Alle Publikationen
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2016
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(2016): Teaching Wedding Rules. In: Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 31 (1), S. 33-67. DOI: 10.1177/0891241602031001002
Abstract: Salespeople must educate their customers and teach them to be good consumers of products. To maximize sales and minimize potential problems, salespeople must also develop strategies to control their customer's behavior. To examine the "generic social process" of gaining control over customers, the author focuses on the bridal shop to show how workers attempt to establish themselves as professionals. In the world of bridal wear, workers and brides must maintain extensive contact over many months. Bridal workers strive to gain control over their brides behavior by presenting a professional self. By establishing familiarity with their clients and demonstrating their expertise, bridal workers can give orders to their customers and chastise them when they deviate from appropriate behavior without fear that the customer will not return.
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(2016): Digital Social Norm Enforcement. Online Firestorms in Social Media. In: PLoS one 11 (6). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155923
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27315071 Abstract: Actors of public interest today have to fear the adverse impact that stems from social media platforms. Any controversial behavior may promptly trigger temporal, but potentially devastating storms of emotional and aggressive outrage, so called online firestorms. Popular targets of online firestorms are companies, politicians, celebrities, media, academics and many more. This article introduces social norm theory to understand online aggression in a social-political online setting, challenging the popular assumption that online anonymity is one of the principle factors that promotes aggression. We underpin this social norm view by analyzing a major social media platform concerned with public affairs over a period of three years entailing 532,197 comments on 1,612 online petitions. Results show that in the context of online firestorms, non-anonymous individuals are more aggressive compared to anonymous individuals. This effect is reinforced if selective incentives are present and if aggressors are intrinsically motivated.
Keywords: Aggression/psychology, Anonymität, Beeinflussung sozial angemessenen Verhaltens, Crime/legislation & jurisprudence, Digital Norms, Disziplin, Favoriten, Firestorms, Good manners, Humans, Internet/legislation & jurisprudence, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, Motivation, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Politics, Social Media/legislation & jurisprudence, Social Norm Theory, Social Norms, Social Norms Marketing, Social Theory, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Soziologie, Technik -
(2016): Social norms, costly punishment and the evolution of cooperation. In: Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 11 (2), S. 313-343. DOI: 10.1007/s11403-015-0146-8
Abstract: Both laboratory and field evidence suggest that people tend to voluntarily incur costs to punish non-cooperators. While costly punishment typically reduces the average payoff as well as promotes cooperation. Why does the costly punishment evolve? We study the role of punishment in cooperation promotion within a two-level evolution framework of individual strategies and social norms. In a population with certain social norm, players update their strategies according to the payoff differences among different strategies. In a longer horizon, the evolution of social norm may be driven by the average payoffs of of all members of the society. Norms differ in whether they allow or do not allow for the punishment action as part of strategies, and, for the former, they further differ in whether they encourage or do not encourage the punishment action. The strategy dynamics are articulated under different social norms. It is found that costly punishment does contribute to the evolution toward cooperation. Not only does the attraction basin of cooperative evolutionary stable state (CESS) become larger, but also the convergence speed to CESS is faster. These two properties are further enhanced if the punishment action is encouraged by the social norm. This model can be used to explain the widespread existence of costly punishment in human society.
Keywords: Bestrafung, Disziplin, economics, Favoriten, Genese von Normen, Good manners, Kooperation, Modelle/Theorien, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Ökonomische Theorie sozialer Normen, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten, Wandel von Normen 2015
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(2015): Die Möglichkeit der Normen. Über eine Praxis jenseits von Moralität und Kausalität. 1. Aufl.. Berlin: Suhrkamp. Online verfügbar unter http://www.content-select.com/index.php?id=bib_view&ean=9783518738870
Abstract: Wenn wir von Normen sprechen, denken wir zumeist an Vorschriften, die unser Leben regeln - die uns sagen, was wir tun sollen oder was wir nicht tun dürfen. Normen, so könnte man meinen, verlangen stets bestimmte Handlungen oder Unterlassungen und erfordern eine moralische Rechtfertigung. Aber stimmt das überhaupt? Lässt sich damit das Gemeinsame all jener sozialen Praktiken, die wir als normativ bezeichnen möchten, erfassen? Christoph Möllers bestreitet das und behauptet, dass unser Umgang mit Normen an falschen Erwartungen leidet. Wir überfordern, so seine These, die Praxis des Normativen mit moralischen Ansprüchen und mit Hoffnungen auf Wirksamkeit. Beides verfehlt sie, denn die meisten Normen, denen wir begegnen, sind weder moralisch überzeugend gerechtfertigt, noch haben sie eindeutige Wirkungen. Dies ist kein Zufall, ja, es ist noch nicht einmal ein Problem, denn Normen erfüllen einen anderen Zweck: Indem sie eine bestimmte Möglichkeit des Weltverlaufs kennzeichnen und mit einer Bewertung versehen, erlauben sie es uns, inmitten einer Praxis zu ebendieser Praxis auf Abstand zu gehen und Alternativen zu ihr gegenwärtig zu halten. Dies funktioniert aber nur, wenn Normen eine distanzierende Spannung zur Welt aufbauen und auf Dauer stellen können. Ihre eigene Übertretung zuzulassen, so ein Ergebnis dieses Buches, ist deshalb nicht die geringste Aufgabe von Normen. Christoph Möllers, geboren 1969, lehrt Öffentliches Recht und Rechtsphilosophie an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
2014
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(2014): Kritik von Lebensformen. 1. Aufl., Orig.-Ausg. Berlin: SuhrkampKeywords: Anerkennung, Criticism (Philosophy), Disziplin, Ethik, Favoriten, Honneth und aktuelle Kritische Theorie, Kritik, Kultur- und Geisteswissenschaften / Philosophie, Lebensform, Modelle/Theorien, Moralkritik, Normen, Philosophie, Philosophische Anthropologie, Philosophy, Politik, Politische Ethik, social sciences, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Sozialphilosophie, Spielregeltheoretische Ansätze, Spielregeltheoretische Anstätze
2012
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(2012): Using Goffman's theories of social interaction to reflect first-time mothers' experiences with the social norms of infant feeding. In: Qualitative health research 22 (10), S. 1345-1354. DOI: 10.1177/1049732312451873
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22785628 Abstract: Infant feeding, particularly breastfeeding, is an important public health issue because early feeding methods have been shown to influence health throughout childhood. We investigated how social norms influence first-time mothers' decisions around feeding methods. We conducted two in-depth interviews with 11 first-time mothers, the first 3 weeks after birth and the second 3 months following birth. We analyzed interview data using a third-level, thematic analysis, using Goffman's theories of social interaction to guide our analysis. Our results highlighted several issues surrounding breastfeeding in modern society. We propose that nursing mothers are conscious of adhering to social norms of being a good mother, but must also cope with societal views about presenting normal appearances when they need to feed their babies in public.
Keywords: Adult, Australia, Breast Feeding/psychology, Female, Goffman, Gruppennorm, Humans, Infant, Infant Food, Interpersonal Relations, Mothers/psychology, Normenwandel, Psychological Theory, Qualitative research, Social Control, Informal, Social Identification, Soziale Normen, Spezifika von Menschen, Stereotyping, Theory of interaction (Goffman), Young Adult 2011
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(2011): Race Differences in Tipping. Testing the Role of Norm Familiarity. In: Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 52 (1), S. 73-80. DOI: 10.1177/1938965510389297
Abstract: On average, blacks tip less than whites in the United States. As a result, many servers dislike waiting on black tables and deliver inferior service to those blacks seated in their sections. Furthermore, this race difference makes it difficult to attract and retain waitstaff in predominately black neighborhoods, which makes such neighborhoods less attractive places for corporations to locate full-service restaurants. To address these issues, race differences in tipping need to be sizably reduced, which requires an understanding of their underlying causes. This study tests and supports the role of norm familiarity in producing race differences in tipping by demonstrating that norm awareness mediates those differences in tipping and that race does not moderate the effects of norm awareness on tipping. These results support the idea that race differences in tipping can be sizably reduced by educating blacks about appropriate tipping norms, so restaurant managers as well as major industry organizations are encouraged to engage in such educational campaigns.
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(2011): Die Konstruktion der gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit. Zur Ontologie sozialer Tatsachen. 1. Aufl.. Berlin: SuhrkampKeywords: Analytische Philosophie, Disziplin, Favoriten, Institution, Institution Soziologie, Konventionen, Modelle/Theorien, Normen, Ontologie, Philosophie, -Q--OBV, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Sozialer Tatbestand, Spielregeltheoretische Ansätze, Spielregeltheoretische Anstätze, Sprachphilosophie
2009
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(2009): Ambivalence in Intergroup Evaluation. The Role of Fairness Norm. In: Social Justice Research 22 (1), S. 117-133. DOI: 10.1007/s11211-009-0090-7
Abstract: We conducted two studies to examine the role of the social norm of fairness on cognitive (beliefs and judgments) and affective (emotions and feelings) ambivalence in an intergroup context of evaluation. As predicted, we found that ambivalence toward the ingroup is constantly higher in the cognitive dimension than in the affective dimension. Instead, cognitive and affective ambivalence toward the outgroup are generally similar but when the outgroup is highly protected by the fairness norm (i.e., the elderly), cognitive ambivalence is considerably lower than affective ambivalence. These findings provide evidence that (1) cognitive ambivalence is more controlled by the fairness norm than affective ambivalence, and that (2) it holds an adaptive function, changing in accordance with the demands of the normative context.
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(2009): Moral Machines. Teaching Robots Right From Wrong. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
Abstract: The human‐built environment is increasingly being populated by artificial agents that, through artificial intelligence (AI), are capable of acting autonomously. The software controlling these autonomous systems is, to‐date, “ethically blind” in the sense that the decision‐making capabilities of such systems does not involve any explicit moral reasoning. The title Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong refers to the need for these increasingly autonomous systems (robots and software bots) to become capable of factoring ethical and moral considerations into their decision making. The new field of inquiry directed at the development of artificial moral agents is referred to by a number of names including machine morality, machine ethics, roboethics, or artificial morality. Engineers exploring design strategies for systems sensitive to moral considerations in their choices and actions will need to determine what role ethical theory should play in defining control architectures for such systems.
2008
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(2008) : Reflections on impoliteness, relational work and power In: Bousfield, Derek; Locher, Miriam A. (Hg.): Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice: Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter (Language, power and social process), S. 17-44
Abstract: Conclusion: This paper had the minimal aim of raising pertinent issues for future research. I shall briefly conclude this chapter with a list of those issues: One's understanding of the role of the speaker and hearer in communication is crucial. I would argue against privileging either of them. Metalinguistic labels such as "over-politeness" need full investigation, deploying, for example, the corpus linguistic techniques that characterise modern lexicography. Intentionality is a site of controversy in (im)politeness studies, as elsewhere in linguistics, though it is often poorly understood. My view is that it is an important part of communication, and a crucial part of impoliteness. An understanding of norms, in all their complexity, is a key to understanding much of (im)politeness. I think the distinction between experiential norms and social norms is particularly useful. Power connects with impoliteness in a number of different ways, including both the performance/perception of impoliteness in language and the broader context within which it is performed/perception. Researching impoliteness constitutes a considerable methodological challenge. This paper gives a glimpse of one corpus-related methodology.
Keywords: Disziplin, Favoriten, Frame, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der zweiten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Intentionalität, Linguistik, Macht, Modelle/Theorien, Politeness Theory and Relational Work, Rolle von Sprecher und Hörer, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Sprachgebrauch, Zweite Welle 2004
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(2004): Social norms and human cooperation. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 8 (4), S. 185-190. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.02.007
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15050515 Abstract: The existence of social norms is one of the big unsolved problems in social cognitive science. Although no other concept is invoked more frequently in the social sciences, we still know little about how social norms are formed, the forces determining their content, and the cognitive and emotional requirements that enable a species to establish and enforce social norms. In recent years, there has been substantial progress, however, on how cooperation norms are enforced. Here we review evidence showing that sanctions are decisive for norm enforcement, and that they are largely driven by non-selfish motives. Moreover, the explicit study of sanctioning behavior provides instruments for measuring social norms and has also led to deeper insights into the proximate and ultimate forces behind human cooperation.
Keywords: Cooperative Behavior, Disziplin, Entwicklungspsychologie, Favoriten, Games, Experimental, Good manners, Humans, Interaktion, Interpersonal Relations, Kooperation, Kooperationsvermögen, Modelle/Theorien, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Sanktionierung, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Sozialkompetenz, Überblick, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2003
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(2003): Entschuldigen, Rechtfertigen und die Verletzung sozialer Normen. Teilw. zugl.: Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Geistes-, Sozial- und Erziehungswissenschaften, Diss., 2002 u.d.T.: Fritsche, Immo: Die Verhaltensrelevanz von Rechenschaftslegung. 1. Aufl.. Weinheim: Beltz (Psychologie - Forschung - aktuell)Keywords: Entschuldigen, Neutralisation, norm, Normen, Normlosigkeit, normwidriges Verhalten, Psychologie, Psychology, Social, Rechenschaft, Rechenschaftsforschung, rechtfertigen, Social Behavior Disorders, soziale Kognition, Soziale Normen, Sozialpsychologie, Sozialverhalten, umweltpsychologie, Umweltschaden
2002
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(2002): Consciousness and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2001
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Hechter, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (Hg.) (2001): Social norms. New York N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation
Abstract: Social norms are rules that prescribe what people should and should not do given their social surroundings and circumstances. Norms instruct people to keep their promises, to drive on the right, or to abide by the golden rule. They are useful explanatory tools, employed to analyze phenomena as grand as international diplomacy and as mundane as the rules of the road. But our knowledge of norms is scattered across disciplines and research traditions, with no clear consensus on how the term should be used. Research on norms has focused on the content and the consequences of norms, without paying enough attention to their causes. Social Norms reaches across the disciplines of sociology, economics, game theory, and legal studies to provide a well-integrated theoretical and empirical account of how norms emerge, change, persist, or die out. Social Norms opens with a critical review of the many outstanding issues in the research on norms: When are norms simply devices to ease cooperation, and when do they carry intrinsic moral weight? Do norms evolve gradually over time or spring up spontaneously as circumstances change? The volume then turns to case studies on the birth and death of norms in a variety of contexts, from protest movements, to marriage, to mushroom collecting. The authors detail the concrete social processes, such as repeated interactions, social learning, threats and sanctions, that produce, sustain, and enforce norms. One case study explains how it can become normative for citizens to participate in political protests in times of social upheaval. Another case study examines how the norm of objectivity in American journalism emerged: Did it arise by consensus as the professional creed of the press corps, or was it imposed upon journalists by their employers? A third case study examines the emergence of the norm of national self-determination: has it diffused as an element of global culture, or was it imposed by the actions of powerful states? The book concludes with an examination of what we know of norm emergence, highlighting areas of agreement and points of contradiction between the disciplines. Norms may be useful in explaining other phenomena in society, but until we have a coherent theory of their origins we have not truly explained norms themselves. Social Norms moves us closer to a true understanding of this ubiquitous feature of social life.
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(2001) : Sociological Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Norms In: Hechter, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (Hg.): Social norms: New York N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, S. 3-34
Abstract: [-]
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(2001) : Game theoretical perspectives on the emergence of social norms In: Hechter, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (Hg.): Social norms: New York N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, S. 105-138
Abstract: Rational choice theory argues that soci al norms emerge because the norms' content yields benefits for some agents. Game theory is that branch of rational choice theory that d eals with soci al interactions among rational actors. The subject of game theory is therefore social action and social relations among rational agents (in Max Weber's sense). The emergence of social norms is closely related to the Hobbesi an problem of social order, and i ts explanation is among the most important issues of social theory. In this chapter I discuss game theoretical approaches to social norms.
Keywords: Disziplin, Favoriten, Genese von Normen, Good manners, Modelle/Theorien, Nash-Gleichgewicht, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Rational Choice Theory, Sanktionierung, Social Norms, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Soziologie, Spieltheorie 1995
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(1995): The power of sex. Some reflections on the Caldwells’ ’African sexuality’ thesis. In: AFRICA 65 (4), S. 489-505
Abstract: This article consists of a series of reflections about the nature of sexuality in East Africa framed in response to the theories put forward by J. C. Caldwell and his collaborators. It argues that their views fail to grasp the way sexual restraints and restrictions form the basis of the moral order in East African societies. Their model of a distinctively African sexual system overemphasises descent in a way that systematically underplays the importance of marriage and reduces ancestor cults to exclusive concern with lineage, reproduction and continuity. By contrast, it is argued with reference to the Gisu of Uganda, ancestral beliefs in their general form are associated with the overall templates for correct social living and these hinge not on lineality but on sexuality and its control. In this light, most East African cultures can be labelled ‘respect cultures’, in that they see their social orders as rooted in respect, respect which implies deference, attention to proper decorum and above all self-restraint. The rules problematise sexuality. The article then turns to the sacred power attributed to coitus itself. This is addressed by looking at the metaphor of the mingling of bloods, widely used of sexual intercourse in East Africa. In the last section of the article attention is paid to the contrast between consanguinity and alliance and the idea that the union of man and woman serves as the prototype of contractual relationships.
1992
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(1992): Dichtung und Prosa. 1. Aufl.. 7. Frankfurt am Main: Insel-Verl. (Werke)
1983
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(1983): Die Entstehung sozialer Normen. Ein Integrationsversuch soziologischer, sozialpsychologischer und ökonomischer Erklärungen. Tübingen: Mohr
Abstract: Literaturverzeichnis
Keywords: behavioural science, bibliography, Eigentumsrecht, empirical analysis, Empirische Untersuchung, ethical argumentation, Ethische Argumentation, Natur & Genese von Normen, social psychology, Sociology, Soziale Norm, Soziale Normen, Sozialer Wert, Soziallehre, Sozialpsychologie, Soziologie, Soziologische Theorie, transformation of values, Utilitarismus, Verhaltensforschung, Wertewandel
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