Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): The psychometric properties of the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test: an item response theory (IRT) analysis. In: Cognitive neuropsychiatry 22 (3), S. 233-253. DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2017.1300091
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2017.1300091 Abstract: INTRODUCTION The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test (hereafter: Eyes Test) is considered an advanced task of the Theory of Mind aimed at assessing the performance of the participant in perspective-takingthat is, the ability to sense or understand other people's cognitive and emotional states. In this study, the item response theory analysis was applied to the adult version of the Eyes Test. METHODS The Italian version of the Eyes Test was administered to 200 undergraduate students of both genders (males = 46%). Modified parallel analysis (MPA) was used to test unidimensionality. Marginal maximum likelihood estimation was used to fit the 1-, 2-, and 3-parameter logistic (PL) model to the data. Differential Item Functioning (DIF) due to gender was explored with five independent methods. RESULTS MPA provided evidence in favour of unidimensionality. The Rasch model (1-PL) was superior to the other two models in explaining participants' responses to the Eyes Test. There was no robust evidence of gender-related DIF in the Eyes Test, although some differences may exist for some items as a reflection of real differences by group. CONCLUSIONS The study results support a one-factor model of the Eyes Test. Performance on the Eyes Test is defined by the participant's ability in perspective-taking. Researchers should cease using arbitrarily selected subscores in assessing the performance of participants to the Eyes Test. Lack of gender-related DIF favours the use of the Eyes Test in the investigation of gender differences concerning empathy and social cognition.
2014
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(2014): The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors. A review of research and theory. In: Personality and social psychology review: An official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 18 (2), S. 139-152. DOI: 10.1177/1088868314523838
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24577101 Abstract: We review research and theory on the HEXACO personality dimensions of Honesty-Humility (H), Agreeableness (A), and Emotionality (E), with particular attention to the following topics: (1) the origins of the HEXACO model in lexical studies of personality structure, and the content of the H, A, and E factors in those studies; (2) the operationalization of the H, A, and E factors in the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised; (3) the construct validity of self-reports on scales measuring the H factor; (4) the theoretical distinction between H and A; (5) similarity and assumed similarity between social partners in personality, with a focus on H and A; (6) the extent to which H (and A and E) variance is represented in instruments assessing the "Five-Factor Model" of personality; and (7) the relative validity of scales assessing the HEXACO and Five-Factor Model dimensions in predicting criteria conceptually relevant to H, A, and E.
Keywords: Behavioral Research, Big Five, Disziplin, Emotions, Entwicklungspsychologie, Good manners, HEXACO, Humans, Modelle/Theorien, Models, Psychological, Personality, Personality Inventory, Persönlichkeitsforschung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Reproducibility of Results, Soziale Angemessenheit, Überblick 2012
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(2012): Social dominance orientation. Revisiting the structure and function of a variable predicting social and political attitudes. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 38 (5), S. 583-606. DOI: 10.1177/0146167211432765
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215697 Abstract: Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2012.38:583-606
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, European Continental Ancestry Group, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, hierarchy-enhancing and -attenuating social policy, Humans, Israel, Jews, legitimizing ideologies, Male, Models, Psychological, ORIENTATION, Politics, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychological Theory, Reproducibility of Results, SDO, SDO-Dominance, SDO-Egalitarianism, Social Class, Social Domiance Orientation (SDO), Social Dominance, social dominance orientation, Social Identification, Socioeconomic Factors, Students/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Young Adult -
(2012): Young children enforce social norms selectively depending on the violator's group affiliation. In: Cognition 124 (3), S. 325-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766522 Abstract: To become cooperative members of their cultural groups, developing children must follow their group's social norms. But young children are not just blind norm followers, they are also active norm enforcers, for example, protesting and correcting when someone plays a conventional game the "wrong" way. In two studies, we asked whether young children enforce social norms on all people equally, or only on ingroup members who presumably know and respect the norm. We looked at both moral norms involving harm and conventional game norms involving rule violations. Three-year-old children actively protested violation of moral norms equally for ingroup and outgroup individuals, but they enforced conventional game norms for ingroup members only. Despite their ingroup favoritism, young children nevertheless hold ingroup members to standards whose violation they tolerate from outsiders.
Keywords: Child, Preschool, Children, Disziplin, Entwicklungspsychologie, Female, Good manners, Group Processes, Gruppennorm, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Male, Morals, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Reproducibility of Results, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Identification, social learning, Soziale Angemessenheit, Urban Population, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2011
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(2011): Mapping the moral domain. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 101 (2), S. 366-385. DOI: 10.1037/a0021847
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021847 Abstract: The moral domain is broader than the empathy and justice concerns assessed by existing measures of moral competence, and it is not just a subset of the values assessed by value inventories. To fill the need for reliable and theoretically grounded measurement of the full range of moral concerns, we developed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire on the basis of a theoretical model of 5 universally available (but variably developed) sets of moral intuitions: Harm/Care, Fairness/Reciprocity, Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity. We present evidence for the internal and external validity of the scale and the model, and in doing so we present new findings about morality: (a) Comparative model fitting of confirmatory factor analyses provides empirical justification for a 5-factor structure of moral concerns; (b) convergent/discriminant validity evidence suggests that moral concerns predict personality features and social group attitudes not previously considered morally relevant; and (c) we establish pragmatic validity of the measure in providing new knowledge and research opportunities concerning demographic and cultural differences in moral intuitions. These analyses provide evidence for the usefulness of Moral Foundations Theory in simultaneously increasing the scope and sharpening the resolution of psychological views of morality.
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(2011): Assessment of awareness of connectedness as a culturally-based protective factor for Alaska native youth. In: Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology 17 (4), S. 444-455. DOI: 10.1037/a0025456
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988583 Abstract: Research with Native Americans has identified connectedness as a culturally based protective factor against substance abuse and suicide. Connectedness refers to the interrelated welfare of the individual, one's family, one's community, and the natural environment. We developed an 18-item quantitative assessment of awareness of connectedness and tested it with 284 Alaska Native youth. Evaluation with confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory identified a 12-item subset that functions satisfactorily in a second-order four-factor model. The proposed Awareness of Connectedness Scale (ACS) displays good convergent and discriminant validity, and correlates positively with hypothesized protective factors such as reasons for living and communal mastery. The measure has utility in the study of culture-specific protective factors and as an outcomes measure for behavioral health programs with Native American youth.
Keywords: Adolescent, Alaska, Awareness, Child, "Connectedness", Culture, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Indians, North American/psychology, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Rural Population, social connectedness, Social Environment, Social Identification, Substance-Related Disorders/ethnology/prevention & control, Suicide/ethnology/prevention & control, Surveys and Questionnaires, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten, Zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen / Social Interaction 2005
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(2005): Social participation attenuates decline in perceptual speed in old and very old age. In: Psychology and Aging 20 (3), S. 423-434. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.423
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16248702 Abstract: Does an engaged and active lifestyle in old age alleviate cognitive decline, does high cognitive functioning in old age increase the possibility of maintaining an engaged and active lifestyle, or both? The authors approach this conundrum by applying a structural equation model for testing dynamic hypotheses, the dual change score model (J. J. McArdle & F. Hamagami, 2001), to 3-occasion longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study (Time 1: n=516, age range=70-103 years). Results reveal that within a bivariate system of perceptual speed and social participation, with age and sociobiographical status as covariates, prior scores of social participation influence subsequent changes in perceptual speed, while the opposite does not hold. Results support the hypothesis that an engaged and active lifestyle in old and very old age may alleviate decline in perceptual speed.
Keywords: 80 and over, Aged, Computer Graphics, Discrimination Learning, Female, Gerontologie, Humans, Life Style, Likelihood Functions, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Statistical, Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Social Behavior, Soziale Teilhabe, Statistics as Topic 2003
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(2003): A dog's got personality: A cross-species comparative approach to personality judgments in dogs and humans. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 85 (6), S. 1161-1169. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1161
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14674821 Abstract: This research offers a blueprint for how a cross-species comparative approach can be realized empirically. In a single design, parallel procedures and instruments were used in 2 species, dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans (Homo sapiens), to test whether personality differences exist and can be judged in dogs as accurately as in humans. Personality judgments of humans and dogs were compared on 3 accuracy criteria: internal consistency, consensus, and correspondence. Results showed that, on all 3 criteria, judgments of dogs were as accurate as judgments of humans. These findings are consistent with the evolutionary continuity hypothesis and suggest an important conclusion not widely considered by either personality or animal researchers: Personality differences do exist and can be measured in animals other than humans.
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