Alle Publikationen
2010
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Arkin, Robert M. (2010): Handbook of the uncertain self. New York, NY: Psychology Press
Abstract: This chapter focuses on the relationship between the uncertain self and how people respond to fair and unfair events. In this chapter we intend to argue for two general messages. First, we will propose that experienced fairness may have some special qualities that cause fairness judgments to have an especially strong impact on people's reactions when they are uncertain about themselves or even when they have only been reminded briefly about their personal uncertainties. We argue that these qualities of fairness judgments probably have something to do with the experience of fair treatment being especially well-suited for people to rely upon as they seek to manage personal uncertainty. The experience of fair or unfair treatment seems thus to be involved in processes of self-regulation. In making our case, we will argue that both social psychology in general and the literature on the uncertain self in particular can learn important things from the study of fairness judgments. We review research findings and discuss conceptual ideas that reveal some clear instances in which the social psychology of fairness judgments provides new insights compared to other social psychological theories and research findings. The second thing we propose here is that, while definitely important, fairness judgments may not be as unique as sometimes is assumed to be the case in the literature on fairness and social justice. That is, we will argue in this chapter that, to a far greater extent than is generally asserted or assumed in the fairness literature, the way people form fairness judgments and how they respond to fairness issues share many characteristics with the social psychological processes studied in research on worldview defense (e.g., Greenberg, Solomon, & Pyszczynsld, 1997), self-regulation (e.g., Higgins, 2006), the human alarm system (e.g., Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003), experiential mindsets (e.g., Epstein & Pacini, 1999), groups and group entativity (e.g., Hogg, 2007), individual differences in affect intensity (e.g., Larsen, Diener, & Cropanzano, 1987), and the relationship between affect and social cognition (e.g., Schwarz & Clore, 1983). The similarity between fairness and other social psychological processes implies, we believe, that the fairness literature should focus more on process-oriented research, broadening its attention to other relevant social psychological processes. This plea for a stronger focus on process issues can be summarized by saying that we think the social psychology of fairness would benefit from a stronger focus on social psychology. Thus, we are arguing for a more balanced view with respect to both the fairness literature (which we think should incorporate more insights from other social psychological literatures) and social psychology (which may want to consider paying more attention to the fairness judgment process). The integration of fairness studies and core social psychological studies will, we believe, have substantial benefits for both research areas. In the remainder of this chapter, we will describe our current, updated thinking on the relationship between personal uncertainty and social fairness phenomena. In doing so, we hope to illustrate the validity of these propositions as we discuss how fairness judgments seem to function as a crucial tool with which people manage uncertainty about themselves, the world around them, and the interrelation between the two. Indeed, we will suggest that fairness judgments may be formed because they manage uncertainty and that the fairness judgment process is in fact directed by the need to resolve uncertainty surrounding the self and the social world. In the sections that follow in this chapter we focus on some basic issues pertaining to uncertainty and fairness and the relationship between these two core social psychological concepts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2010): Constituting face in conversation. Face, facework, and interactional achievement. In: Journal of Pragmatics 42 (8), S. 2078-2105. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.021 Abstract: Face Constituting Theory addresses the question “How do participants achieve face in everyday talk?” explaining face and facework as achieved by participants engaged in face-to-face communication in situated relationships. Outlining the theory involves first sketching the Conjoint Co-constituting Model of Communication as a conceptualization of the achieving of meaning and action in interaction, and second conceptualizing face as a relational phenomenon at both culture-general and culture-specific levels. Using these conceptualizations, Face Constituting Theory explains face as participants’ interpretings of relational connectedness and separateness, conjointly co-constituted in talk/conduct-in-interaction. Face Constituting Theory adds to this explanation a new conceptualization of how of face interpretings are evaluated as threatening to, in stasis, or supportive of relationships, drawing into a single explanation the full range of observations on facework from outright face threat, through face maintenance, to outright face support. Consistent with ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, Face Constituting Theory is framed from the participant's perspective, and applying the theory in examining the achievement of face in an instance of everyday interaction both illustrates the application of the new theory in research, and indicates how it is distinct from the approaches existing theories employ in studying face and facework.
Keywords: Angesicht, Communication, Conversation, Disziplin, Dritte Welle, Face, Face-Constituting View, Facework, Favoriten, Gesichtswahrung, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der dritten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Interaction, Kultur, Kulturdifferenz, Kulturelle Normen, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtheorie, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Relationship, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprachgebrauch, Status / biologische Marker -
(2010): The effects of conflicting schemas on recall. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 5, S. 55-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.050
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Auernheimer, Georg (2010): Interkulturelle Kompetenz und pädagogische Professionalität. 3. Aufl.. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
Abstract: Interkulturelle Kompetenz bleibt ein zentrales Thema der pädagogischen Fachdiskussion, obwohl das Konzept umstritten ist, wie der Band zeigt. Da es aber ungeachtet dessen in der pädagogischen Programmatik und Praxis nach wie vor Konjunktur hat, sind die Autor/inn/en um ein kritisches Verständnis bemüht, das kulturalistischen Tendenzen vorbeugt. Die kritische Bilanz des Diskurses über interkulturelle Kompetenz ist mit dem Versuch verbunden, das Konzept für die pädagogische und psychosoziale Praxis produktiv zu machen. Dazu werden der Leserin und dem Leser in mehreren Beiträgen Denkanstöße und Heuristiken zur Interpretation von Interaktionen geliefert. Sie sollen eine reflexive, forschende Haltung fördern. Diese nunmehr vierte Auflage ist bis auf den aktualisierten Beitrag des Herausgebers unverändert. Der Inhalt · Interkulturelle Kompetenz - Anfragen an das Konzept · Interkulturelle Kompetenz in der Sozialarbeit und in der Schule · Schussfolgerungen für die Ausbildung Die Zielgruppen · Studierende und Dozierende der Erziehungswissenschaft · StudienreferendarInnen · LehrerInnen · SozialarbeiterInnen · Fachkräfte für interkulturelle Trainings Der Herausgeber Dr. Georg Auernheimer war Professor am Seminar für Pädagogik und Mitbegründer der Forschungsstelle für Interkulturelle Studien an der Universität zu Köln
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(2010): Cognition, brain, and consciousness. Introduction to cognitive neuroscience. 2. ed.. Burlington, MA: Academic Press/Elsevier. Online verfügbar unter http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123750709
Abstract: This is the fully revised and updated second edition of the very sucessful introductory textbook on cognitive neuroscience. Written by two leading experts in the field, this textbooknbsp,book takes a unique thematic approach to introduce concepts of cognitive neurosciences, guiding students along a clear path to understand the latest findings whether or not they have a background in neuroscience. New to this edition are Frontiers in Cognitive Neurosciencetext boxes, each one focuses on a leading researcher and their topic of expertise. There is a new chapter on Genes and Molecules of Cognition, and all other chapters have been thoroughly revised, based on the most recent discoveries. New edition of a very successful textbookCompletely revisednbsp,to reflect new advances, and feedback from adopters and studentsIncludes a new chapter on Genes and Molecules of CognitionStudent Solutions available athttp://www.baars-gage.com/For Teachers:Rapid adoption and course preparation:A wide array of instructor support materials are available online including PowerPoint lecture slides, a test bank with answers, and eFlashcords on key concepts for each chapter. A textbook with an easy-to-understand thematic approach:in a way that is clear for students from a variety of academic backgrounds, the text introduces concepts such as working memory, selective attention, and social cognition.A step-by-step guide for introducing students to brain anatomy: color graphics have been carefully selected to illustrate all points and the research explained. Beautifully clear artist's drawings are used to 'build a brain' from top to bottom, simplifying the layout of the brain.For students:An easy-to-read, complete introduction to mind-brain science:all chapters begin from mind-brain functions and build a coherent picture of their brain basis. A single, widely accepted functional framework is used to capture the major phenomena. Learning Aidsinclude a student support site with study guides and exercises, a new Mini-Atlas of the Brainand a full Glossary of technical terms and their definitions.Richly illustrated with hundreds of carefully selected color graphics to enhance understanding.
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(2010): The Social Relations Model. How to Understand Dyadic Processes. In: Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4 (10), S. 855-870. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00303.x
Abstract: The social relations model (SRM) is an intriguing tool both to conceptualize and to analyze dyadic processes. We begin with explaining why interpersonal phenomena in everyday life are more complex than often considered. We then show how the SRM accounts for these complexities by decomposing interpersonal perceptions and behaviors into three independent components and describe the designs required to investigate these components. We then provide a step‐by‐step introduction into social relations analyses, thereby showing how the SRM can be used to investigate a multitude of exciting research questions. Finally, we summarize the existing software solutions for conducting social relations analyses. Resources for further information are suggested.
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Barron, Anne; Schneider, Klaus P. (Hg.) (2010): The pragmatics of Irish English. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs). Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=558056
Abstract: Irish English, while having been the focus of investigations on a variety of linguistic levels, reveals a dearth of research on the pragmatic level. In the present volume, this imbalance is addressed by providing much-needed empirical data on language use in Ireland in the private, official and public spheres and also by examining the use of Irish English as a reflection of socio-cultural norms of interaction. The contributions cover a wide range of pragmatic phenomena and draw on a number of frameworks of analysis. Despite the wide scope of topics and methodologies, a relatively coherent picture of conventions of language use in Ireland emerges. Indirectness and heterogeneity on the formal level are, for instance, shown to be features of Irish English. This volume is the first book-length treatment of the pragmatics of a national variety of English, or any other language. Indeed, it could be considered a first step towards a new discipline, variational pragmatics, at the interface of pragmatics and dialectology. This book is of primary interest to researchers and students in pragmatics, variational linguistics, Irish English, English as Foreign Language (EFL), cross-cultural communication and discourse analysis. Furthermore, the pragmatic descriptions provided will be of practical use in the increasingly important English as Second Language (ESL) context in Ireland. Finally, it is also of relevance to professionals dealing with Ireland and, indeed, to anyone interested in a deeper understanding of Irish culture.
Keywords: Angesicht, Dialekt, Discourse analysis, Electronic books, English language, Face, Familie, Familiendiskurs, Heterogenität, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Indirektheit, In-Group, Intimität, Ireland, Linguistik, Nahbeziehung, Negative and positive Politeness, Politeness, Pragmatics, Social aspects, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprachgebrauch, Variation -
(2010): Kultur und kulturelle Bildung in der alternden Gesellschaft. Uberblick und Aussichten. In: Psychotherapie im Alter 7 (1), S. 55-66
Abstract: "Kultur ein Leben lang - Perspektiven fur eine Kultur im Alter", so lautete die Uberschrift einer gemeinsamen kulturpolitischen Stellungnahme des Deutschen Kulturrates, des Dachverbandes der bundesweit arbeitenden Kulturverbande, zusammen mit der Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Seniorenorganisationen (BAGSO) vom 13. Oktober 2009 (www.kulturrat.de/pdf/1666.pdf). Diese Stellungnahme bildet den vorlaufigen Hohepunkt einer diskursiven Annaherung auf beiden Seiten: Die Kultur hat das Alter entdeckt, und die Alteren und diejenigen, die mit ihnen und fur sie arbeiten, haben die Kultur entdeckt. Es wird ein Uberblick uber den Stand des Diskurses in Kultur und kultureller Bildung mit Bezug zur altersdemografischen Situation, zum Alter und zu den Alteren vorgelegt. Abschliessend wird ein Ausblick auf Aktivitaten gegeben, mit denen die Bundesakademie fur kulturelle Bildung Wolfenbuttel diesen Diskurs in praktische Vorhaben umsetzt.
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(2010): Verkennende Anerkennung. Über Identität und Politik. Orig.-Ausg., 1. Aufl.. Berlin: Suhrkamp (Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch Wissenschaft)
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Bedorf, Thomas; Lindemann, Gesa; Fischer, Joachim (Hg.) (2010): Theorien des Dritten. Paderborn, Germany: Wilhelm Fink Verlag
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(2010): Rethinking Cultural Competence. What Can We Learn from Levinas?. In: BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK 40 (7), S. 2155-2167. DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcp153
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse 'cultural competence' as a theoretical construct and re-conceptualise it within the framework of Emanuel Levinas' theory of 'Other'. Drawing on the work of the French philosopher (1905-95), this article discusses dominant mainstream conceptions of cultural competence through an examination of the complexity inherent in the intersection and relationship between the two value-laden concepts of 'cultural competence' and 'Other'. The paper provides a theoretical overview of the concept, presents Levinas' conceptualisation of the 'Other', examines epistemological and ethical stances with regard to 'Self' and 'Other', and discusses the theoretical and practical implications for the social work profession.
Keywords: Design -
(2010): The others. Universals and cultural specificities in the perception of status and dominance from nonverbal behavior. In: Consciousness and cognition 19 (3), S. 762-777. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.006
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630775 Abstract: The current study analyzes trans-cultural universalities and specificities in the recognition of status roles, dominance perception and social evaluation based on nonverbal cues. Using a novel methodology, which allowed to mask clues to ethnicity and cultural background of the agents, we compared impression of Germans, Americans and Arabs observing computer-animated interactions from the three countries. Only in the German stimulus sample the status roles (employee vs. supervisor) could be recognized above chance level. However we found significant correlations in dominance perception across all countries. Significant correlations were only found for evaluation between German observers and observers from the other two countries. Perceived dominance uniformly predicted the assignment of status-roles in all cultures. Microanalysis of movement behavior further revealed predictive value of specific nonverbal cues for dominance ratings. Results support the hypothesis of universalities in the processing of dominance cues and point to cultural specificities in evaluative responses to nonverbal behavior.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cues, Germany, Humans, Individuality, Judgment, Kommunikation, Nonverbal communication, Power (Psychology), Social Distance, Social Dominance, Social Perception, Social Values, Status, uncertainty, United Arab Emirates, United States, Video Recording, Young Adult -
(2010): Behaving as expected. Public information and fairness norms. In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 23 (2), S. 161-178. DOI: 10.1002/bdm.648
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.648 Abstract: What is considered to be fair depends on context-dependent expectations. Using a modified version of the Ultimatum Game, we demonstrate that both fair behavior and perceptions of fairness depend upon beliefs about what one ought to do in a situation—that is, upon normative expectations. We manipulate such expectations by creating informational asymmetries about the offer choices available to the Proposer, and find that behavior varies accordingly. Proposers and Responders show a remarkable degree of agreement in their beliefs about which choices are considered fair. We discuss how these results fit into a theory of social norms.
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(2010): Deceptive robots show theory of mind. In: New Scientist 207 (2779), S. 24-25. DOI: 10.1016/S0262-4079(10)62327-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(10)62327-5 Abstract: The behaviour of the deceptive Rovio represents something much more significant than a crude game of robot hide-and-seek. It is a demonstration of an aspect of social intelligence known as theory of mind, which humans only develop around the age of 4 or 5. If robots can be made to display theory of mind in other situations, it could endow them with a sophisticated intelligence. They might then be able to reason the thoughts, intentions and even feelings of people and other robots … “It was definitely exciting to see it work,” says Alan Wagner of the …
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(2010): Geschlechtergerechte Formulierungen in Nachrichtentexten. In: Publizistik 55 (3), S. 289-304. DOI: 10.1007/s11616-010-0093-2
Abstract: Es wird vergleichend analysiert, wie gut generisch maskuline Personenbezeichnungen (z. B. die Studenten) und alternative geschlechtergerechte Formen (z. B. die Studentinnen und Studenten) für Nachrichtentexte geeignet sind. Dabei ist von Interesse, ob die Verwendung der jeweiligen Formen zu einem angemessenen gedanklichen Einbezug der am berichteten Ereignis beteiligten Frauen führt, ob der Text gut lesbar bleibt und ob das Publikum die Textästhetik positiv beurteilt. Die Befunde von zwei experimentellen Studien, an denen insgesamt 521 Personen teilnahmen, deuten darauf hin, dass der Einsatz bestimmter geschlechtergerechter Personenbezeichnungen (Paarformen (z. B. Astronautinnen und Astronauten) und genusneutrale Formulierungen (z. B. Badegäste)) im Vergleich zur Verwendung generisch maskuliner Formulierungen zu einer angemesseneren gedanklichen Berücksichtigung von Frauen beiträgt, ohne dabei die Lesbarkeit und sprachliche Ästhetik zu beeinträchtigen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes geschlechtergerechter Sprache in Pressemedien diskutiert. zitiert von 12
Keywords: Aesthetics, Fairness, Language, Medien, News Media, Readability, Sexism, Social Cognition, Sprachwissenschaften -
(2010): How Sexy are Sexist Men?. Women’s Perception of Male Response Profiles in the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. In: Sex Roles 62 (7-8), S. 568-582. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-009-9665-x
Abstract: Investigated women's perception of male response profiles in the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) in 3 studies. In Studies 1 to 3, 326 German female students (aged 19-47 years) rated the likability and typicality of male targets: a nonsexist, a benevolent sexist, a hostile sexist, and (in Studies 2 and 3) an ambivalent sexist. When targets were presented as response profiles in the ASI (Studies 2 and 3), the benevolent sexist was rated to be most likable but least typical, whereas the ambivalent sexist was rated to be highly typical. Thus, women were aware of a link between benevolent and hostile sexism and approved of men's benevolent sexism, especially when it was not paired with hostile sexism. Likability ratings were moderated by participants' own benevolent sexism and feminist attitude. zitiert von 80
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(2010): Introduction. Politeness research. Retrospect and prospect. In: Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 6 (2). DOI: 10.1515/jplr.2010.009
Abstract: In the opening editorial of the Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, Chris Christie (2005: 1) outlined the aims, aspirations, and publications manifesto of the present journal’s editorial board. As Christie then explained: The primary concern is to provide an international and multidisciplinary forum for research into linguistic and non-linguistic politeness phenomena, and for research that draws on or develops any model of politeness. The aim is to foster the advancement of theories of politeness; to further the development of methodologies for describing and explaining politeness phenomena; and to broaden our understanding of social and cultural phenomena by publishing reports of empirical studies across cultures, languages, and interactional contexts that are based on rigorous methodologies deriving from sound models of politeness. The journal is aimed primarily at researchers, but it has always been the editorial board’s intention to ensure that the articles that appear in the journal are accessible to both undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in issues around politeness.
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(2010): The Sounds of Media. An Interdisciplinary Review of Research on Sound as Communication. In: Comunicar 17 (34), S. 15-23. DOI: 10.3916/C34-2010-02-01
Abstract: Sound remains significantly underresearched as a form of communication, as a modality of experience, and as a resource for cultural expression and social interaction. This is in spite of the centrality of sound in most media and communicative practices, including face-to-face interaction and digital networks. Recent years, however, have witnessed a revitalized interest internationally in the area. This review revisits previous research on three sound prototypes - speech, music, and environmental soundscapes which has mostly been undertaken in separate disciplines: rhetoric, philology, linguistics, classical musicology, popular music studies, architecture, discourse analysis, and more. The article, further, outlines the potential for more interdisciplinary research on sound as communication - as a source of meaning and as a resource for action. This potential is suggested by the diffusion of mobile media and the pervasiveness of communication in everyday contexts. At present, ordinary media users are in position, not only to receive, but also to send diverse forms of auditory, visual, as well as textual information. Users are becoming senders in new configurations of one-to-one, one-to-many, and, increasingly, many-to-many communication. Ubiquitous soundscapes and other mediascapes are even challenging received notions of what a 'medium' is and could be. In conclusion, the article suggests that the growing current interest in sound studies itself may be the product of a reconfigured media environment in which sound has come back in style.
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(2010): Incorporating the cultural value of respeto into a framework of Latino parenting. In: Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 16 (1), S. 77-86
Abstract: Latino families face multiple stressors associated with adjusting to United States mainstream culture that, along with poverty and residence in inner-city communities, may further predispose their children to risk for negative developmental outcomes. Evidence-based mental health treatments may require culturally informed modifications to best address the unique needs of the Latino population, yet few empirical studies have assessed these cultural elements. The current study examined cultural values of 48 Dominican and Mexican mothers of preschoolers through focus groups in which they described their core values as related to their parenting role. Results showed that respeto, family and religion were the most important values that mothers sought to transmit to their children. Respeto is manifested in several domains, including obedience to authority, deference, decorum, and public behavior. The authors describe the socialization messages that Latina mothers use to teach their children respeto and present a culturally derived framework of how these messages may relate to child development. The authors discuss how findings may inform the cultural adaptation of evidence-based mental health treatments such as parent training programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Acculturation, Adult, Child, Child development, Childhood Development, Cultural Characteristics, cultural values, decorum, Dominican Republic, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Ethnic Values, Female, Gesundheit, Hispanic Americans, Humans, Intergenerational Relations, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Latinas, Latino parenting, Latinos, Mexican Americans, MODELS, Parent Child Relations, Parenting, Preschool, preschoolers, Psychological, respect, respeto, Social Values, Socialization, United States, VALUES -
(2010): Creating good relationships: Responsiveness, relationship quality, and interpersonal goals. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 99 (1), S. 78-106. DOI: 10.1037/a0018186
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20565187 Abstract: Perceived partner responsiveness is a core feature of close, satisfying relationships. But how does responsiveness originate? Can people create relationships characterized by high responsiveness and, consequently, higher quality relationships? The authors suggest that goals contribute to cycles of responsiveness between two people, improving relationship quality for both of them. The present studies examine (a) how interpersonal goals initiate responsiveness processes in close relationships, (b) the self-perpetuating nature of these processes, and (c) how responsiveness evolves dynamically over time through both intrapersonal projection and reciprocal interpersonal relationship processes. In a semester-long study of 115 roommate dyads, actors' compassionate and self-image goals predicted a cycle of responsiveness between roommates, occurring within weeks and across the semester. In a 3-week study of 65 roommate dyads, actors' goals again predicted cycles of responsiveness between roommates, which then contributed to both actors' and partners' relationship quality. Results suggest that both projection and reciprocation of responsiveness associated with compassionate goals create upward spirals of responsiveness that ultimately enhance relationship quality for both people.
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(2010) : Multimodal presentation of local danger warnings for drivers: A situation-dependent assessment of usability: 2010 IEEE International Professional Comunication Conference: 2010 IEEE International Professional Comunication Conference: Enschede, The Netherlands: IEEE, S. 226-229
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IPCC.2010.5530017 Abstract: This study addresses how advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) should communicate with drivers, focusing on the local danger warning function. To achieve high-quality assistance, the communication mode needs to be adaptive to changes in driving situation (driver's state, workload and environment). In a user study investigating different warning communication modes, drivers were required to assess the usability of each communication mode in five different driving situations. Results revealed that the driving situation significantly affected the perceived usefulness of each warning communication mode, mainly due to the use of modality. Moreover, regardless of communication mode, the local danger warning function was considered as the most useful in the low visibility situation and the least useful in the highly demanding driving situation. Findings of this study can be applied to the design of ADAS in general.
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(2010): Altruism and fairness. Unnatural selection?. In: Comptes rendus biologies 333 (2), S. 174-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.005
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338534 Abstract: Darwin admitted that the evolution of moral phenomena such as altruism and fairness, which are usually in opposition to the maximization of individual reproductive success, was not easily accounted for by natural selection. Later, authors have proposed additional mechanisms, including kin selection, inclusive fitness, and reciprocal altruism. In the present work, we explore the extent to which sexual selection has played a role in the appearance of human moral traits. It has been suggested that because certain moral virtues, including altruism and kindness, are sexually attractive, their evolution could have been shaped by the process of sexual selection. Our review suggests that although it is possible that sexual selection played such a role, it is difficult to determine the extent of its relevance, the specific form of this influence, and its interplay with other evolutionary mechanisms.
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(2010): Foundations for a realist ontology of mental disease. In: Journal of biomedical semantics 1 (1). DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-1-10
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21143905 Abstract: While classifications of mental disorders have existed for over one hundred years, it still remains unspecified what terms such as 'mental disorder', 'disease' and 'illness' might actually denote. While ontologies have been called in aid to address this shortfall since the GALEN project of the early 1990s, most attempts thus far have sought to provide a formal description of the structure of some pre-existing terminology or classification, rather than of the corresponding structures and processes on the side of the patient.We here present a view of mental disease that is based on ontological realism and which follows the principles embodied in Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and in the application of BFO in the Ontology of General Medical Science (OGMS). We analyzed statements about what counts as a mental disease provided (1) in the research agenda for the DSM-V, and (2) in Pies' model. The results were used to assess whether the representational units of BFO and OGMS were adequate as foundations for a formal representation of the entities in reality that these statements attempt to describe. We then analyzed the representational units specific to mental disease and provided corresponding definitions.Our key contributions lie in the identification of confusions and conflations in the existing terminology of mental disease and in providing what we believe is a framework for the sort of clear and unambiguous reference to entities on the side of the patient that is needed in order to avoid these confusions in the future.
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(2010): Robot rights?. Towards a social-relational justification of moral consideration. In: Ethics and Information Technology 12 (3), S. 209-221. DOI: 10.1007/s10676-010-9235-5
Abstract: Should we grant rights to artificially intelligent robots? Most current and near-future robots do not meet the hard criteria set by deontological and utilitarian theory. Virtue ethics can avoid this problem with its indirect approach. However, both direct and indirect arguments for moral consideration rest on ontological features of entities, an approach which incurs several problems. In response to these difficulties, this paper taps into a different conceptual resource in order to be able to grant some degree of moral consideration to some intelligent social robots: it sketches a novel argument for moral consideration based on social relations. It is shown that to further develop this argument we need to revise our existing ontological and social-political frameworks. It is suggested that we need a social ecology, which may be developed by engaging with Western ecology and Eastern worldviews. Although this relational turn raises many difficult issues and requires more work, this paper provides a rough outline of an alternative approach to moral consideration that can assist us in shaping our relations to intelligent robots and, by extension, to all artificial and biological entities that appear to us as more than instruments for our human purposes.
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(2010): Increasing breast examinations among arab women using a tailored culture-based intervention. In: Behavioral medicine (Washington, D.C.) 36 (3), S. 92-99. DOI: 10.1080/08964280903521313
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20801757 Abstract: This study aimed to assess outcomes of a culture-specific intervention devised to reduce barriers to breast cancer screening among Arab women in Israel. Women in intervention (n = 42) and control (n = 24) groups answered breast examination performance and Arab culture-specific barriers and health beliefs questionnaires at pre- and postintervention. Women in the study group received tailored telephone intervention between the 2 interviews. Although the study and control groups did not differ in rate of attending clinical examinations and mammography at pre-intervention, at post-intervention, almost 48% of the intervention group and 12.5% of the control group scheduled or attended a clinical examination, and 38.5% of women in the intervention group and 21.4% of the control group attended or scheduled a mammography. Of the cultural barriers, a significant group x time effect was found for the cultural barriers of exposure, social barriers, and self-uneasiness with body, with a higher decrease in the intervention group. Of the health beliefs, a group x time effect was found for perceived vulnerability and perceived barriers to clinical examination and mammography, which significantly decreased in the intervention group, but not in the control group. The preliminary results showed that the culture-based intervention was effective in reducing barriers and increasing the rate of breast cancer examinations.
Keywords: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Arabs/ethnology, Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis/prevention & control, Breast Self-Examination, Culture, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Israel/ethnology, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic, Proxemik, Status / biologische Marker, Surveys and Questionnaires, Telephone, Women's Health/ethnology