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2009
Apperly, Ian A.; Samson, Dana; Humphreys, Glyn W. (2009): Studies of adults can inform accounts of theory of mind development. In: Developmental Psychology 45 (1), S. 190-201. DOI: 10.1037/a0014098

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014098

Abstract: There is strong evidence that developments in children's theory of mind (ToM) at 3?4 years are related to developments in language and executive function. However, these relationships might exist for 2 reasons. First, language and executive function might be necessary for the mature ToM abilities that children are in the process of developing. Second, language and executive function may be necessary for developing ToM but have no necessary role in mature ToM. It is difficult to distinguish between these possibilities if researchers only study young children. Studies of adults can provide direct evidence about the role of language and executive function in mature ToM. Recent work suggests that impaired executive function has multiple roles in adult ToM but that severely impaired grammar can leave ToM structurally intact. While studies of children report that ToM correlates with both language and executive function, findings from adults suggest that these relationships should be interpreted in importantly different ways.

Keywords: Adult, Child, Child Development/physiology, Humans, Language, Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data, Problem Solving/physiology, Psychological Theory
2005
Lövdén, Martin; Ghisletta, Paolo; Lindenberger, Ulman (2005): Social participation attenuates decline in perceptual speed in old and very old age. In: Psychology and Aging 20 (3), S. 423-434. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.423

DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16248702

Abstract: Does an engaged and active lifestyle in old age alleviate cognitive decline, does high cognitive functioning in old age increase the possibility of maintaining an engaged and active lifestyle, or both? The authors approach this conundrum by applying a structural equation model for testing dynamic hypotheses, the dual change score model (J. J. McArdle & F. Hamagami, 2001), to 3-occasion longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study (Time 1: n=516, age range=70-103 years). Results reveal that within a bivariate system of perceptual speed and social participation, with age and sociobiographical status as covariates, prior scores of social participation influence subsequent changes in perceptual speed, while the opposite does not hold. Results support the hypothesis that an engaged and active lifestyle in old and very old age may alleviate decline in perceptual speed.

Keywords: 80 and over, Aged, Computer Graphics, Discrimination Learning, Female, Gerontologie, Humans, Life Style, Likelihood Functions, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Statistical, Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Social Behavior, Soziale Teilhabe, Statistics as Topic

2009

2005

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