Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Individual Differences in Verbal and Non-Verbal Affective Responses to Smells. Influence of Odor Label Across Cultures. In: Chemical senses 42 (1), S. 37-46. DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw098
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27655940 Abstract: Olfactory perception is highly variable from one person to another, as a function of individual and contextual factors. Here, we investigated the influence of 2 important factors of variation: culture and semantic information. More specifically, we tested whether cultural-specific knowledge and presence versus absence of odor names modulate odor perception, by measuring these effects in 2 populations differing in cultural background but not in language. Participants from France and Quebec, Canada, smelled 4 culture-specific and 2 non-specific odorants in 2 conditions: first without label, then with label. Their ratings of pleasantness, familiarity, edibility, and intensity were collected as well as their psychophysiological and olfactomotor responses. The results revealed significant effects of culture and semantic information, both at the verbal and non-verbal level. They also provided evidence that availability of semantic information reduced cultural differences. Semantic information had a unifying action on olfactory perception that overrode the influence of cultural background.
Keywords: Adult, Affect, Culture, culture specific, Disziplin, Female, France, Geruch / mikrobiologische Zusammensetzung von Körpersekreten, Humans, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, kulturspezifisch, Kulturtheorie, Male, Odorants/analysis, Olfactory Perception, Quebec, Semantics, Smell, Status / biologische Marker, Young Adult 2012
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(2012): Frame-Semantik. Ein Kompendium. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110269451
Abstract: Frame semantics is an important recent development in linguistic theory that links linguistics, cognitive psychology, general cognitive science, and AI research. This handbook-style introductory work, which is the first to com-prehensively consider the topic from a linguistic perspective, discusses the most important frame models and their theoretical roots, applications, and implications. The handbook format allows each chapter to be read and used individually Frame semantics is an important recent development in linguistic theory that links linguistics, cognitive psychology, general cognitive science, and AI research. This handbook-style introductory work, which is the first to com-prehensively consider the topic from a linguistic perspective, discusses the most important frame models and their theoretical roots, applications, and implications. The handbook format allows each chapter to be read and used individually. Dietrich Busse,Universität Düsseldorf.
2009
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(2009): History and the Critique of Social Concepts. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 40 (1), S. 3-29. DOI: 10.1177/0048393109350678
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393109350678 Abstract: Many theorists have regarded genealogy as an important technique for social criticism. But it has been unclear how genealogy can go beyond the accomplishments of other, more mundane, critical methods. I propose a new approach to understanding the critical potential of history. I argue that theorists have been misled by the assumption that if a claim is deserving of criticism, it is because the claim is false. Turning to the criticism of concepts rather than criticism of claims, I expand on the distinction between “descriptive semantics” and “foundational semantics” to show that genealogy can be uniquely qualified to explore the foundations of concepts, and hence to criticize concepts that are problematic in nonobvious ways.
2007
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(2007): Language as context for the perception of emotion. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 11 (8), S. 327-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.003
DOI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2225544 Abstract: In the blink of an eye, people can easily see emotion in another person's face. This fact leads many to assume that emotion perception is given and proceeds independently of conceptual processes such as language. In this paper we suggest otherwise and offer the hypothesis that language functions as a context in emotion perception. We review a variety of evidence consistent with the language-as-context view and then discuss how a linguistically relative approach to emotion perception allows for intriguing and generative questions about the extent to which language shapes the sensory processing involved in seeing emotion in another person's face.
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(2007): Language and theory of mind: meta-analysis of the relation between language ability and false-belief understanding. In: CHILD DEVELOPMENT 78 (2), S. 622-646. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01018.x
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17381794 Abstract: Numerous studies show that children's language ability is related to false-belief understanding. However, there is considerable variation in the size of the correlation reported. Using data from 104 studies (N=8,891), this meta-analysis determines the strength of the relation in children under age 7 and examines moderators that may account for the variability across studies--including aspect of language ability assessed, type of false-belief task used, and direction of effect. The results indicate a moderate to large effect size overall that remains significant when age is controlled. Receptive vocabulary measures had weaker relations than measures of general language. Stronger effects were found from earlier language to later false belief than the reverse. Significant differences were not found among types of false-belief task.
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(2007): A Dual Mechanism Neural Framework for Social Understanding. In: Philosophical Psychology 20 (1), S. 43-63. DOI: 10.1080/09515080601085864
Abstract: In this paper a theoretical framework is proposed for how the brain processes the information necessary for us to achieve the understanding of others that we experience in our social worlds. Our framework attempts to expand several previous approaches to more fully account for the various data on interpersonal understanding and to respond to theoretical critiques in this area. Specifically, we propose that social understanding must be achieved by at least two mechanisms in the brain that are capable of parallel information processing. The first mechanism, based on research into mirror matching systems in the brain, suggests that representations of others are mapped onto an observer's representations of these same schemas in order to understand them. The second mechanism requires semantic analysis of a given social situation in order to understand the actions of others and most likely involves conscious processes. We suggest that experimental correlates of these systems should be dissociable using both behavioral and neuroimaging techniques.
Keywords: Gehirnfunktion, Intellektualtechnik, Interaktionspartner, interpersonal, interpersonal communication, Kogn. Architektur, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, kognitive Architekturen, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Neuronale Netzwerke, Neurowissenschaften, Philosophical Psychology, Realtechnik, Semantics, Semantik, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Sozialverstehen, Technik, theory of mind 2006
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(2006): "Tu" or "Vous?" A European qualitative study of dignity and communication with older people in health and social care settings. In: Patient education and counseling 61 (3), S. 363-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2005.04.014
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15970421 Abstract: OBJECTIVE To examine the experiences of communication between older people and health and social care providers in six European countries. METHODS Focus groups were carried out with groups of older people (91 focus groups, 391 participants), and health and social care professionals (85 focus groups, 424 participants), in order to gain insights into concepts of good communications. Data collection and analysis continued concurrently according to the method of constant comparison. RESULTS Different styles of communication between professionals and older people were found to be capable of enhancing or jeopardising dignity. The use of appropriate forms of address, listening, giving people choice, including them, respecting their need for privacy and politeness, and making them feel valued emerged as significant ways to maintain older peoples' sense of self-worth and dignity. Despite being aware of good communication practices, health and social care professionals often failed to implement them. Lack of time, staff, resource scarcity, regulation and bureaucracy were cited as barriers, as was a lack of awareness and effort. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The findings have important implications for health and social care professionals when they engage with older people.
Keywords: 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Health, ATTITUDES, Choice Behavior, Communication, Confidentiality, Europe, Female, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Humans, Intergenerational Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Morals, Personal Autonomy, practice, Professional-Patient Relations, PSYCHOLOGY, Qualitative research, Self Efficacy, Semantics, Social Values, time, Videotape Recording 2003
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(2003): Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction. 2nd ed. 2003. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter (Mouton textbook). Online verfügbar unter http://www.reference-global.com/action/showBook?doi=10.1515/9783110220964
Abstract: This book challenges the approaches to human interaction based on supposedly universal 'maxims of conversation' and 'principles of politeness,' which fly in the face of reality as experienced by millions of people crossing language boundaries (refugees, immigrants, etc.) and which cannot help in the practical tasks of cross-cultural communication and education. In contrast to such approaches, this book is both theoretical and practical: it shows that in different societies, norms of human interaction are different and reflect different cultural attitudes and values; and it offers a framework within which different cultural norms and different ways of speaking can be effectively explored, explained, and taught. The book discusses data from a wide range of languages and it shows that the meanings expressed in human interaction and the different 'cultural scripts' prevailing in different speech communities can be clearly and intelligibly described and compared by using a 'natural semantic metalanguage,' based on empirically established universal human concepts. As the book shows, this metalanguage can be used as a basis for teaching successful cross-cultural communication, including the teaching of languages in a cultural context. Anna Wierzbicka is Professor at Australian National University, Canberra. 'The book can be regarded as a recapitulation of results obtained in all former scholarly projects carried by its author. [It] is one if the best manuals of widely understood pragmatics and ethnolinguistics of human speech, the more so as the traditoinal grammars and handbooks of linguistics usually leave the ethnography of speech in the background of linguistics analyses.'Tomasz Wicherkiewicz in: Linguistics and Oriental Studies from Poznan
Keywords: Disziplin, Erste Welle, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Illokutiver Akt, Intercultural communication, Kommunikation, Kultur # Literatur Sprache, Kultur # Sprachwissenschaft, Kulturvergleich, Linguistik, Pragmatics, Pragmatik, Semantics, Semantik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Speech acts (Linguistics), universale Prinzipien 2000
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(2000): The efficacy of communicative fairness and rhetorical aesthetics in contributions to argumentation. In: Language and speech 43 (Pt 3), S. 229-259. DOI: 10.1177/00238309000430030101
DOI: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/language/ Abstract: This paper deals with the effects of aesthetic quality and argumentational integrity or fairness on the persuasiveness of contributions to argumentation. Contemporary discussions of aesthetics and morality distinguish three possible relationships: (a) superiority of aesthetics in making contributions persuasive, (b) integrity as a necessary precondition for the efficacy of aesthetics, and (c) a compensatory relationship between aesthetics and integrity. Basic argumentative dialogs were varied in aesthetic quality via the use of figurative language and in fairness via the addition of faulty, insincere, or unjust arguments. Materials were presented in a written (Study I) or spoken form (Study II), and followed with questions exploring cognitive, emotional, and conative aspects of persuasive efficacy. Results of both studies strongly support case (b): Only in arguments perceived as fair can persuasive impact be enhanced by aesthetic means.
Keywords: Esthetics, Fairness, Female, Humans, Male, Persuasive Communication, Semantics, Sozialpsychologie 1975
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(1975): Affect, mood, emotion, and feeling: semantic considerations. In: The American journal of psychiatry 132 (11), S. 1215-1217. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.132.11.1215
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1166902 Abstract: There is considerable variation in the use of words that describe emotional experience and expression. The author illustrates this semantic problem by reviewing the use and definitions of the terms "affect," "mood," "emotion," and "feeling" in some classical and contemporary works of psychiatry and psychology. He concludes that these words refer to distinct pscychological phenomena and suggests that they be used clearly and carefully to facilitate communication about emotions.
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