Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018): A reinforcement sensitivity theory explanation of antisocial behaviour. In: Personality and Individual Differences 123, S. 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.008
Abstract: A comprehensive explanation of antisocial behaviour (ASB) needs to focus on both individual differences in personality and life events as potentially predisposing factors. The current studies investigated the relative influence of both of these in males and females. We used the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of personality to investigate the extent to which dispositional approach and avoidance tendencies relate to ASB. In the first study, 287 participants reported their engagement in ASB and completed the RST Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ). In the second study, a new sample of 282 participants completed the same measures as well as reporting the extent to which they had experienced life strains. Results from both studies showed a positive association between goal-drive persistence and ASB in males; while in females, a positive association was found between impulsivity and ASB. In Study 2, life strains explained further variance in ASB and this also show a gender differentiation: in males, there was a stronger relationship between financial strains and ASB while females showed an association between relational strains and ASB. Overall, results suggested that ASB is more pronounced in the male sample with an instrumental purpose while in the female sample personal life events are of more relevance. zitiert von 1
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(2018): Looking beyond - socialization tactics. The role of human resource systems in the socialization process. In: Human Resource Management Review 28 (2), S. 220-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.06.004
Abstract: Previous research questions whether the association between socialization tactics and human resource systems has been properly explored. Based on theory, we present a framework that links socialization tactics and human resource systems for various groups of newcomers. In doing so, we contribute to academic theory by exploring the under-researched areas of the content and context of socialization tactics, while illustrating helpful practices to retain key newcomers in organizations. The article provides new insights into socialization tactics and human resource systems by bridging the two theoretical areas, opening up this conceptual space for examination by organizational scholars. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications for human resource scholars and practitioners accordingly. zitiert von 3
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(2018): Culture, temperament, and social and psychological adjustment. In: Developmental Review, S. 42-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.03.004
Abstract: Relative to personality and many behavioral attributes, temperament is believed to be determined to a greater extent by genetic and other biological factors. Nevertheless, personal and social experiences are involved in temperamental development. In this paper, I discuss issues related to culture, temperament, and adjustment mainly from a contextual-developmental perspective, which emphasizes the role of social evaluation processes in bridging culture and temperamental development. The review of the research findings indicates that cultural beliefs and values, particularly those related to socialization goals, are reflected in parents’ and peers’ attitudes toward children’s temperamental characteristics, such as reactivity in challenging situations and self-control and its behavioral manifestations. Culturally guided social attitudes contribute to variations in the display of temperamental characteristics among children across societies. Moreover, culture plays a role in shaping the functional meanings or significance of temperamental characteristics in human development. Researchers need to investigate in the future cultural issues in temperamental development, especially relations between temperament and adjustment in different contexts, using a multi-level and multi-method approach.
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(2018): Keep calm and carry on (ethically). Durable moral courage in the workplace. In: Human Resource Management Review 28 (2), S. 116-130. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.011
Abstract: We develop a model of factors that enable morally courageous actors to carry on even after encountering organizational opposition. The model specifies that durable moral courage facilitates continued moral action and that demoralization inhibits it, and presents the perceived manageability of the organizational response as a factor affecting the extent to which an actor experiences durable moral courage and/or demoralization. It is proposed that moral efficacy, hardiness, and planning for endurance insulate the actor before an act of moral courage, by enhancing the perceived manageability of the organizational response; and that emotional self-regulation fortifies the actor by enhancing the perceived manageability of that response once it comes. It is also posited that moral efficacy and hardiness contribute directly to durable moral courage, hardiness and planning for endurance increase durable moral courage by promoting moral efficacy, and emotional self-regulation augments planning for endurance. Implications for research and practice are offered. zitiert von: 2
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(2018) : Akkulturation In: Machleidt, Wielant; Kluge, Ulrike; Sieberer, Marcel Gerd; Heinz, Andreas; Agorastos, Agorastos (Hg.): Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und psychische Gesundheit: 2. Auflage: München: Elsevier, S. 77-81
Abstract: siehe PDF
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(2018): Moral dialogs. In: The Social Science Journal 55 (1), S. 6-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.soscij.2018.02.010
Abstract: Moral dialogs are social processes through which people form new shared moral understandings. They differ from reasoned deliberations because they are focused on values and not on facts, logic or reason. They differ from irrational passions because value statements require moral justifications. Such dialogs take place not just in families and communities, but often on national levels and sometimes even on transnational ones. They played a core role in major societal changes brought about by social movements, such as those that advanced civil rights, women's rights, and the protection of the environment. Most importantly, when successfully concluded, moral dialogs affect not just attitudes and values, but also voluntary behavior as well as laws. Although dialogs may differ greatly in their normative content, they have the same basic sociological format and follow the same basic ‘natural history.’ The article introduces the author's conception of what constitutes moral dialogs by drawing on available evidence, and provides a framework for additional research on the subject at hand. zitiert von: 20
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(2018): Moral foundations of positive and negative intergroup behavior. Moral exclusion fills the gap. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS 64, S. 67-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.03.006
Abstract: Personal criteria about the morally appropriate forms of behavior can be crucial when coming into contact with members of culturally different outgroups. In our study, we investigated whether moral exclusion mediates the relationship between moral foundations and positive and negative behavioral intentions toward Muslim people. Our aim was to identify the psychological mechanism that explains why particular people intend to harm (or not harm), and help (or not help) members of particular outgroups. Using survey data from an online questionnaire, structural equation modeling and mediation analysis showed that individualizing moral foundations had a negative relationship with negative behavioral intentions and a positive relationship with positive intentions towards Muslim people. Binding moral foundations showed the opposite connection with behavioral intentions. The relationship between moral foundations and intergroup behavioral intentions was mediated by moral exclusion. These results imply that moral intuitions form the basis of behavioral intentions toward a culturally different outgroup both directly and by influencing whether or not the outgroup is worthy of moral concern.
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(2018): Fairness, fast and slow. A review of dual process models of fairness. In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, S. 49-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.016
Abstract: Fairness, the notion that people deserve or have rights to certain resources or kinds of treatment, is a fundamental dimension of moral cognition. Drawing on recent evidence from economics, psychology, and neuroscience, we ask whether self-interest is always intuitive, requiring self-control to override with reasoning-based fairness concerns, or whether fairness itself can be intuitive. While we find strong support for rejecting the notion that self-interest is always intuitive, the literature has reached conflicting conclusions about the neurocognitive systems underpinning fairness. We propose that this disagreement can largely be resolved in light of an extended Social Heuristics Hypothesis. Divergent findings may be attributed to the interpretation of behavioral effects of ego depletion or neurostimulation, reverse inference from brain activity to the underlying psychological process, and insensitivity to social context and inter-individual differences. To better dissect the neurobiological basis of fairness, we outline how future research should embrace cross-disciplinary methods that combine psychological manipulations with neuroimaging, and that can probe inter-individual, and cultural heterogeneities.
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(2018): Who am I?. The role of moral beliefs in children's and adults' understanding of identity. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, S. 210-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.007
Abstract: Adults report that moral characteristics—particularly widely shared moral beliefs—are central to identity. This perception appears driven by the view that changes to widely shared moral beliefs would alter friendships and that this change in social relationships would, in turn, alter an individual's personal identity. Because reasoning about identity changes substantially during adolescence, the current work tested pre- and post-adolescents to reveal the role that such changes could play in moral cognition. Experiment 1 showed that 8- to 10-year-olds, like adults, judged that people would change more after changes to their widely shared moral beliefs (e.g., whether hitting is wrong) than after changes to controversial moral beliefs (e.g., whether telling prosocial lies is wrong). Following up on this basic effect, a second experiment examined whether participants regard all changes to widely shared moral beliefs as equally impactful. Adults, but not children, reported that individuals would change more if their good moral beliefs (e.g., it is not okay to hit) transformed into bad moral beliefs (e.g., it is okay to hit) than if the opposite change occurred. This difference in adults was mediated by perceptions of how much changes to each type of belief would alter friendships. We discuss implications for moral judgment and social cognitive development.
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(2018): What's (not) underpinning ambivalent sexism?. Revisiting the roles of ideology, religiosity, personality, demographics, and men's facial hair in explaining hostile and benevolent sexism. In: Personality and Individual Differences 122, S. 29-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.001
Abstract: Ambivalent sexism is a two-dimensional framework that assesses sexist and misogynous attitudes. The current corpus of research on such attitudes suggest that they are predicted by numerous variables, including religious beliefs, ideological variables, and men's facial hair. Most studies, however, have treated such predictors as if they are independent – inferring that zero-order correlations between sexism and its predictors are not confounded by omitted third variables. In the current work, we address ambivalent sexism using a large array of known correlates of sexist attitudes in two large and demographically diverse samples. We show that low empathic concern is the primary driver of hostile-, but not benevolent sexism (Study 1); that social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, religiosity, and low Openness and Agreeableness differentially predict ambivalent sexism (Study 2); along with male gender and low education level (Study 1 and 2). Contradicting an earlier finding, men's facial hair was not correlated with hostile sexism in either studies and a short full beard predicted lower scores on benevolent sexism in Study 2. Thus, we replicated the main findings from most previous research except for men's facial hair, and we also show the paths through which predictors of sexist attitudes exert their effects.
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(2018): How do social norms influence prosocial development?. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 20, S. 87-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.011
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28858771 Abstract: Humans are both highly prosocial and extremely sensitive to social norms, and some theories suggest that norms are necessary to account for uniquely human forms of prosocial behavior and cooperation. Understanding how norms influence prosocial behavior is thus essential if we are to describe the psychology and development of prosocial behavior. In this article I review recent research from across the social sciences that provides (1) a theoretical model of how norms influence prosocial behavior, (2) empirical support for the model based on studies with adults and children, and (3) predictions about the psychological mechanisms through which norms shape prosocial behavior. I conclude by discussing the need for future studies into how prosocial behavior develops through emerging interactions between culturally varying norms, social cognition, emotions, and potentially genes. zitiert von 4
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(2018): Religion, moral attitudes and economic behavior. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 148, S. 282-300. DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2018.02.022
Abstract: Using data for a representative sample of the Dutch population with information about participants’ religious background, we study the association between religion and moral behavior and attitudes. We find that religious people are less accepting of unethical economic behavior (e.g., tax evasion, bribery) and report more volunteering. They are equally likely as non-religious people to betray trust in an experimental game, where social behavior is unobservable and not directed to a self-selected group of recipients. Religious people also report lower preference for redistribution. Considering differences between denominations, Catholics betray less than non-religious people, while Protestants betray more than Catholics and are indistinguishable from the non-religious. We also explore the intergenerational transmission and the potential causality of these associations.
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(2018): Architecture of Internet Agent with Social Awareness. In: Procedia Computer Science 123, S. 240-245. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.01.037
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.01.037 Abstract: We describe approach, architecture, implementation and practical applications of personal software agent with social awareness, capable to capture socio-temporal context of its user on the Web and in social networks in the course of interactions of the user with agent itself and user’s Internet environments online.
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(2018): Implementation via rights structures. In: Journal of Economic Theory 176, S. 479-502. DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2018.04.009
Abstract: Implementation of socially desirable alternatives can be thought of as a way to design power distribution in a society such that the equilibrium outcomes coincide with the alternatives chosen at each preference profile. In this paper, we introduce a new institutional framework for implementation, which takes power distribution in a society as its point of departure. We use the notion of a rights structure, introduced by Sertel (2001), to formalize the power distribution in a society. We formulate and characterize implementability via rights structures under different specifications, which require having well-defined convergence dynamics and being consistent with farsighted behavior. We identify how implementation via rights structures is related to implementation via mechanisms. In the presence of at least three agents, we find the class of rights structures, implementability via which is equivalent to Nash and strong Nash implementability. We also introduce a strategic counterpart of implementation via rights structures in terms of deviation-constrained mechanisms.
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(2018): A path analysis of a cultural and racial socialization model in international transracial adoption. Racial awareness, self-efficacy, and socialization practices. In: Children and Youth Services Review 85, S. 333-340. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.002
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model using path analysis to examine direct and indirect relationships among factors contributing to transracial adoptive parents' cultural and racial socialization practices. Participants, responding to an online survey, were White mothers and fathers of children born in China and other Asian and non-Asian countries, and were associated with Families with Children from China, a support group. Included in a path analysis were 310 cases. As hypothesized, post-adoption education and support, racial awareness, and socialization self-efficacy were found to be important factors that positively influenced socialization practices. Researchers may be interested in further examination of the cultural and racial socialization model to address the parenting needs of international transracial adoptive parents, and ultimately to support the healthy ethnic and racial identity formation of transracial adoptees.
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(2018): Differences in the Theory of Mind profiles of patients with anorexia nervosa and individuals on the autism spectrum: A meta-analytic review. In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 90, S. 146-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.009 Abstract: Background This meta-analytic review examines the theory of mind profiles in both patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and autistic individuals. Methodology The studies examining theory of mind were divided into the following categories: emotional theory of mind, understanding simple social situations, understanding complex social interactions, and implicit social attribution. All included studies investigated differences between healthy control (HCs) individuals and people with AN or autistic people. Differences in theory of mind profile between people with AN and autistic people were explored by conducting moderator analyses. Results People with AN and autistic people showed a similar theory of mind profile, but autistic individuals showed greater difficulties, particularly in emotional theory of mind. Conclusions Although both people with AN and autistic people have significant difficulties in all aspects of theory of mind relative to the HCs, some differences in the underlying profile may be present. However, due to relative paucity of theory of mind research among people with AN, further research is still needed before firm conclusion can be drawn.
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(2018): When different “codes” meet. Communication styles and conflict in intercultural academic meetings. In: Language & Communication 61, S. 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.langcom.2017.10.001
Abstract: This study focuses on conflict situations in bilingual academic meetings to investigate the communication styles used by Chinese and American university faculty. The ethnographic participant observation used as the main method was cross-checked with post-meeting interview data. The findings revealed that, due to the conflicting priorities in meeting protocol and behaviors in Taiwanese and American cultures, tension is experienced by faculty members of both cultures. What it means to have a meeting and how members address various issues does vary from culture to culture. It is suggested that conflict situations be ameliorated by more cross-cultural understanding of meeting codes, especially by those in leadership positions.
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Machleidt, Wielant; Kluge, Ulrike; Sieberer, Marcel Gerd; Heinz, Andreas; Agorastos, Agorastos (Hg.) (2018): Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Migration und psychische Gesundheit. 2. Auflage. München: Elsevier
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(2018): From being nice to being kind. Development of prosocial behaviors. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 20, S. 45-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.036
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28830006 Abstract: Empirical findings regarding the origins and development of prosocial behaviors from infancy to childhood have generated new information on when young children act prosocially toward others, how prosocial behavior changes across development, and why children do or do not behave prosocially. We discuss recent advances in three areas of research: First, studies have increasingly focused on age-related differences in various prosocial behaviors. Second, psychological underpinnings of prosocial behavior development have contributed to a better understanding of children's motives for prosocial behaviors. Third, dispositional and situational effects on the development of prosocial behaviors have been examined. We discuss consequences of individual differences in prosocial behaviors and provide recommendations for future directions for the study of prosocial behavior development. zitiert von 2
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(2018): An expanded model of the moral self. Beyond care and justice. In: Social science research 72, S. 1-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.02.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29609732 Abstract: Most research on moral identities conceptualizes morality exclusively in terms of care and justice, but work from across the social sciences indicates that these represent only a corner of the moral landscape. Emphasizing care and justice alone severely restricts the scope of moral identity models, and risks under-estimating the influence of moral self-processes. To address this, we develop and validate measures of moral identity focused on group loyalty, authority, and purity, three additional facets of morality highlighted in Moral Foundations Theory. Although the loyalty identity is remarkably similar to the care/justice identity, the authority and purity identities are distinct, and demonstrate adequate convergent, divergent, and nomological validity. These identities also predict a wide range of behaviors that traditional care/justice focused moral identities miss. Taken together, our work indicates that the moral self is more complex - and has a much wider scope of influence - than previously supposed.
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(2018): Garfinkel on strategy. Using ethnomethodology to make sense of “rubbish strategy”. In: Critical Perspectives on Accounting 53, S. 31-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpa.2017.03.008
Abstract: This paper has three aims. First, it presents what the term ethnomethodology means and explains some of its central concepts and tenets. Second, the paper illustrates an ethnomethodological approach to studying strategy by drawing on a fieldwork study of the development of a waste management strategy in a UK Local Authority, conducted by the first author. Third, the distinctive approach that ethnomethodology takes to the study of social organization is presented in order to outline what it could offer to the understanding of strategic organization in particular. The paper concludes by discussing the insights that ethnomethodology can offer in the strategic management field, including existing applications and potential future lines of enquiry, particularly in the field known as Strategy-as-Practice. The conclusion advocates a move away from rational analytic models, proclamations and prescriptive treatments of strategy towards studying the more mundane work that enables strategic action to take place, notably the production of accounts of various kinds. It is argued that through accounts, members produce the social facts that generate ‘strategies’ of various kinds. This necessitates studying fact production ‘in flight’. Strategic organization is thereby conceptualised as an ongoing achievement of member’s ethno- methods for producing it. zitiert von 2
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(2018): On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind. In: Emotion-cognition interactions 19, S. 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.010 Abstract: Empathy, compassion and Theory of Mind (ToM) are central topics in social psychology and neuroscience. While empathy enables the sharing of others’ emotions and may result in empathic distress, a maladaptive form of empathic resonance, or compassion, a feeling of warmth and concern for others, ToM provides cognitive understanding of someone else's thoughts or intentions. These socio-affective and socio-cognitive routes to understanding others are subserved by separable, independent brain networks. Nonetheless they are jointly required in many complex social situations. A process that is critical for both, empathy and ToM, is self-other distinction, which is implemented in different temporoparietal brain regions. Thus, adaptive social behavior is a result of dynamic interplay of socio-affective and socio-cognitive processes.
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(2018): Theory of a machine's mind. In: New Scientist 237 (3167), S. 6-7. DOI: 10.1016/S0262-4079(18)30365-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(18)30365-8 Abstract: MACHINES are getting to know each other better. An artificial intelligence, developed by Google-owned research firm DeepMind, can now pass an important psychological assessment that most children only develop the skills to pass at around age 4. Its aptitude in …
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(2018): Urban robotics. Towards responsible innovations for our cities. In: Robotics and Autonomous Systems 100, S. 278-286. DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2017.03.007
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(2018): Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry. Female executives’ perceptions. In: International Journal of Hospitality Management, S. 184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.008
Abstract: Despite the increasing presence of women in the hospitality labour market, empirical evidence shows persistent horizontal and vertical segregation, as well as a pay gap - a situation that perpetuates lost opportunities for the industry. Based on Barbara Risman’s model “Gender as a Social Structure” as a leading reference, the paper provides a gender based approach for the hospitality industry. Risman’s three levels of analysis (Individual, Interactional and Institutional) are completed with an Intersectional level, conforming the “Gender as a Social Structure in the Hospitality Industry” model. This model aims at identifying factors that cause discrimination among female executives. The methodology is based on thirty semi-structured in-depth interviews with female executives in the Spanish hospitality industry. The results show that the influence of self-imposed barriers, gender roles, problems associated with work-life conciliation and issues related to gendered organizations are the main factors that hinder achieving gender equality.