper, Harris; Camic, Paul; Long, Debra; Panter, Abigail T.; Rindskopf, David; Sher, Kenneth J. (Hg.) (2012): APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. Washington: American Psychological Association
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(2012) : Achieving lifestyle aspirations through assisted living technology: IET Seminar on Assisted Living 2011: 6 April 2011: IET Seminar on Assisted Living 2011: London, UK: 6 April 2011: Stevenage, England: IET
Abstract: Against a background of known cognitive and physical decline in older adults is an agenda that aims to develop technologies that are intended to support their day-to-day life, allowing them to maintain their independence and live at home for longer. Yet uptake of such new technologies has been relatively poor and in part we see this as due to poor integration between the new technologies and existing services. The aim of this project is to develop a technology solution that (i) supports independent living but that is (ii) is properly integrated with existing services for older adults and (iii) fits the personal aspirations of individual older adults. To understand all three perspectives, the project is utilising an iterative approach to creating and evaluating future scenarios. These scenarios illustrate the role of technologies in supporting everyday living, rather than focus on the technological design. A core set of scenarios were developed and refined, with input from user advocacy groups, including Quality of Life Partnership and Northern Rock Foundation and input from service providers including Newcastle City Council. The scenarios then formed the basis for group discussion in a series of older-adult focus groups. The output from these discussions was a better understanding of the aspirations of older adults and a more critical sense of the classes of technologies that may support those aspirations.
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(2012): Solidarity and Social Moral Rules. In: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 15 (5), S. 691-706. DOI: 10.1007/s10677-011-9313-8
Abstract: The value of solidarity, which is exemplified in noble groups like the Civil Rights Movement along with more mundane teams, families and marriages, is distinctive in part because people are in solidarity over, for or with regard to something, such as common sympathies, interests, values, etc. I use this special feature of solidarity to resolve a longstanding puzzle about enacted social moral rules, which is, aren't these things just heuristics, rules of thumb or means of coordination that we 'fetishize' or 'worship' if we stubbornly insist on sticking to them when we can do more good by breaking them? I argue that when we are in a certain kind of solidarity with others, united by social moral rules that we have established among ourselves, the rules we have developed and maintain are a constitutive part of our solidary relationships with one another; and it is part of being in this sort of solidarity with our comrades that we are presumptively required to follow the social moral rules that join us together. Those in the Polish Revolution, for example, were bound by informally enforced rules about publicity, free speech and the use of violence, so following their own rules became a way of standing in a valuable sort of solidarity with one another. I explain why we can have non-instrumental reasons to follow the social moral rules that exist in our own society, improve our rules and even sometimes to break the otherwise good rules that help to unite us.
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(2012): English for airport ground staff. In: English for Specific Purposes 31 (1), S. 3-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.esp.2011.06.002
Abstract: This article describes part of a European Commission Leonardo project that aimed to design a multimedia course for English language learners seeking work as ground staff in European airports. The structural functional analysis of the dialogues written from the course showed that, across the four trades explored (security guards, ground handlers, catering staff and bus drivers), the present simple and clausal ellipsis abounded. It also revealed differences between trades. Will future was mostly used by security guards, ground handlers and bus drivers, when referring to regulations and offering their own action. Direct orders were given mainly by security guards and bus drivers, to enforce the law and keep passengers moving. Passenger complaints were met by security guard pseudo-apologies, but bus drivers rarely apologised. Catering staff and bus driver dialogues featured the polite would, can and could in offers and requests, accompanied by greetings, farewells, pleases, thank yous and formal address forms. Security guards used hedges to mitigate their threat to passengers while ground handler routines allowed little time for interactional softeners. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: time -
(2012): The self-promoting playful pen in graphic and literary rhino-caricatures. In: HUMOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMOR RESEARCH 25 (2), S. 179-198
Abstract: From ancient times to the present, artists’ and authors’ creative, critical, and diverting pens have caricatured the human nose. Their amusing games express the power of the artistic imagination to turn their subjects into game pieces by (1) poking fun at their sociopolitical status through exaggerating or diminishing the size and shape of their noses; (2) playing upon hilarious, multifaceted links between their noses, phalluses, and the mocking pen; and (3) building canonical play frames that expand the artists’ and authors’ ability to mock the sociopolitical competition for power and influence. Though these games at times transgress the boundaries of decorum, they also underscore graphic and verbal caricaturists’ self-promotional creativity, as they address the many inequalities in actual and fictive worlds.
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(2012) : Vision-based attention control system for socially interactive robots: 2012 IEEE RO-MAN: The 21st IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication: Paris, France: IEEE, S. 496-502
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2012.6343800 Abstract: A social robot needs to attract the attention of a target human and shift it from his/her current focus to what is sought by the robot. The robot should recognize the current target’s attention level to smoothly perform this attention control. In this paper, we propose a vision-based system to detect the level of attention or willingness of the target person towards the robot and to control his/her attention. The system estimates the attention level from rich visual cues of human’s face and head. Then, by timing target’s attention to determine the appropriate attention level, it generates aware signals and makes eye contact with the target. Finally, the robot shifts the target’s attention to an intended direction. The experimental results reveal that the proposed system is effective in controlling the target’s attention.
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(2012): When Do People Misrepresent Themselves to Others?. The Effects of Social Desirability, Ground Truth, and Accountability on Deceptive Self-Presentations. In: Journal of Communication 62 (3), S. 400-417. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01646.x
Abstract: Following Leary's (1995) impression management model, three experiments assessed factors that affect deceptive self‐presentations of height and weight. One experiment examined the role of biased cognitive processing. It revealed interactions between biased scanning—focusing on one's own socially desirable characteristics—and participants' sex that affected discrepancies between actual and self‐reported height/weight. Another investigated the effect of establishing ground truth prior to self‐assessment. It determined that exposure to one's actual measures (ground truth) prior to self‐report reduced inaccuracy. The third examined the role of perceived accountability. It found that anticipation of being measured reduced discrepant self‐reports. Results suggest that psychological and social processes provide higher‐order explanations for distorted self‐presentations of the kind that other studies have attributed to specific goals and sociotechnological factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2012): Perspectives and ideologies. A pragmatic use for recognition theory. In: Philosophy & Social Criticism 38 (2), S. 215-226. DOI: 10.1177/0191453711427260
Abstract: 'Recognition' is a normative concept denoting the ascription of positive status to a group or an individual by (an) other(s). In its larger meaning, it carries the implication that when a group or an individual can justifiably expect such a positive status-ascription, its denial (misrecognition) is unjustified and unethical. I discuss the role that the concept of recognition can play at the intersection of two philosophies, pragmatism and contemporary critical theory. My perspective is one that embraces the 'pragmatic turn' in critical theory and sees the possibility of reciprocal benefit for pragmatism in how critical theory handles issues of material culture, alienation and networks of power. I argue that a critical social theory incorporating pragmatist presuppositions ought to bring the concept of recognition to bear in how it isolates and treats the 'real interests' of groups and individuals who have suffered and continue to suffer from broad social ascriptions of negative status, or who, through lack of voice and access to the public sphere, remain paralysed to participation in a thriving liberal democracy. In doing so, I do not construe recognition primarily as 'positive tolerance' or understanding of cultural, ethnic, or gender identity, but as a minimally substantive tool for understanding, and potentially correcting, how misrecognition impacts the collective and individual agency of the historically oppressed.
Keywords: alienation and recognition, Anerkennung, Anerkennung als menschliche Grundkategorie, Disziplin, Favoriten, Honneth, Honneth und aktuelle Kritische Theorie, Modelle/Theorien, Philosophie, Pragmatische Einbettung der Anerkennungstheorie, Pragmatismus, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialphilosophie -
(2012): Service robots in the mirror of reflective research. In: Poiesis & Praxis: International Journal of Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment 9 (3-4), S. 181-200. DOI: 10.1007/s10202-012-0111-8
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23226994 Abstract: Service robotics has increasingly become the focus of reflective research on new technologies over the last decade. The current state of technology is characterized by prototypical robot systems developed for specific application scenarios outside factories. This has enabled context-based Science and Technology Studies and technology assessments of service robotic systems. This contribution describes the status quo of this reflective research as the starting point for interdisciplinary technology assessment (TA), taking account of TA studies and, in particular, of publications from the ethical and empirical social science perspective. Finally, based on this status quo, evaluation criteria for service robots are developed, which are relevant for further reflective research.
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(2012): Service robots on their way? First steps of an interdisciplinary technology assessment. In: Poiesis & Praxis: International Journal of Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment 9 (3-4), S. 177-180. DOI: 10.1007/s10202-012-0112-7
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23226993 Abstract: Therefore, framing the problems and developing research questions out of it becomes the key for any interdisciplinary project (Decker 2001). For the interdisciplinary TA project on service robotics, to which the papers of this focus contribute, the problem setting and the identification of the relevant disciplines were described elsewhere (Decker et al. 2011; Decker 2012). Since the project aims for a TA of service robotics on a general level (even though referring to case studies for illustration), the relevant disciplines include economics, ethics, jurisprudence and psychology of work. While the first three are traditionally part of an interdisciplinary TA, the latter one is crucial in the context of replacing human beings in their service work environments.
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(2012): The Playful Machine. Theoretical Foundation and Practical Realization of Self-Organizing Robots. 1. Aufl.. s.l.: Springer-Verlag (Cognitive Systems Monographs, 15). Online verfügbar unter http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10524659
Abstract: Autonomous robots may become our closest companions in the near future. While the technology for physically building such machines is already available today, a problem lies in the generation of the behavior for such complex machines. Nature proposes a solution: young children and higher animals learn to master their complex brain-body systems by playing. Can this be an option for robots? How can a machine be playful? The book provides answers by developing a general principle - homeokinesis, the dynamical symbiosis between brain, body, and environment - that is shown to drive robots to self-d Georg Martius
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(2012): Die Rolle sozialer Normen, der Situationsdefinition und sozialer Klassen beim Untergang der Titanic. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 64 (1), S. 175-184. DOI: 10.1007/s11577-012-0160-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-012-0160-y Abstract: Unter welchen Bedingungen befolgen Menschen soziale Normen in lebensbedrohlichen Situationen? Augenzeugen berichten, dass männliche Passagiere und die Besatzung die Norm „Frauen und Kinder zuerst“ nach der Kollision der Titanic mit einem Eisberg respektiert hatten. Frey et al. (Kölner Z Soz Sozpsychol 63:237–254, 2011) haben als Grund angeführt, dass die relativ lange Zeitspanne bis zum Untergang des Schiffes die Etablierung einer sozialen Ordnung ermöglicht hat. Allerdings dürfte, wie hier argumentiert wird, als weiterer erklärender Faktor die Wahrnehmung des Risikos oder „die Situationsdefinition“ hinzukommen. Im Gegensatz zu Frey et al. wecken Augenzeugenberichte und statistische Analysen Zweifel an der Behauptung, dass Passagiere der dritten Klasse nicht diskriminiert und während der Rettungsaktionen nicht vernachlässigt wurden. Abstract Under what conditions do humans comply with social norms in life-and-death situations? Eye witnesses confirm that male passengers and crew respected the norm “women and children first” after the collision of the Titanic with an iceberg. In a recent publication Frey et al. (Kölner Z Soz Sozpsychol 63:237–254, 2011) argued that the relatively large time span between the collision and the sinking of the ship was the crucial factor in explaining the remarkable degree of norm compliance. However, as is suggested here, risk perception or “the definition of the situation” is a relevant factor too. In contrast to Frey et al. eye-witness reports and statistical evidence raise doubts about the claim that there was no neglect or discrimination of class passengers during the catastrophic events.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy