Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018) : Expression of intention by rotational head movements for teleoperated mobile robot: 2018 IEEE 15th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control (AMC): 2018 15th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control (AMC): Tokyo: 3/9/2018 - 3/11/2018: [S.l.]: IEEE, S. 249-254
Abstract: We are studying a teleoperated mobile robot that provides useful information to a pedestrian. However, it is difficult for people to understand meanings of actions, motions or movements of many conventional robots. The purpose of this study is to improve pedestrian's impressions of a robot. Especially this paper describes people's understandability of robot behaviors when a robot turns around a corner or when a person and a robot pass each other in a corridor. Our robot shows its intention to make turn by rotating its head, as though a pedestrian shows a traveling direction by his/her gaze or face direction. The robot is teleoperated by an operator for safety in public spaces, and the direction of the robot head and the moving direction of the robot body are determined by an artificial potential field (APF) generated by a target position given by the operator, positions of obstacles and pedestrians. The APF for a pedestrian is generated based on her/his personal space of a person. Thus, the robot can express the intention of its action by rotating the head to look where it is going, when the robot changes its direction around pedestrians. The intention expression can be natural and understandable for them by the rotational movement of the head before the robot turns its body actually. Impression evaluation experiments with questionnaires were conducted under the two kinds of situations to reveal the validity and effectiveness of the intention expression by the robot's head rotation. Significant differences related to understandability and some impression words were observed between with and without rotating the head.
2017
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(2017): Implicit moral evaluations. A multinomial modeling approach. In: Cognition 158, S. 224-241. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.013
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865113 Abstract: Implicit moral evaluations-i.e., immediate, unintentional assessments of the wrongness of actions or persons-play a central role in supporting moral behavior in everyday life. Yet little research has employed methods that rigorously measure individual differences in implicit moral evaluations. In five experiments, we develop a new sequential priming measure-the Moral Categorization Task-and a multinomial model that decomposes judgment on this task into multiple component processes. These include implicit moral evaluations of moral transgression primes (Unintentional Judgment), accurate moral judgments about target actions (Intentional Judgment), and a directional tendency to judge actions as morally wrong (Response Bias). Speeded response deadlines reduced Intentional Judgment but not Unintentional Judgment (Experiment 1). Unintentional Judgment was stronger toward moral transgression primes than non-moral negative primes (Experiments 2-4). Intentional Judgment was associated with increased error-related negativity, a neurophysiological indicator of behavioral control (Experiment 4). Finally, people who voted for an anti-gay marriage amendment had stronger Unintentional Judgment toward gay marriage primes (Experiment 5). Across Experiments 1-4, implicit moral evaluations converged with moral personality: Unintentional Judgment about wrong primes, but not negative primes, was negatively associated with psychopathic tendencies and positively associated with moral identity and guilt proneness. Theoretical and practical applications of formal modeling for moral psychology are discussed.
Keywords: Adult, Cerebral Cortex/physiology, Cognition/physiology, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Guilt, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Judgment/physiology, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Moral, Morals, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality, Personality Assessment, science direct, Shame, Social Perception -
(2017): Employee conscientiousness, agreeableness, and supervisor justice rule compliance. A three-study investigation. In: The Journal of applied psychology 102 (11), S. 1564-1589. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000248
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000248 Abstract: Researchers have paid limited attention to what makes organizational authority figures decide to treat their employees either justly or unjustly. Drawing from the actor-focused model of justice, as well as the stereotype content model, we argue that employee conscientiousness and agreeableness can impact the extent to which supervisors adhere to normative rules for distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice, as a result of supervisors' evaluations of their employees' effort and their liking of the employees. Supervisory compliance with justice rules may, in turn, impact the extent to which employees judge themselves to be treated either justly or unjustly. We tested these possibilities in 3 studies. In Study 1, we utilized a meta-analysis to demonstrate positive relationships between employees' conscientiousness, agreeableness, and their justice perceptions. In Study 2, we conducted 3 experiments to test the causal relationship between employee personality and supervisor intentions to comply with justice rules. In Study 3, we conducted an employee-supervisor dyadic field survey to examine the entire mediation model. Results are discussed in terms of the potential roles that both employees and supervisors may play in shaping employees' justice perceptions. (PsycINFO Database Record zitiert von 1
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(2017): Automatic actions. Agency, intentionality, and responsibility. In: Philosophical Psychology 30 (5), S. 616-644. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2017.1291928
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2017.1291928 Abstract: This article discusses a challenge to the traditional intentional-causalist conceptions of action and intentionality as well as to our everyday and legal conceptions of responsibility, namely the psychological discovery that the greatest part of our alleged actions are performed automatically, that is unconsciously and without a proximal intention causing and sustaining them. The main part of the article scrutinizes several mechanisms of automatic behavior, how they work, and whether the resulting behavior is an action. These mechanisms include actions caused by distal implementation intentions, four types of habit and habitualization, mimicry, and semantically induced automatic behavior (which is later disregarded because of its lack of clarity). According to the intentional-causalist criterion, the automatic behaviors resulting from all but one of these mechanisms turn out to be actions and to be intentional; and even the behavior resulting from the remaining mechanism (natural ly acquired habits) is something we can be responsible for. Hence, the challenge, seen from close up, does not really call the traditional conception of action and intentionality into question. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
Keywords: agency, Automatism, Causality, Habits, Habitualization, Intention, Philosophie, Verhaltensforschung -
(2017): Variations in judgments of intentional action and moral evaluation across eight cultures. In: Cognition 164, S. 22-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.02.012
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28364713 Abstract: Individuals tend to judge bad side effects as more intentional than good side effects (the Knobe or sideeffect effect). Here, we assessed how widespread these findings are by testing eleven adult cohorts of eight highly contrasted cultures on their attributions of intentional action as well as ratings of blame and praise. We found limited generalizability of the original side-effect effect, and even a reversal of the effect in two rural, traditional cultures (Samoa and Vanuatu) where participants were more likely to judge the good side effect as intentional. Three follow-up experiments indicate that this reversal of the side-effect effect is not due to semantics and may be linked to the perception of the status of the protagonist. These results highlight the importance of factoring cultural context in our understanding of moral cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 2
Keywords: 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Costa Rica, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cross-cultural psychology, Culture, Honduras, Humans, Intention, Intentional action, Judgment, Kognitionswissenschaften, Kulturelle Unterschiede, Kulturforschung, Mexico, Middle Aged, Moral, Moral cognition, Moral evaluation, Morals, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Side-effect effect, Social Perception, United States, Vanuatu, Young Adult -
(2017): Interactive effects of appeal type and social distance on helping intention. In: Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45 (5), S. 785-794. DOI: 10.2224/sbp.6070
Abstract: We examined the interplay of appeal type and social distance in prosocial behavior in 3 studies. Results of Study 1, which was a single-factor design, showed that participants (n = 85) were more likely to evaluate the impact of their help on recipients when they were socially distant than when they were socially close. Results of Study 2 (n = 250) and Study 3 (n = 162), each of which was a 2 (appeal type: significance appeal vs. control appeal) × 2 (social distance: high vs. low) between-subjects design, showed that when the helper and recipient were socially distant, appeals that emphasized the significance of the help to the recipient increased helping intention, because there was a greater likelihood that the favor would be returned. However, such effect was mitigated when the social distance was small. Results suggest that the principles that are applied in interaction with others vary according to social distance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 6
2015
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(2015): Vocative intonation preferences are sensitive to politeness factors. In: Language and speech 58 (1), S. 68-83. DOI: 10.1177/0023830914565441
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830914565441 Abstract: Although intonation has been traditionally associated with the expression of attitudes and intentions on the part of the speaker, little is known about whether sociopragmatic factors, such as power or social distance, or situational ones, like physical distance or insistence, can constrain the use and felicity of pitch contours. This article investigates the felicity conditions underlying the choice of three vocative pitch contours in Central Catalan by means of two experiments, namely a production experiment based on the Discourse Completion Task (320 vocative contours produced by 20 speakers), and an acceptability judgment task in which 72 listeners were asked to rate the appropriateness match between a set of vocative contours and a previous discourse context (3,456 responses). The results from the two experiments show that both situational and social politeness factors govern the choice of vocative intonation. Finally, the results are discussed in line with the traditional classification of politeness strategies defined by Brown and Levinson, in the sense that the three intonation contours can be linked to negative, positive, and bald on-record politeness strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015): Hostile sexism (de)motivates women's social competition intentions. The contradictory role of emotions. In: The British journal of social psychology 54 (3), S. 483-499. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12100
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12100 Abstract: In the present research, we examine the ways in which exposure to hostile sexism influences women's competitive collective action intentions. Prior to testing our main model, our first study experimentally induced high versus low levels of security-comfort with the aim of providing experimental evidence for the proposed causal link between these emotions and intentions to engage in social competition. Results showed that lower levels of security-comfort reduced women's readiness to compete socially with men. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of hostile sexism on women's emotional reactions and readiness to engage in social competition. Consistent with the proposed model, results showed that exposure to hostile beliefs about women (1) increased anger-frustration and (2) decreased security-comfort. More specifically, exposure to hostile sexism had a positive indirect effect on social competition intentions through anger-frustration, and a negative indirect effect through security-comfort.
2014
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(2014): Collective Actors without Collective Minds. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 45 (1), S. 3-25. DOI: 10.1177/0048393113520397
2013
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(2013): Ontology-based state representations for intention recognition in human–robot collaborative environments. In: Robotics and Autonomous Systems 61 (11), S. 1224-1234. DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.004 Abstract: In this paper, we describe a novel approach for representing state information for the purpose of intention recognition in cooperative human–robot environments. States are represented by a combination of spatial relationships in a Cartesian frame along with cardinal direction information. This approach is applied to a manufacturing kitting operation, where humans and robots are working together to develop kits. Based upon a set of predefined high-level state relationships that must be true for future actions to occur, a robot can use the detailed state information described in this paper to infer the probability of subsequent actions occurring. This would allow the robot to better help the human with the task or, at a minimum, better stay out of his or her way. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Bedienung & Handhabung, Environmental Effects, Human Machine Systems, human robot environments, Intention, intention recognition, Intentional Learning, Knowledge representation, Ontology (Philosophy), ontology based state representations, Recognition (Learning), Robotics, Spatial Learning, spatial relationships 2010
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(2010): Adolescents' internet morality and deviant behavior online.. In: Acta Psychologica Sinica 42 (10), S. 988-997
Abstract: Nowadays, the Internet has become an indispensable part of people's lives. Internet morality and ethics are becoming more and more an area of concern. Adolescents have become the biggest Internet user groups in China. When adolescents use the Internet, they engage in various kinds of deviant behaviors which have been of concern by to many researchers. But how adolescents' morality influence their deviant behavior constitutes a hitherto unstudied issue. The relationship between deviant online behaviors by adolescents and their moral performance deserves much more attention. The present study investigates adolescents' morality on the Internet, their Internet deviance, and the relation between Internet moral cognition, moral emotion, moral intention, and deviant behavior online. 496 adolescents from three provincial middle schools were asked to complete an Adolescent Internet Morality Questionnaire, and a Scale of Adolescent Internet Deviance, which assessed their Internet moral performance and deviant behavior online. The results indicated that (1) adolescents' morality towards Internet was positive, and the correlation between moral cognition, emotion and intention was positive; adolescents considered there should be some moral standards as principles of behaviors for Internet users, they disliked immoral actions in Internet Society, and they had positive intention online; (2) adolescents' deviant behavior on the Internet was not serious. However, the frequency of inflammatory and pornographic behaviors in boys online was significantly higher than that in girls. As the adolescents grew older, there was a reduction in inflammatory behaviors, including hostility, aggression, conflict and irritability; (3) Internet moral intention and cognition could significantly and negatively predict adolescents' deviance on the Internet. However, Internet emotion could not predict their deviance online. The results show that the adolescents Internet morality can predict moral behavior online: if adolescents maintain a more positive morality, they will engage in less deviant behavior online. This study indicates that in order to reduce adolescents' deviant behavior on the Internet, we should pay more attention to their moral education and to characteristics of age and gender. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 4
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(2010) : What is moral courage? : Definition, explication, and classification of a complex construct In: Pury, Cynthia L. S.; Lopez, Shane J. (Hg.): The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue: 1st ed.: Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association (Decade of behavior, 2000-2010), S. 149-164
Abstract: Examined the prosocial behavior of moral courage, also known as civil courage. In this overview, the authors attempt to highlight this construct by comparing it to other prosocial behaviors like helping behavior and heroism. The authors note that moral courage differs from other prosocial constructs in that negative social consequences can also accompany acts of moral courage. Research about classical determinants of helping behavior that do not affect moral courage and determinants that foster moral courageous behavior are included. Models for moral courage as well as scales to measure it are presented. Practical implementations, such as moral courage training workshops, are discussed. It is concluded that moral courage should be examined as an independent subtype of prosocial behavior and not be subsumed under prosocial behaviors such as helping behavior or heroism.
Keywords: Courage, FEAR, Heroes, Intention, Moral, Morality, social control, Social Norms, Sympathy, Terminology, Verhaltensforschung, Zivilcourage -
(2010): "Artificial humans": Psychology and neuroscience perspectives on embodiment and nonverbal communication. In: Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society 23 (8-9), S. 1077-1090. DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2010.06.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2010.06.003 Abstract: "Artificial humans", so-called "Embodied Conversational Agents" and humanoid robots, are assumed to facilitate human-technology interaction referring to the unique human capacities of interpersonal communication and social information processing. While early research and development in artificial intelligence (AI) focused on processing and production of natural language, the "new AI" has also taken into account the emotional and relational aspects of communication with an emphasis both on understanding and production of nonverbal behavior. This shift in attention in computer science and engineering is reflected in recent developments in psychology and social cognitive neuroscience. This article addresses key challenges which emerge from the goal to equip machines with socio-emotional intelligence and to enable them to interpret subtle nonverbal cues and to respond to social affordances with naturally appearing behavior from both perspectives. In particular, we propose that the creation of credible artificial humans not only defines the ultimate test for our understanding of human communication and social cognition but also provides a unique research tool to improve our knowledge about the underlying psychological processes and neural mechanisms.
2009
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(2009): Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior. The interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 97 (1), S. 123-141. DOI: 10.1037/a0015406
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19586244 Abstract: This article proposes and tests a social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors. The authors hypothesized that if a situational factor increases the current accessibility of moral identity within the working self-concept, then it strengthens the motivation to act morally. In contrast, if a situational factor decreases the current accessibility of moral identity, then it weakens the motivation to act morally. The authors also expected the influence of situational factors to vary depending on the extent to which moral identity was central to a person's overall self-conception. Hypotheses derived from the framework were tested in 4 studies. The studies used recalling and reading a list of the Ten Commandments (Study 1), writing a story using morally laden terms (Study 4), and the presence of performance-based financial incentives (Studies 2 and 3) as situational factors. Participants' willingness to initiate a cause-related marketing program (Study 1), lie to a job candidate during a salary negotiation (Studies 2 and 3), and contribute to a public good (Study 4) were examined. Results provide strong support for the proposed framework. zitiert von: 551
Keywords: Adolescent, Cues, Culture, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Internal-External Control, Male, Moral, Morals, Motivation, Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Sozialpsychologie, Students/psychology, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult -
(2009): Planning for human-robot interaction: Representing time and human intention. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Abstract: This thesis proposes a novel approach to planning for a specific class of human-robot interaction domains: those in which robots engage in tasks with humans that are governed by social conventions. When humans perform these tasks, they try to achieve individual goals in an environment that they share with other people. Social conventions exist as a guideline for how to interact with others so that all parties involved can achieve their goals efficiently without interfering with one another. Recognizing what goals others are trying to achieve and performing actions at the appropriate time in the interaction are critical abilities for social competence. The approach to human-robot social interaction taken in this thesis focuses on creating more accurate models of social tasks for planning. Because the human participants are modeled as a part of the environment, the world state in these problems is dynamic and partially observable. Human intention is represented as hidden state in a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and the time-dependence of action outcomes are explicitly modeled. A model structure designed by a human expert is combined with human task performance data. The resulting models are large and complex. State aggregation over the time dimension of the state space is used to trade off between the accuracy of the representation and its size in order to find sufficiently expressive models that can also be solved tractably. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by implementing a controller for a mobile robot that rides elevators with people and an agent in a driving simulator that performs the Pittsburgh left with human drivers. Performance is evaluated by comparing the policies obtained using the proposed modeling technique to policies developed using less expressive representations. In an interactions with human participants, the policies for time-dependent POMDP models with human intention as hidden state outperform the other policies, achieving both higher rewards and more positive evaluations for naturalness and social propriety of behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2008
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(2008): Becoming friends by chance. In: Psychological science 19 (5), S. 439-440. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02106.x
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(2008): Sexual coercion and the misperception of sexual intent. In: Clinical psychology review 28 (1), S. 48-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.002
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17462798 Abstract: Misperceiving a woman's platonic interest as sexual interest has been implicated in a sexual bargaining process that leads to sexual coercion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of sexual misperception, including gender differences in perception of women's sexual intent, the relationship between sexual coercion and misperception, and situational factors that increase the risk that sexual misperception will occur. Compared to women, men consistently perceive a greater degree of sexual intent in women's behavior. However, there is evidence to suggest that this gender effect may be driven largely by a sub-group of men who are particularly prone to perceive sexual intent in women's behavior, such as sexually coercive men and men who endorse sex-role stereotypes. Situational factors, such as alcohol use by the man or woman, provocative clothing, and dating behaviors (e.g., initiating the date or making eye contact), are all associated with increased estimates of women's sexual interest. We also critique the current measurement strategies and introduce a model of perception that more closely maps on to important theoretical questions in this area. A clearer understanding of sexual perception errors and the etiology of these errors may serve to guide sexual-assault prevention programs toward more effective strategies.
Keywords: Alcohol Drinking, Biologische Marker, Coercion, Control, degree of acquaintance, eye-contact, Female, Gender Identity, Gestik, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mimik, MODELS, Numerical Data, Perceptual Distortion, Postkasten, Prevention, Psychological, Psychologie, PSYCHOLOGY, Rape, Sex Factors, Sexual Behaviour, Social Perception, Statistics, Status, SV -
(2008): Inverse zombies, anesthesia awareness, and the hard problem of unconsciousness. In: Consciousness and cognition 17 (4), S. 1163-1168. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.06.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635380 Abstract: Philosophical (p-) zombies are constructs that possess all of the behavioral features and responses of a sentient human being, yet are not conscious. P-zombies are intimately linked to the hard problem of consciousness and have been invoked as arguments against physicalist approaches. But what if we were to invert the characteristics of p-zombies? Such an inverse (i-) zombie would possess all of the behavioral features and responses of an insensate being, yet would nonetheless be conscious. While p-zombies are logically possible but naturally improbable, an approximation of i-zombies actually exists: individuals experiencing what is referred to as "anesthesia awareness." Patients under general anesthesia may be intubated (preventing speech), paralyzed (preventing movement), and narcotized (minimizing response to nociceptive stimuli). Thus, they appear--and typically are--unconscious. In 1-2 cases/1000, however, patients may be aware of intraoperative events, sometimes without any objective indices. Furthermore, a much higher percentage of patients (22% in a recent study) may have the subjective experience of dreaming during general anesthesia. P-zombies confront us with the hard problem of consciousness--how do we explain the presence of qualia? I-zombies present a more practical problem--how do we detect the presence of qualia? The current investigation compares p-zombies to i-zombies and explores the "hard problem" of unconsciousness with a focus on anesthesia awareness.
Keywords: Advance Directives/ethics, Anesthesia, General, Awareness, Bewusstsein, Brain Death, Cognition, Comprehension, Emotions, Ethics, Medical, Ethik, Fähigkeit, sich auszudrücken/mitzuteilen, Humans, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, Intention, Kommunikation, Menschsein als Voraussetznug für soziale Angemessenheit?, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Models, Psychological, Ontologische Differenzierungen: Tier, Mensch, Maschine, Persistent Vegetative State/psychology, Personal Construct Theory, philosophical zombie, Philosophy, philosophy of mind, p-zombie, p-zombies, p-zombies vs i-zombies, Reflexionen über MTR, Unconsciousness 2007
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(2007) : The question of ’what to imitate’: Inferring goals and intentions from demonstrations In: Nehaniv, Chrystopher L.; Dautenhahn, Kerstin (Hg.): Imitation and social learning in robots, humans and animals: Behavioural, social and communicative dimensions: New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, S. 135-151
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489808.011 Abstract: A difficult issue for robotics researchers is the question of what to imitate, that is, which aspects of a demonstration robots should copy. Sometimes it is appropriate to copy others’ actions, sometimes it is appropriate to copy others’ results and sometimes copying both or even neither of these is the most appropriate response. The chapter discusses the advantages of using an understanding of others’ goals and intentions to answer this question, copying what the demonstrator intended to do rather than what he actually did. Whereas some animals focus mainly on demonstrators’ results or actions, one-year-old human infants appear to use an understanding of others’ goals to decide what to imitate. The authors identify some specific ways in which infants can infer the goal of a demonstrator in imitation situations, using such information as the demonstrators’ gaze direction, emotional expressions, actions and the context. This is followed by a brief review of what robots currently can do in this regard, proposing some further challenges for them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2007): Aufbau eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils. Kapitel: Körperliche Aktivität und die Macht der Gewohnheit. Göttingen [u.a.]: Hogrefe (Sportpsychologie)
Abstract: Die Bedeutung von Gewohnheiten im Rahmen von Sport- und Bewegungsaktivitäten und eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils wird erörtert. Dabei wird auf folgende Fragen eingegangen: (1) Was sind Gewohnheiten? (2) Welche Rolle spielen das intentionale und das habituelle System bei der Verhaltenssteuerung? (3) Wie entwickeln sich Gewohnheiten? (4) Wie lassen sich Gewohnheiten verändern bzw. neu aufbauen? (5) Warum sind Gewohnheiten so stark? (6) Wie sind Gewohnheiten im Gedächtnis abgespeichert? Es wird besonders hervorgehoben, dass Gewohnheiten das Verhalten automatisch in die Richtung lenken, die auch in der Vergangenheit erfolgreich eingeschlagen wurde, und dass die Macht der Gewohnheit ganz wesentlich auf die Macht der Situation über das Verhalten zurückzuführen ist. zitiert von 13
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(2007): Intentional attunement: mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. In: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 55 (1), S. 131-176. DOI: 10.1177/00030651070550010601
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17432495 Abstract: The neural circuits activated in a person carrying out actions, expressing emotions, and experiencing sensations are activated also, automatically via a mirror neuron system, in the observer of those actions, emotions, and sensations. It is proposed that this finding of shared activation suggests a functional mechanism of "embodied simulation" that consists of the automatic, unconscious, and noninferential simulation in the observer of actions, emotions, and sensations carried out and experienced by the observed. It is proposed also that the shared neural activation pattern and the accompanying embodied simulation constitute a fundamental biological basis for understanding another's mind. The implications of this perspective for psychoanalysis are discussed, particularly regarding unconscious communication, projective identification, attunement, empathy, autism, therapeutic action, and transference-countertransference interactions.
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(2007): The co-constitution of politeness implicature in conversation. In: Journal of Pragmatics 39 (1), S. 84-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.004 Abstract: The notions of politeness and implicature are key concepts in the field of pragmatics, yet while there have been numerous studies on politeness and implicature phenomena in various languages, there has been much less attention paid to the intersection between politeness and implicature. The notion of ‘politeness implicature,’ which refers to instances where by virtue of implying something politeness arises, is thus introduced in order to further our understanding of politeness, implicature, and their intersection. An analysis of the ways in which ‘politeness implicatures’ arise in conversation indicates that they are not simply indirect meanings arising from recognition of speaker intentions by hearers, but rather arise from joint, collaborative interaction between speakers and hearers. It is thus proposed that an account which proceeds from the assumption that emergence or interactional achievement is a key characteristic of communication, namely the Conjoint Co-Constituting Model of Communication [Arundale, Robert, 1999. An alternative model and ideology of communication for an alternative to politeness theory. Pragmatics 9, 119–154; Arundale, Robert, 2005. Pragmatics, conversational implicature, and conversation. In: Fitch, Kristine, Sanders, Robert (Eds.), Handbook of Language and Social Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 41–63], is better placed to account for the way in which ‘politeness implicatures’ are anticipated or inferred from the situation as a whole in conversation.
2006
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(2006): Intentional attunement: a neurophysiological perspective on social cognition and its disruption in autism. In: BRAIN RESEARCH (1), S. 15-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.054
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680812 Abstract: A direct form of experiential understanding of others, "intentional attunement", is achieved by modeling their behavior as intentional experiences on the basis of the activation of shared neural systems underpinning what the others do an feel and what we do and feel. This modeling mechanism is embodied simulation. In parallel with the detached sensory description of the observed social stimuli, internal representations of the body states associated with actions, emotions, and sensations are evoked in the observer, as if he/she would be doing a similar action or experiencing a similar emotion or sensation. Mirror neuron systems are likely the neural correlate of this mechanism. By means of a shared neural state realized in two different bodies, the "objectual other" becomes "another self". A defective intentional attunement caused by a lack of embodies simulation might cause some of the social impairments of autistic individuals.
2005
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(2005): The false dichotomy between simulation and theory-theory: the argument's error. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 9 (8). DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.010
1999
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(1999) : The Belief-Desire-Intention Model of Agency In: Goos, Gerhard; Hartmanis, Juris; van Leeuwen, Jan; Müller, Jörg P.; Rao, Anand S.; Singh, Munindar P. (Hg.): Intelligents agents V: Agent theories, architectures, and languages : 5th International Workshop, ATAL'98 : Paris, France, July 1998 : proceedings, 1555: New York: Springer (Lecture notes in computer science Lecture notes in artificial intelligence), S. 1-10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49057-4_1 Abstract: Within the ATAL community, the belief-desire-intention (BDI) model has come to be possibly the best known and best studied model of practical reasoning agents. There are several reasons for its success, but perhaps the most compelling are that the BDI model combines a respectable philosophical model of human practical reasoning, (originally developed by Michael Bratman [1]), a number of implementations (in the IRMA architecture [2] and the various PRS-like systems currently available [7]), several successful applications (including the now-famous fault diagnosis system for the space shuttle, as well as factory process control systems and business process management [8]), and finally, an elegant abstract logical semantics, which have been taken up and elaborated upon widely within the agent research community [14, 16].
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