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2017
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(2017): The Brown and Levinson theory revisited. A statistical analysis. In: Language Sciences 62, S. 66-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2017.03.006
Abstract: The Brown and Levinson (1987) theory posits that the combination of social distance, power ratio, and task imposition determine politeness weightiness perception regardless of the culture. In order to test the effects of culture, I conducted statistical analyses using subjects with American, East Asian, and Latin American cultural backgrounds. The results reveal that task imposition does not have a statistically significant impact on the speaker's determination of politeness weightiness in East Asia while it does in the US and Latin America. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2012
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(2012): Intercultural communication. A discourse approach. 3. ed., 1. publ. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell (Language in society)Keywords: Diskursanalyse, Disziplin, Erste Welle, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der ersten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Intercultural Communication View, Kommunikation, Kulturkontakt, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Distanz, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Sprache, Sprachgebrauch
2011
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(2011): Politeness. Some universals in language usage. 21. Aufl.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Studies in interactional sociolinguistics)
Abstract: This study is about the principles for constructing polite speeches. The core of it first appeared in Questions and Politeness, edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a fresh introduction that surveys the considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests distinct directions for research. The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures. Underneath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politeness provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction.
Keywords: Disziplin, Erste Welle, Face-Saving View, Favoriten, Freundlichkeit, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, (Im)Politeness Research, Klassiker, Kommunikation, Kultur, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Pragmatik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprache, Sprachliche Universalien, Überblick, universale Prinzipien 2008
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(2008): Politeness. Some universals in language usage. 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Abstract: This study is about the principles for constructing polite speeches. The core of it first appeared in Questions and Politeness, edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a fresh introduction that surveys the considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests distinct directions for research. The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures. Underneath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politeness provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction
2003
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(2003): Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction. 2nd ed. 2003. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter (Mouton textbook). Online verfügbar unter http://www.reference-global.com/action/showBook?doi=10.1515/9783110220964
Abstract: This book challenges the approaches to human interaction based on supposedly universal 'maxims of conversation' and 'principles of politeness,' which fly in the face of reality as experienced by millions of people crossing language boundaries (refugees, immigrants, etc.) and which cannot help in the practical tasks of cross-cultural communication and education. In contrast to such approaches, this book is both theoretical and practical: it shows that in different societies, norms of human interaction are different and reflect different cultural attitudes and values; and it offers a framework within which different cultural norms and different ways of speaking can be effectively explored, explained, and taught. The book discusses data from a wide range of languages and it shows that the meanings expressed in human interaction and the different 'cultural scripts' prevailing in different speech communities can be clearly and intelligibly described and compared by using a 'natural semantic metalanguage,' based on empirically established universal human concepts. As the book shows, this metalanguage can be used as a basis for teaching successful cross-cultural communication, including the teaching of languages in a cultural context. Anna Wierzbicka is Professor at Australian National University, Canberra. 'The book can be regarded as a recapitulation of results obtained in all former scholarly projects carried by its author. [It] is one if the best manuals of widely understood pragmatics and ethnolinguistics of human speech, the more so as the traditoinal grammars and handbooks of linguistics usually leave the ethnography of speech in the background of linguistics analyses.'Tomasz Wicherkiewicz in: Linguistics and Oriental Studies from Poznan
Keywords: Disziplin, Erste Welle, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Illokutiver Akt, Intercultural communication, Kommunikation, Kultur # Literatur Sprache, Kultur # Sprachwissenschaft, Kulturvergleich, Linguistik, Pragmatics, Pragmatik, Semantics, Semantik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Speech acts (Linguistics), universale Prinzipien 2000
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Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2000): Culturally speaking. Managing rapport through talk across cultures. 1. publ.. London u.a.: Continuum
Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung, Diskursanalyse, Disziplin, Emotionen, Erste Welle, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Gestik/Mimik, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der ersten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Kommunikation, Kulturkontakt, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Rapport Management View, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprache, Sprachgebrauch 1991
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(1991): Verbal, prosodic, and kinesic emotive contrasts in speech. In: Journal of Pragmatics 15 (6), S. 521-549. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(91)90110-J
Abstract: The signaling of logical relations between, and emotive reactions to, subjects in face-to-face speech are complexly interrelated processes, making it sometimes difficult to fully distinguish what people say from how they say it. Emotive communication, an aspect of the latter (style, rhetoric, speech strategy), may be viewed, following Stankiewicz (1964), as the culturally learned, cognitively mediated use of nonpropositional signals to express feelings, manage impressions, and reach goals in speech. The paper introduces some pragmatically relevant American English verbal, vocal, and kinesic emotive contrasts, e.g., shifts of verbal explicitness, verbal value-ladenness, verbal intensity, vocal emphasis, intonation, gaze, facial expression, body posture and so on, and discusses their functions in speech as signals of (un)assertiveness, (non)affiliation, and (un)involvement. Methodological and theoretical questions raised by the nondiscrete, gradient, ‘more/less’ nature of emotive contrasts are discussed, and some conventional cross-modal emotive strategies in American English are explained. The paper is at once an introduction to basic problems in the study of emotive communication, and an invitation to a synthesis of cognitive and emotive standpoints in pragmatic research on face-to-face speech.
Keywords: Ausdruck von (Nicht-)Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl, Betonung, Blick / Gaze, Brown & Levinson, Disziplin, Emotive Kommunikation, Erste Welle, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Gestik/Mimik, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der ersten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Klarheit/Eindeutigkeit der Ausdrucksweise, Körperhaltung, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Politeness, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprachgebrauch, Sprechmelodie/Prosody, Supportive Facework, Übermitteln von Gefühlen/Emotionen, Wortbedeutung 1985
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(1985): Politeness Revisited. Cross-Modal Supportive Strategies. In: IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 23 (1-4), S. 281-300. DOI: 10.1515/iral.1985.23.1-4.281
Abstract: Der vorliegende Aufsatz präsentiert einen alternativen Ansatz zur traditionellen, normorientierten linguistischen Analyse von Höflichkeit. Drei emotive Dimensionen des Sprechens werden als wichtige Parameter des Höflichkeitsphänomens erörtert: Selbstsicherheit, positive und negative Emotionen sowie deren Intensität. Bei dyadischer Interaktion werden diese Dimensionen durch aufeinander bezogene verbale, prosodische und kinesische Signale übermittelt. Die wesentliche emotive Aufgabe des Sprechers, der interpersonelles Mißverständnis vermeiden will, ist, nach unserer Meinung, nicht, höflich im traditionellen Sinne zu sein, sondern unterstützend im Hinblick auf die Bedürfnisse des Partners nach persönlicher Autonomie und Anerkennung. Dies geschieht durch die Übermittlung entsprechender multimodaler Signale.
Keywords: Brown & Levinson, Disziplin, Emotionaler Zustand, Erste Welle, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Gestik/Mimik, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der ersten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Intensität der Emotionen, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Selbstsicherheit, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprachgebrauch, Sprechmelodie/Prosody, Supportive Facework 1983
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(1983): Principles of pragmatics. 1. publ. London u.a.: Longman
Abstract: Over the years, pragmatics - the study of the use and meaning of utterances to their situations - has become a more and more important branch of linguistics, as the inadequacies of a purely formalist, abstract approach to the study of language have become more evident. This book presents a rhetorical model of pragmatics: that is, a model which studies linguistic communication in terms of communicative goals and principles of 'good communicative behaviour'. In this respect, Geoffrey Leech argues for a rapprochement between linguistics and the traditional discipline of rhetoric. He does not reject the Chomskvan revolution of linguistics, but rather maintains that the language system in the abstract - i.e. the 'grammar' broadly in Chomsky's sense - must be studied in relation to a fully developed theory of language use. There is therefore a division of labour between grammar and rhetoric, or (in the study of meaning) between semantics and pragmatics. The book's main focus is thus on the development of a model of pragmatics within an overall functional model of language. In this it builds on the speech avct theory of Austin and Searle, and the theory of conversational implicature of Grice, but at the same time enlarges pragmatics to include politeness, irony, phatic communion, and other social principles of linguistic behaviour.
1978
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(1978) : Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena In: Goody, Esther N.: Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction: 1. Aufl.: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 56-289
Abstract: This study is about the principles for constructing polite speech. We describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languges and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of south India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures. Of general interest is the point that underneaath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politenss provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society.
Keywords: Brown & Levinson, Disziplin, Erste Welle, Face-Saving View, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, (Im)Politeness Research, Kultur, Linguistik, Macht, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Distanz, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Sprachgebrauch, Status / biologische Marker 1973
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(1973) : The logic of politeness: Or, minding your p’s and q’s In: Corum, C.; Smith-Stark, C. T.; Weiser, A. (Hg.): Papers from the 9th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society: Chicago, IL, USA: Chicago Linguistic Society, S. 292-305
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