Alle Publikationen
2017
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(2017) : Cognitive and robotic systems: Speeding up integration and results: 2017 Latin American Robotics Symposium (LARS) and 2017 Brazilian Symposium on Robotics (SBR): 2017 Latin American Robotics Symposium (LARS) and 2017 Brazilian Symposium on Robotics (SBR): Curitiba, PR, Brazil: IEEE, S. 1-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SBR-LARS-R.2017.8215337 Abstract: Nowadays, state-of-the-art robots are capable of millimetric motion accuracy by performing highly repetitive tasks, however, as a constraint they operate in highly structured environments where objects are in known and predictable locations. Thus, it is not surprising that robots are more often used in high-volume operations such as painting and welding, rather than operations where diversity of actions, direct contact with humans, and variability of the environment meet fundamental requirements. Social robotics is an area of research that aims to make viable the direct interaction of robots with humans in unstructured environments. It uses several techniques, such as, machine learning, cognitive modeling, artificial intelligence, knowledge representation and ontology. One factor that compromises the rapid evolution of social robotics is the difficulty in modeling cognitive systems due to the volume and complexity of information produced by a chaotic world full of sensory information. In addition, the validation of results with the use of real environments involving buildings, streets and people presents a high cost of installation and maintenance. This article offers two strategies to speed up the evolution of social robotics. The first involves the definition of OntCog ontology that models the senses captured by the agent robotic sensors. This modeling facilitates the reproduction of experiments associated with cognitive models and the comparison among different implementations. The second is associated with the development of Robot House Simulator (RHS), which provides an environment where a robot and a human character can interact socially with increasing levels of cognitive processing. An unprecedented feature of this simulator is to provide information about all the senses of the robot, actually only the sense of vision or touch has been considered in the existing robotic simulators.
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(2017): Social Scene Understanding: End-to-End Multi-Person Action Localization and Collective Activity Recognition. Online verfügbar unter http://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.09078v1
Abstract: We present a unified framework for understanding human social behaviors in raw image sequences. Our model jointly detects multiple individuals, infers their social actions, and estimates the collective actions with a single feed-forward pass through a neural network. We propose a single architecture that does not rely on external detection algorithms but rather is trained end-to-end to generate dense proposal maps that are refined via a novel inference scheme. The temporal consistency is handled via a person-level matching Recurrent Neural Network. The complete model takes as input a sequence of frames and outputs detections along with the estimates of individual actions and collective activities. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance of our algorithm on multiple publicly available benchmarks.
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(2017): Beyond Dominance and Competence. A Moral Virtue Theory of Status Attainment. In: Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 21 (3), S. 203-227. DOI: 10.1177/1088868316649297
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225037 Abstract: Recognition has grown that moral behavior (e.g., generosity) plays a role in status attainment, yet it remains unclear how, why, and when demonstrating moral characteristics enhances status. Drawing on philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and organizational behavior, I critically review a third route to attaining status: virtue, and propose a moral virtue theory of status attainment to provide a generalized account of the role of morality in status attainment. The moral virtue theory posits that acts of virtue elicit feelings of warmth and admiration (for virtue), and willing deference, toward the virtuous actor. I further consider how the scope and priority of moralities and virtues endorsed by a moral community are bound by culture and social class to affect which moral characteristics enhance status. I end by outlining an agenda for future research into the role of virtue in status attainment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 5
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(2017): Acceptance of social robots by elder people: Does psychosocial functioning matter?. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 9 (2). Online verfügbar unter URL: http://www.springer.com/engineering/robotics/journal/12369
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(2017): Real‐time gesture–based communication using possibility theory–based hidden Markov model. In: Computational Intelligence 33 (4), S. 843-862. DOI: 10.1111/coin.12116
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/coin.12116 Abstract: Exploring correct patterns from low‐frequency time‐series data is challenging. For resolving this problem, the concept of possibility theory–based hidden Markov model (PTBHMM) has been proposed. In this article, all three fundamental problems (evaluation, decoding, and learning) of conventional HMM have been addressed using possibility theory. For handling uncertainty, we have used an axiomatic approach of possibility theory proposed by Zadeh. The time complexity of existing solutions of HMM (forward, backward, Viterbi, and Baum Welch) and proposed possibility‐based solutions has been calculated and compared. From the comparison result, it has been found that PTBHMM has lesser time complexity and hence will be more suitable for real‐time gesture–based communication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Motivated cognition and fairness. Insights, integration, and creating a path forward. In: The Journal of applied psychology 102 (6), S. 867-889. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000204
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28277729 Abstract: How do individuals form fairness perceptions? This question has been central to the fairness literature since its inception, sparking a plethora of theories and a burgeoning volume of research. To date, the answer to this question has been predicated on the assumption that fairness perceptions are subjective (i.e., "in the eye of the beholder"). This assumption is shared with motivated cognition approaches, which highlight the subjective nature of perceptions and the importance of viewing individuals arriving at those perceptions as active and motivated processors of information. Further, the motivated cognition literature has other key insights that have been less explicitly paralleled in the fairness literature, including how different goals (e.g., accuracy, directional) can influence how individuals process information and arrive at their perceptions. In this integrative conceptual review, we demonstrate how interpreting extant theory and research related to the formation of fairness perceptions through the lens of motivated cognition can deepen our understanding of fairness, including how individuals' goals and motivations can influence their subjective perceptions of fairness. We show how this approach can provide integration as well as generate new insights into fairness processes. We conclude by highlighting the implications that applying a motivated cognition perspective can have for the fairness literature and by providing a research agenda to guide the literature moving forward. (PsycINFO Database Record
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(2017): The Eyes as Window to the Mind. In: The American journal of psychiatry 174 (1), S. 1-2. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16101188
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(2017): Contemporary morality. Moral judgments in digital contexts. In: Computers in Human Behavior 75, S. 184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.020
Abstract: Nowadays, several of the situations in which we have to make decisions are in digital form. In a first experiment (N = 1010) we showed that people's moral judgments depend on the Digital Context (Smartphone vs. PC) in which a dilemma is presented, becoming more utilitarian (vs. deontological) when using Smartphones in high conflict moral dilemmas. To provide additional evidence, we ran a second (N = 250) and a third experiment (N = 300), where we introduced time constraints and we manipulated time instructions. Our results provide an extended perspective on Dual-Process Models of Moral Judgment, as we showed that the use of smartphones, often assumed to be hurried which would be consistent with gut-feeling decision-making, increased the likelihood of utilitarian responses and decreased deontological ones. We suggest that the increase in utilitarian judgments is a result of inducing high construal, increasing psychological distance and giving rise to an abstract representation of actions. A fourth experiment (N = 1211), where we measured psychological distance, provided some first evidence for our hypotheses. This is one of the first studies to look at the impact of the digital age on moral judgments and the results presented have consequences for understanding moral choice in our increasingly virtualized world.
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(2017): Swearing at work. The mixed outcomes of profanity. In: Journal of Managerial Psychology 32 (2), S. 149-162. DOI: 10.1108/JMP-04-2016-0102
Abstract: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the use and misuse of swearing in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach - Using a qualitative methodology, the authors interviewed 52 lawyers, medical doctors and business executives in the UK, France and the USA. Findings - In contrast to much of the incivility and social norms literatures, the authors find that male and female business executives, lawyers and doctors of all ages admit to swearing. Further, swearing can lead to positive outcomes at the individual, interpersonal and group levels, including stress-relief, communicationenrichment and socialization- enhancement. Research limitations/implications - An implication for future scholarship is that "thinking out of the box" when exploring emotion-related issues can lead to new insights. Practical implications - Practical implications include reconsidering and tolerating incivility under certain conditions. Originality/value - The authors identified a case in which a negative phenomenon reveals counter-intuitive yet insightful results.
Keywords: time -
(2017): Structured learning for spoken language understanding in human-robot interaction. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS RESEARCH 36 (5-7), S. 660-683
Abstract: Robots are slowly becoming a part of everyday life, being marketed for commercial applications such as telepresence, cleaning or entertainment. Thus, the ability to interact via natural language with non-expert users is becoming a key requirement. Even if user utterances can be efficiently recognized and transcribed by automatic speech recognition systems, several issues arise in translating them into suitable robotic actions and most of the existing solutions are strictly related to a specific scenario. In this paper, we present an approach to the design of natural language interfaces for human robot interaction, to translate spoken commands into computational structures that enable the robot to execute the intended request. The proposed solution is achieved by combining a general theory of language semantics, i.e. frame semantics, with state-of-the-art methods for robust spoken language understanding, based on structured learning algorithms. The adopted data driven paradigm allows the development of a fully functional natural language processing chain, that can be initialized by re-using available linguistic tools and resources. In addition, it can be also specialized by providing small sets of examples representative of a target newer domain. A systematic benchmarking resource, in terms of a rich and multi-layered spoken corpus has also been created and it has been used to evaluate the natural language processing chain. Our results show that our processing chain, trained with generic resources, provides a solid baseline for command understanding in a service robot domain. Moreover, when domain-dependent resources are provided to the system, the accuracy of the achieved interpretation always improves.
Keywords: Algorithmen, doppelter Treffer, frame semantics, Frame-Semantik, Interaktion, Korpus, Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation, Mensch-Technik-Interaktion, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), narürliche Sprache, natural language interface, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Realtechnik, Robotik, Serviceroboter, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Robotik, speech processing, Sprache, Sprachgebrauch, Sprachverarbeitung, Sprachverstehen, Status / biologische Marker, structured learning algorithm, Technik -
(2017): Familiarity with Own Population's Appearance Influences Facial Preferences. In: Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) 28 (3), S. 344-354. DOI: 10.1007/s12110-017-9289-8
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28516361 Abstract: Previous studies have found that individuals from rural areas in Malaysia and in El Salvador prefer heavier women than individuals from urban areas. Several explanations have been proposed to explain these differences in weight preferences but no study has explored familiarity as a possible explanation. We therefore sought to investigate participants' face preferences while also examining the facial characteristics of the actual participants. Our results showed that participants from rural areas preferred heavier-looking female faces than participants from urban areas. We also found that the female faces from the rural areas were rated as looking heavier than the female faces from the urban areas. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that familiarity may be contributing to the differences found in face preferences between rural and urban areas given that people from rural and urban areas are exposed to different faces.
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(2017): To be or Not to be Authentic. In Defence of Authenticity as an Ethical Ideal. In: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 20 (3), S. 567-580. DOI: 10.1007/s10677-017-9803-4
Abstract: It has recently been pointed out that the cloudiness of the concept of authenticity as well as inflated ideologies of the 'true self' provide good reasons to criticize theories and ideals of authenticity. Nevertheless, there are also good reasons to defend an ethical ideal of authenticity, not least because of its critical and oppositional force, which is directed against experiences of self-abandonment and self-alienation. I will argue for an elaborated ethical ideal of authenticity: the ambitious ideal of a continuous self-reflective process of 'self-authentication'. For this purpose, the ideal of being authentic in expressing and unfolding one's individual personality and characteristics will be combined with the ideal of being 'an authentic person' - whereby 'a person' is to be understood in a Kantian sense as an autonomous person who is (at least potentially) reasonable and morally responsible.
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(2017): Understanding behaviorism. Behavior, culture, and evolution. Third Edition. Hoboken: Wiley. Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=1446528
Abstract: What is behaviorism? -- Behaviorism : definition and history -- Behaviorism as philosophy of science -- Public, private, natural, and fictional -- A scientific model of behavior -- Evolutionary theory and reinforcement -- Purpose and reinforcement -- Stimulus control and knowledge -- Verbal behavior and language -- Rule-governed behavior and thinking -- Freedom -- Responsibility, credit, and blame -- Relationships, management, and government -- Values : religion and science -- The evolution of culture -- Design of culture : experimenting for survival
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(2017): Social Conceptions of Moral Agency in Hegel and Sellars. In: International Journal of Philosophical Studies 25 (2), S. 249-265. DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2016.1276950
Abstract: This essay contributes to our understanding of the relation between the philosophies of Hegel and Sellars. While most treatments of this relation have focused on metaphysics or epistemology, I focus on ethics, and in particular on the formulation of moral agency. I argue that Hegel and Sellars arrive at a similar metaphilosophical rejection of individual moral agency in favor of conceptions of moral agency as the outcome of social mediation. To demonstrate this, I trace how Hegel and Sellars offer parallel resolutions of the Kantian paradox': the apparent problem that, in Kantian ethics, moral agents must both freely self-legislate the moral law unto themselves and stand in a dutiful relation to the moral law as a necessary function of practical reason. Drawing Hegel and Sellars together in this way casts new light on Sellars's understudied ethical theory and further evidences the contemporary relevance of Hegel's moral philosophy.
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(2017) : On the moral implications and restrictions surrounding affective computing In: Jeon, Myounghoon: Emotions and affect in human factors and human-computer interaction: San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press, S. 143-161
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801851-4.00005-7 Abstract: One could easily write a paper 'On the Moral Implications and Restrictions Surrounding Baseball Bats' that would parallel the argument developed in this chapter. If we’re going to play baseball, we need the bat, and, in the context of the game, it is morally neutral. But if used to beat someone over the head or to threaten a human into submission, it starts to take on moral dimensions. So too, if we’re going to build artificial agents that are fully effective in interacting with human beings, then simulated affects are necessary. They can be misused, of course. This observation does not preclude the rather large question of whether we should even be playing this game. The question is futile, and the advancement of affective machines is inevitable. The game is already afoot. The moral dimensions of affective computing come primarily from the fact that it can intensify dispositions already at play in human life, in marketing, video games, human–computer interfaces, etc. This in no way trivializes the need to understand the moral impact of affective computing. On the contrary, it presents us with an urgency to use it to promote the basic precepts and principles of human decency. A further analogy will help. Today we are capable of engaging in global warfare utilizing weapons of mass destruction. We can commit genocide and even destroy the whole human habitat. Our ability to do so arises from the exponential pace of technology, which is now outstripping the speed of human comprehension and legislation. This invites caution about adopting technologies too soon, but little can be done to stop their development. The situation, it would seem, is not that humans are less moral now that we can kill more people, but that we have failed to direct attention to the heart of the problem, which is human decency in general. Thus, we find that affective computing is morally neutral, just as most technology is. The morally relevant factor is what it is used for and how it is used. Caution is in order. Good people will use it well. Bad people will not. For now, this is about all that can be said. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017) : Affective human–robot interaction In: Jeon, Myounghoon: Emotions and affect in human factors and human-computer interaction: San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press, S. 359-381. Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2017-28867-015&site=ehost-live
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801851-4.00015-X Abstract: For decades, researchers, designers, and the general public have been fascinated with the possibility of developing able and intelligent machines that engage in social interaction. The crux for socially interactive robots is the ability to interact with humans in a meaningful manner. Thus, the field of human–robot interaction (HRI) over the past several decades has emerged as a crucial field for the design of social robots that are useful, intuitive, and user friendly. In this chapter, we provide an overview of affective HRI as a field of study. We highlight important factors to consider in the study of socially interactive robots and discuss three common application areas: companionship, education, and aging-in-place. We draw from our own previously published empirical studies and those of our colleagues in providing a review of the considerations that are pertinent in the development and integration of social robots. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Emotion & Robotik, Social robotic -
(2017): English-language swearing as humor in Swedish comic strips. In: Journal of Pragmatics 121, S. 175-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2017.10.014
Abstract: In this paper, I investigate the Swedish, non-native use of English swear words in Swedish-language comic strips. I first consider the established relationships between both swearing and humor, and comics and humor. I propose that swear word usage and the comic strip framework contribute to a mutual feedback loop, whereby the comic strip derives its humor from the use of English swear words, while at the same time the comic strip context, by invoking a play frame, primes the swear word usage for humorous interpretation. Modeling Siegel (1995), I then consider how a code-switch to English serves as a framing device or contextualization cue for humor in Swedish language contexts. The analysis of a selection of Swedish comic strips draws from the Encryption Theory of Humor (Flamson and Barrett, 2008), and suggests that humor created via the Swedish practice of swearing in English is a function of shared background knowledge that capitalizes on the fundamental incongruity of two discourse systems operating under different norms of appropriateness.
Keywords: time -
(2017) : SocioSense: Robot navigation amongst pedestrians with social and psychological constraints: IROS Vancouver 2017: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems : Vancouver, BC, Canada, September 24 - 28, 2017: 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS): Vancouver, BC: 9/24/2017 - 9/28/2017: [Piscataway, New Jersey]: IEEE, S. 7018-7025
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(2017): Exposure to Hedione Increases Reciprocity in Humans. In: Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 11. DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00079
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28512400 Abstract: Cooperation among unrelated humans is frequently regarded as a defining feature in the evolutionary success of our species. Whereas, much research has addressed the strategic and cognitive mechanisms that underlie cooperation, investigations into chemosensory processes have received very limited research attention. To bridge that gap, we build on recent research that has identified the chemically synthesized odorant Hedione (HED) as a ligand for the putative human pheromone receptor (VN1R1) expressed in the olfactory mucosa, and hypothesize that exposure to HED may increase reciprocity. Applying behavioral economics paradigms, the present research shows that exposure to the ligand causes differentiated behavioral effects in reciprocal punishments (Study 1) as well as rewards (Study 2), two types of behaviors that are frequently regarded as essential for the development and maintenance of cooperation.
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(2017): Shopping with a robotic companion. In: Computers in Human Behavior 77, S. 382-395. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.064
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.064 Abstract: In this paper, we present a robotic shopping assistant, designed with a cognitive architecture, grounded in machine learning systems, in order to study how the human-robot interaction (HRI) is changing the shopping behavior in smart technological stores. In the software environment of the NAO robot, connected to the Internet with cloud services, we designed a social-like interaction where the robot carries out actions with the customer. In particular, we focused our design on two main skills the robot has to learn: the first is the ability to acquire social input communicated by relevant clues that humans provide about their emotional state (emotions, emotional speech), or collected in the Social Media (such as, information on the customer's tastes, cultural background, etc.). The second is the skill to express in turn its own emotional state, so that it can affect the customer buying decision, refining in the user the sense of interacting with a human-like companion. By combining social robotics and machine learning systems the potential of robotics to assist people in real life situations will increase, providing a gentle customers' acceptance of advanced technologies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: emotion & robotics, Social robotic -
(2017): Norms in the wild. How to diagnose, measure, and change social norms. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Abstract: 'Norms in the Wild' takes a look at social norms, answering questions about diagnosis (how can we tell that a shared practice is a social norm?), measurement (how do we measure expectations and preferences?), and change (which tools can we adopt to effect norm change?). The theories developed in the work are brought to life by examining real-life cases of norm creation and abandonment, the rationale behind policy interventions, and how change can be spearheaded by various types of trendsetters, be they individuals, groups, or the media
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(2017): Kommunikation, Interaktion und soziale Gruppenprozesse. 1. Auflage. Göttingen: Hogrefe (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie. Themenbereich C, Theorie und Forschung. Serie VI, Sozialpsychologie)
Abstract: Ausgehend von einem Beispiel für ein soziales Dilemma wird ein Überblick über die sozialpsychologische Forschung zu Kooperation und Wettbewerb in sozialen Dilemmata gegeben. Nach einer Klärung der wesentlichen Begriffe (Kooperation, Wettbewerb, Altruismus, Boshaftigkeit) werden folgende Aspekte behandelt: (1) Die bekanntesten Zwei-Personen-Dilemmata (das Gefangenendilemma; "Assurance"-Spiel; "Chicken"-Spiel). (2) Mehr-Personen-Dilemmata (das Dilemma öffentlicher Güter; Team-Games). (3) Fairness und Kooperation. Abschließend werden zentrale Ergebnisse der Forschung über soziale Dilemmata kritisch gewürdigt und Probleme und offene Fragen werden diskutiert.
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(2017): Attending to attention. How do people attract, manage, and negotiate attention using mobile devices?. In: Mobile Media & Communication 5 (3), S. 256-274. DOI: 10.1177/2050157917714504
Abstract: In today's always-connected world people have an ever-increasing array of ways to stay in touch, often selecting among multiple media that allow for different degrees of attention (e.g., phone calls vs. texting) and may vary in convenience for their interaction partner. In this environment, people must manage their attention to each other. Recent work suggests attention management can be considered as a dyadic negotiation process in which people are continually acting to display their own focus of attention and gather information about others' focus of attention, and may seek to increase or decrease the current level of attention from their partner. To explore attention management and negotiation on mobile devices, we built a custom application to track people's SMS and phone call activity. Drawing on log and transcript data, we use qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the details of attention management behavior within specific relationships for a few participants, and then used hierarchical clustering to identify different patterns of attention management in relationships of varying tie strength. Results suggest that attention is managed both implicitly and explicitly, with explicit negotiation more likely when there are conflicts. There are also substantial differences in interaction patterns by tie strength, with phone calls and shorter text response times more common for weaker ties.
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(2017): The effects of cognitive biases and imperfectness in long-term robot-human interactions. Case studies using five cognitive biases on three robots. In: Cognitive Systems Research 43, S. 266-290. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2016.07.007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2016.07.007 Abstract: The research presented in this paper demonstrates a model for aiding human-robot companionship based on the principle of ‘human’ cognitive biases applied to a robot. The aim of this work was to study how cognitive biases can affect human-robot companionship in long-time. In the current paper, we show comparative results of the experiments using five biased algorithms in three different robots such as ERWIN, MyKeepon and MARC. The results were analysed to determine what difference if any of biased vs unbiased interaction has on the interaction with the robot and if the participants were able to form any kind of ‘preference’ towards the different algorithms. The experimental presented show that the participants have more of a preference towards the biased algorithm interactions than the robot without the bias.
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(2017): Risky business. When humor increases and decreases status. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 112 (3), S. 431-455. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000079
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27831701 Abstract: Across 8 experiments, we demonstrate that humor can influence status, but attempting to use humor is risky. The successful use of humor can increase status in both new and existing relationships, but unsuccessful humor attempts (e.g., inappropriate jokes) can harm status. The relationship between the successful use of humor and status is mediated by perceptions of confidence and competence. The successful use of humor signals confidence and competence, which in turn increases the joke teller's status. Interestingly, telling both appropriate and inappropriate jokes, regardless of the outcome, signals confidence. Although signaling confidence typically increases status and power, telling inappropriate jokes signals low competence and the combined effect of high confidence and low competence harms status. Rather than conceptualizing humor as a frivolous or ancillary behavior, we argue that humor plays a fundamental role in shaping interpersonal perceptions and hierarchies within groups.