Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Beeinflussen Sanktionsrisikoeinschätzungen das delinquente Handeln junger Menschen oder ist es umgekehrt? Befunde einer deutschen Längsschnittuntersuchung. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 69 (2), S. 259-282
Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei der Erforschung der Abschreckungswirkung von Strafe sind querschnittlich angelegte Fragebogenuntersuchungen nicht in der Lage, Erfahrungseffekte (Wirkungen früherer Delinquenz auf die Sanktionsrisikowahrnehmung) effizient von Abschreckungseffekten (Wirkungen der Sanktionsrisikowahrnehmung auf spätere Delinquenz) zu trennen. In den wenigen vorhandenen Längsschnittstudien, die eine Separierung der beiden Effektarten ermöglichen, wird regelmäßig das Vorhandensein von …
2016
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(2016): Anger and perception of unfairness and harm: Cultural differences in normative processes that justify sanction assignment. In: Asian Journal of Social Psychology 19 (1), S. 6-15. DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12119
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12119 Abstract: Drawing on moral foundation theory, the author found that in response to an infringement of intellectual property rights, both US and Chinese samples reported anger and evaluated the infringement negatively. The results also highlight the importance of considering cultural factors in moral decision‐making. Apparently, in Chinese culture, moral decisions tend to be norm‐based, even when people are assigning sanction to a transgression of the ethics of autonomy. In contrast, in American culture, moral decisions tend to be preference‐based. Furthermore, although people tend to express their anger through punishment and contempt and disgust with social exclusion, in the American context, due to its relatively high mobility, to express their moral anger, individuals prefer to sanction wrongdoing by socially isolating the wrongdoer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(01.01.2016): Understanding sanctions in social dilemmas: A biopsychological perspective on costly punishment in public goods situations.
Abstract: Analyzed sanctions such as costly punishment for uncooperative behavior in social-dilemma situations from a biopsychological perspective. A theoretical summary and discussion of five published or submitted research papers is presented. - Contents: (1) Pfattheicher, S. & Keller, J. (in press). Towards a biopsychological understanding of costly punishment: The role of basal cortisol. PLoS ONE, 9:e85691. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085691 (2) Pfattheicher, S. & Keller, J. (2014). The eye cue manipulation as subtle induction of a sense of being watched: Empirical validation and theoretical integration. (3) Pfattheicher, S., Landhäußer, A. & Keller, J. (2014). Punishing for the sake of reputation? Effects of reputational concerns on costly punishment. (4) Pfattheicher, S. & Keller, J. (2013). Vigilant self-regulation and costly punishment in public goods situations. European Journal of Personality, 27, 346-354. doi:10.1002/per.1909 (5) Pfattheicher, S., Landhäußer, A. & Keller, J. (in press). Individual differences in antisocial punishment in public goods situations: The interplay of cortisol with testosterone and dominance. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 27, 340-348. doi:10.1002/bdm.1811
2015
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(2015): Kooperationsnormen und vergeltende Sanktionen. Experimentelle Untersuchungen. In: Soziale Welt, Sonderband 22, S. 174-193
Abstract: Informelle soziale Normen der Kooperation, die durch Sanktionen abgestützt werden, werden oft als Bausteine für soziale Ordnung und soziales Kapital betrachtet. Solche Normen werden am Beispiel eines Zwei-Personen-Gefangenendilemmas mit Sanktionsmöglichkeit ("Normspiel") untersucht. Aus spieltheoretischer Sicht liefert die Standardannahme des rationalen Eigeninteresses die Vorhersage, dass im einmaligen Normspiel weder kooperiert noch sanktioniert wird, sofern die aktive Sanktionierung (Bestrafung) materielle Kosten auslöst. Die beschriebenen Ergebnisse von Laborexperimenten zum Normspiel stimmen mit der Standard-Vorhersage nicht überein: Es wird sowohl in einem beträchtlichen Ausmaß kooperiert als auch sanktioniert. Darüber hinaus gibt es bedingte Kooperation: Wenn Kooperation des Partners erwartet wird, ist die Kooperationsbereitschaft höher. Es zeigen sich auch Evidenzen für negative Reziprozität: Wer einseitig kooperiert hat, ist häufiger bereit, den Partner zu bestrafen. Anders als in einigen früheren Untersuchungen mit ähnlichen Spielen gibt es aber keine Hinweise darauf, dass Bestrafungsmöglichkeiten das Kooperationsniveau und die Wohlfahrt der Akteure verbessern. Insgesamt zeigen die Befunde, dass die Entscheidungen zum Teil von "sozialen Präferenzen" beeinflusst werden. (Autorenreferat)
Keywords: Interaktionsforschung, sanctions 2014
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(2014): Opinion expressions under social sanctions. In: International Review of Law and Economics 38, S. 58-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2014.03.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.03.002 Abstract: I study a social debate where individuals are subject to informal sanctions if their expressions or silence signal the opinions of a minority group. Individual preferences are peaked at the expression of true opinions and there is a loss of utility from keeping silent. The model generates predictions about how equilibrium expressions change as a function of model primitives such as sanction intensity, disutility of silence and size of the minority group. A dynamic extension sheds light on the limit distribution of opinions if unvoiced …
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(2014) : Broadening the motivation to cooperate: Revisiting the role of sanctions in social dilemmas In: Van Lange, Paul A. M; Rockenbach, Bettina; Yamagishi, Toshio (Hg.): Reward and punishment in social dilemmas: New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press (Series in human cooperation), S. 115-132
Abstract: Previous research examining the effects of sanctioning in social dilemmas have found that while they are effective in inducing individual cooperation in the short term, their long-term effects could be detrimental (e.g., Chen, Pillutla, & Yao, 2009). While researchers have identified both structural and motivational reasons for this, the structural and motivational approaches have been examined in isolation from one another In addition, most sanctioning research has focused on monetary, short-term, and individual-based ways to induce, cooperation. In this chapter, we integrate the structural and motivational approaches to examine how sanctions may better induce cooperation. In so doing, we propose the further exploration of long-term cooperation through the usage of sanctions that are: non-monetary, group-based, decentralized, and not focused on immediate reinforcement strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Interaktionsforschung, sanctions -
Van Lange, Paul A. M; Rockenbach, Bettina; Yamagishi, Toshio (Hg.) (2014): Reward and punishment in social dilemmas. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press (Series in human cooperation)
Keywords: sanctions 2013
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Gollwitzer, Mario; Lotz, Sebastian; Schlösser, Thomas; Streicher, Bernhard (Hg.) (2013): Soziale Gerechtigkeit. Was unsere Gesellschaft aus den Erkenntnissen der Gerechtigkeitspsychologie lernen kann. Göttingen: Hogrefe
Abstract: Gesetzliche Lohnuntergrenzen, Arbeitsaufteilung in Familien, Justizirrtümer, betriebliche Mitbestimmung, Managergehälter, frühkindliche Förderung, Studiengebühren–so unterschiedlich und unzusammenhängend diese Themen auf den ersten Blick auch klingen mögen, sie haben eines gemeinsam: Sie werfen Fragen auf, in denen mit „Gerechtigkeit “argumentiert wird und werden muss. Dass Gerechtigkeit ein wünschbares Ideal darstellt und Ungerechtigkeit zu Konflikten und unter Umständen sogar zu gewaltvollen …
Keywords: Fairnesstheorie, sanctions -
(2013) : Gerechtigkeitsaspekte sozialer Sanktionssysteme In: Gollwitzer, Mario; Lotz, Sebastian; Schlösser, Thomas; Streicher, Bernhard (Hg.): Soziale Gerechtigkeit. Was unsere Gesellschaft aus den Erkenntnissen der Gerechtigkeitspsychologie lernen kann: Göttingen: Hogrefe, S. 157-173
Abstract: Aus einer gerechtigkeitspsychologischen Sicht werden Fragen der Vergeltungsgerechtigkeit erörtert. Neben der Angemessenheit von Vergeltungsaktionen werden Funktionen von Strafe aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln (als Sühne oder Mittel zur Normbekräftigung) betrachtet und Implikationen von Strafen in und zwischen Gruppen erläutert. Zudem werden unterschiedliche Formen sozialer Sanktionen beleuchtet und Zusammenhänge des Strafrechts mit Rache und Vergeltung diskutiert.
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(2013): What makes a sanction 'stick'? The effects of financial and social sanctions on norm compliance. In: Social Influence 8 (1), S. 70-80. DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2012.729493
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2012.729493 Abstract: The present research shows that, like financial sanctions, social punishment (the mere expression of disapproval with another person's conduct) induces compliance with norms for cooperation in a social dilemma. More importantly, after removing the sanctioning opportunity levels of cooperation decrease more under former financial than under former social sanctioning systems. Hence social sanctions are more effective than financial sanctions at inducing 'sticky' norms that guide behavior even in the absence of punishment cues. Public policy implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: sanctions, Verhaltensforschung 2011
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(2011): Beyond the Carrot and Stick Approach to Enforcement: An Agent-Based Model. In: European Conference on Cognitive Science
Abstract: As specified by Axelrod in his seminal work An Evolutionary Approach to Norms (Axelrod, 1986), punishment is a key mechanism to achieve the necessary social control and to enforce social norms in a self-regulated society. In this paper, we distinguish between two enforcing mechanisms, punishment and sanction, focusing on the specific ways in which they favour the emergence and maintenance of cooperation. In particular, by punishment we refer to a practice that works only by imposing a cost, while by sanction we indicate a practice that also signals the existence of a norm and that its violation is not condoned. To achieve this, we have developed a normative agent able both to punish and sanction offenders and to be affected by these enforcing mechanisms itself.The results obtained through agent-based simulation show that sanction is more effective and makes the population more resilient to sudden changes than mere punishment.
2009
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(2009) : Models of decision making on guilt and sanctions In: Oswald, Margit E.; Bieneck, Steffen; Hupfeld-Heinemann, Jörg (Hg.): Social psychology of punishment of crime: Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, S. 275-293
Abstract: Discusses models of decision making regarding guilt and sanctions. Following a discussion of the various decision-making tasks in criminal law as well as the of issue regarding who makes these decisions, major approaches to decision making are described. These comprise mathematical approaches based on probability theory, cognitive algebra, and stochastic processes; heuristic approaches in the tradition of heuristics and biases and fast-and-frugal heuristics; and complex coherence-based approaches such as the story model and the constraint-satisfaction model. In closing, a comparative summary of the various models and examples of their application are provided.
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Oswald, Margit E.; Bieneck, Steffen; Hupfeld-Heinemann, Jörg (Hg.) (2009): Social psychology of punishment of crime. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell
2008
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(2008): Social control behavior: The effects of social situations and personal implication on informal social sanctions. In: Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2 (6), S. 2141-2158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00141.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00141.x Abstract: Social control is the generic term used to refer to reactions to counter-normative behaviors and to informal social sanctions that can be attributed to deviant individuals. This review of theories and experimental findings addresses the determinants of social control reactions. First, we examine researches in experimental social psychology that show how people's reactions can be inhibited by the presence of others; a phenomenon known as the Bystander effect. Next, we examine the extent to which group membership factors affect social control. According to the Black Sheep effect, people are more severe with a deviant when they share their social identity than when he is a member of an out-group. Even though these processes appear as good predictors for social control reactions, other findings highlight that social control and the previous processes could be associated to self-related motivations that are encouraging people to defend themselves through the protection of their group's norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2004
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(2004): The social side of sanctions: Personal and social norms as moderators of deterrence. In: Law and Human Behavior 28 (5), S. 547-567. DOI: 10.1023/B:LAHU.0000046433.57588.71
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:LAHU.0000046433.57588.71 Abstract: In a survey of Australian citizens (valid N = 1,406), personal and social norms were found to moderate effects of deterrence on tax evasion. Personal, internalized norms of tax honesty were negatively related to tax evasion and moderated the effects of deterrence variables (i.e., sanction severity), suggesting deterrence effects only when individual ethics were weak. Perceived social norms, beyond those internalized as personal norms, were not directly related to tax evasion but moderated the effects of sanction severity. Only when social norms were seen as strongly in favor of tax honesty was sanction severity negatively related to tax evasion. This result held only for respondents who did not identify strongly as Australians. Hence, when internalized, norms delimit effects of deterrence; when considered external to one's self, norms boost deterrence effects, giving social meaning to formal sanctions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1984
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(1984): Sanctions, peers, and deviance: Preliminary models of a social control process. In: The Sociological Quarterly 25 (1), S. 67-82. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1984.tb02239.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1984.tb02239.x Abstract: Estimated several models of a social control process of deterrence using longitudinal panel data obtained from 265 10th–22th graders. The models considered the relationships among an inhibitor (threat of sanction), a generator (peer group influence), and a measure of deviance (use of marihuana). Results obtained from the best-fitting model indicate that sanction threat did not exert any long-term effects (at least 1 yr), although there was evidence that it had modest instantaneous effects on deviance. Having marihuana-using friends had the greatest effect on marihuana use. The pattern of coefficients suggested that peers may initially be selected because of their deviant conduct and that once chosen, they exert independent generative (or causative) influence on deviance. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Gruppenverhalten, sanctions 1977
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(1977): Sanction fear and the maintenance of social order. In: Social Forces 55 (3), S. 579-596. DOI: 10.2307/2577457
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2577457 Abstract: Compared 8 independent variables suggested by extant theories of deviance/conformity for their ability to predict independently 9 different kinds of self-estimated future deviance. Data were gathered in a sample survey of 1,993 Ss in the populations aged 15 and over in 3 states. Results support the view that at least some kinds of sanction fear are major contributors to conformity. Fear of interpersonal loss of respect was the 2nd best predictor of the 8 considered. Perceptions of general or legal sanctions proved to be of minor or only moderate importance. The findings indicate that the reinforcement value of a behavior, the probability of losing respect among those one knows personally, moral commitments, and differential association are the primary determinants of conformity. Results underline the need for a comprehensive multiple-variable theory which can specify conditions under which conformity to or deviance from different kinds of norms can be expected. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: sanctions 1972
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(1972): Status, deviance, and sanctions: A critical review. In: Comparative Group Studies 3 (2), S. 203-223
Abstract: Reviews the literature on experimental studies of status and deviance. Problems in the area are considered partially due to the wide range of definitions, measures, and experimental manipulations of status, norms, and sanctions. High status deviants may receive a mild sanction by the group in some instances and a severe sanction in others. In such instances, present theories are descriptive, but fail to predict. It is concluded that systematic variation in types of status and norms is called for in future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1968
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(1968): Social sanctions. In: Anthropologica 10 (2), S. 261-285. DOI: 10.2307/25604779
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25604779 Abstract: The system of rewards and punishments which act to insure compliance to societal norms are termed sanctions. Sanctions may take the form of naturally occurring consequences, propaganda, or society-produced consequences. Whether or not the behavior occurs, however, is a function of the expectation of the sanction. A set of rules for interpreting when a happening constitutes the sanction for a man must also be operating to insure behavioral conformance to the norm. A system of classification for social sanctions is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: sanctions, Verhaltensforschung
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