Alle Publikationen
2015
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(2015): How foreign language shapes moral judgment. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 59, S. 8-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.02.001
Abstract: We investigated whether and how processing information in a foreign language as opposed to the native language affects moral judgments. Participants judged the moral wrongness of several private actions, such as consensual incest, that were depicted as harmless and presented in either the native or a foreign language. The use of a foreign language promoted less severe moral judgments and less confidence in them. Harmful and harmless social norm violations, such as saying a white lie to get a reduced fare, were also judged more leniently. The results do not support explanations based on facilitated deliberation, misunderstanding, or the adoption of a universalistic stance. We propose that the influence of foreign language is best explained by a reduced activation of social and moral norms when making moral judgments. zitiert von: 50
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(2015): Partizipation und ihre kulturelle Bedingtheit. In: Wirtschaftspsychologie 17 (2), S. 63-72
Abstract: Participation is seen as an effective leadership instrument. The question is: Is participation successful in every culture? This article investigates in which cultures participative leadership is accepted. A literature review suggests that participation is mainly influenced by the cultural dimension of power distance. In extension, new studies show that participation is influenced by complex cultural factors. The article gives a detailed comparison of the European countries Germany and Spain. Practical implications as well as hints for a value change of cultural preferences will be presented. Partizipation wird in der Regel als effektives Fuhrungsinstrument verstanden. Doch ist Partizipation in allen Kulturen erfolgreich einsetzbar? Es wird untersucht, in welchen Kulturen partizipatives Fuhrungsverhalten akzeptiert wird. Anhand eines Literaturreviews wird dargestellt, dass Partizipation vor allem durch die Kulturdimension Machtdistanz beeinflusst wird. Neuere Untersuchungen belegen zudem, dass Partizipation einer komplexen kulturellen Bedingtheit unterliegt. Die Ausfuhrungen werden vertieft anhand eines Vergleichs der beiden europaischen Lander Deutschland und Spanien. Es wird sowohl auf praktische Implikationen der Ergebnisse als auch auf einen moglichen Wertewandel der kulturellen Praferenzen eingegangen.
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(2015): Exploring College Students’ Emotional Responses to Instructor Swearing. In: Communication Research Reports 32 (3), S. 216-224. DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2015.1052901
Abstract: The current study sought to expand the scant literature on instructor swearing by investigating how students felt personally and toward their instructor after experiencing swearing in the classroom. Inductive analytic techniques revealed that students reported the following personal feelings after recalling a specific swearing incident: absence of emotion, pleasurable and functional, displeasure, and aroused. Students reported the following feelings toward the instructor after a swearing incident: feelings unchanged, positive change in affect (respectful and accessible), and negative change in affect (inappropriate and unprofessional). Emotional Response Theory (ERT) frames results-in particular, students' responses illustrate the emotions outlined in ERT, including pleasure/displeasure, dominance/submissiveness, and arousal/nonarousal (Mottet, Frymier, & Beebe, 2006). Additionally, other emotional responses not originally conceptualized within ERT were found. Implications for instructional communication theory and future research directions are discussed.
Keywords: time -
(2015): In the moral eye of the beholder. The interactive effects of leader and follower moral identity on perceptions of ethical leadership and LMX quality. In: Frontiers in psychology 6. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01126
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26300820 Abstract: Previous research indicated that leader moral identity (MI; i.e., leaders' self-definition in terms of moral attributes) predicts to what extent followers perceive their leader as ethical (i.e., demonstrating and promoting ethical conduct in the organization). Leadership, however, is a relational process that involves leaders and followers. Building on this understanding, we hypothesized that follower and leader MI (a) interact in predicting whether followers will perceive their leaders as ethical and, as a result, (b) influence followers' perceptions of leader-follower relationship quality. A dyadic field study (N = 101) shows that leader MI is a stronger predictor of followers' perceptions of ethical leadership for followers who are high (vs. low) in MI. Perceptions of ethical leadership in turn predict how the quality of the relationship will be perceived. Hence, whether leader MI translates to perceptions of ethical leadership and of better relationship quality depends on the MI of followers. zitiert von: 10
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(2015): Intersectionality, Critical Race Theory, and the Primacy of Racism. In: Qualitative Inquiry 21 (3), S. 277-287. DOI: 10.1177/1077800414557827
Abstract: The article explores the utility of intersectionality as an aspect of critical race theory (CRT) in education. Drawing on research with Black middle-class parents in England, the article explores the intersecting roles of race, class, and gender in the construction and deployment of dis/ability in education. The author concludes that intersectionality is a vital aspect of understanding race inequity but that racism retains a primacy for critical race scholars in three key ways: namely, empirical primacy (as a central axis of oppression in the everyday reality of schools), personal/autobiographical primacy (as a vital component in how critical race scholars view themselves and their experience of the world), and political primacy (as a point of group coherence and activism).
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(2015): Masculine identity, ambivalent sexism, and attitudes toward gender subtypes. Favoring masculine men and feminine women (PSYNDEXshort). In: Social Psychology 46 (4), S. 210-217
Abstract: We investigated how men's masculine identification and ambivalent sexism relate to evaluations of male and female subtypes. Masculine identification correlated with positive attitudes toward male and female types that conform to traditional gender norms (i.e., masculine men, feminine women), but negative attitudes toward feminine men. However, masculine identification was not associated with negative evaluations toward other nontraditional male (stay-at-home fathers, feminist men) or with nontraditional female (masculine women, career women, and feminist women) subtypes. By contrast, hostile sexism consistently predicted negative evaluations of nontraditional female and male types, whereas benevolent sexism predicted positive evaluations of traditional female types. We suggest that masculine identification generally promotes favoritism toward traditional male and (like benevolent sexism) traditional female subtypes, rather than (as hostile sexism does) derogation toward nontraditional subtypes.
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(2015): “Swear words” and “curse words” in Australian (and American) English. At the crossroads of pragmatics, semantics and sociolinguistics. In: Intercultural Pragmatics 12 (2). DOI: 10.1515/ip-2015-0010
Abstract: This study seeks to show that Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) analytical techniques allow an integrated semantic-pragmatic approach to the use of "swear words" and "curse (cuss) words". The paper begins with a semantic exegesis of the lexical items swear word and curse word. This is helpful to delimit and conceptualize the phenomena being studied, and it also hints at some interesting differences between the speech cultures of Australian English and American English. Subsequent sections propose semantic explications for a string of swear/curse words and expressions as used in Australian English, including: exclamations (Shit! Fuck! Damn! Christ! Jesus!), abuse formulas (Fuck you!, Damn you!), interrogative and imperative formulas (e.g. Who the fuck do you think you are?; Get the hell out of here!), and the free use of expressive adjectives, such as fucking and goddamn, in angry swearing. A novel aspect, with interesting implications for the relationship between semantics and pragmatics, is that the explications incorporate a metalexical awareness section, modelling speaker awareness of the ethnometapragmatic status of the word in the community of discourse. The study goes on to address so-called "social/conversational" swearing. I propose cultural scripts to capture some Anglo ethnopragmatic assumptions about how the use of swear/curse words can be affected by perceptions of familiarity, solidarity, and mutuality. Differences between Australian English and American English are discussed at various points.
Keywords: Art der Beziehung zum Interaktionspartner, Bekanntheitsgrad, Beleidigungen/swearwords etc., Kultur, mutuality, Relevenz von persönlichem Bekanntheitsgrad beim Benutzen von Schimpfwörtern, social/conversational swearing, Solidarität, Soziale Distanz, Sprachgebrauch, time, Verwendung von grober Sprache/incivility -
(2015): Nonverbal and Verbal Expressions of Men’s Sexism in Mixed-Gender Interactions. In: Sex Roles 72 (5-6), S. 252-261. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-015-0451-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0451-7 Abstract: This study examined the nonverbal and verbal expressions of hostile and benevolent sexism. Hostile sexism is sexist antipathy and benevolent sexism is a chivalrous belief that women are warm yet incompetent. We predicted that hostile sexist men would display less affiliative expressions but benevolent sexist men would display more affiliative expressions during mixed-gender interactions. Twenty-seven pairs of U.S. male and female undergraduates from a private university in New England participated in this study. These mixed-gender dyads participated in two social interactions: a structured trivia game followed by an unstructured conversation period. During the trivia game, men with more benevolent sexism were perceived to be more patient overall when waiting for the woman to answer the trivia questions. Furthermore, we examined the men’s nonverbal and verbal expressions during the unstructured interaction—naïve raters made impression ratings of the men’s nonverbal and verb al behavior, and trained coders counted the frequency of specific nonverbal cues (e.g., smiles). A word count software was used for verbal content analysis. As predicted, more hostile sexism was associated with less affiliative nonverbal and verbal expressions (e.g., less approachable, less friendly, and less smiling), but more benevolent sexism was associated with more affiliative nonverbal and verbal expressions (e.g., more approachable, more likely to smile, and more positive word usage). The effects held after controlling for men’s personality traits and partners’ nonverbal behavior. Differential behavioral expressions of benevolent and hostile sexism have theoretical importance as we can examine how sexism maintains the status quo at the interpersonal level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 17
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(2015): Whose social values?. Evaluating Canada’s ‘death of evidence’ controversy. In: Canadian Journal of Philosophy 45 (3), S. 404-424. DOI: 10.1080/00455091.2015.1079003
Abstract: With twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy of science's unfolding acceptance of the nature of scientific inquiry being value-laden, the persistent worry has been that there are no means for legitimate negotiation of the social or non-epistemic values that enter into science. The rejection of the value-free ideal in science has thereby been coupled with the spectres of indiscriminate relativism and bias in scientific inquiry. I challenge this view in the context of recently expressed concerns regarding Canada's death of evidence controversy. The worry, raised by Stathis Psillos, is that as constructivist accounts of science demoted the previously secure status of evidence for drawing justified conclusions in science, we were left with no rational delineation between the right and wrong values for science. The implication for the death of evidence controversy is that we may have no rational grounds for claiming that the Canadian Government is wrong to interfere with scientific enterprise. But he does offer another avenue for reaching the conclusion that the wrong social values are directing the current stifling of some sectors of Canadian science. Psillos draws from standpoint epistemologies to devise a salient defence of "valuing evidence' as a universalizable social value. That is, government bodies ought to enable scientific research via adequate funding as well as political non-interference. In this paper, I counter that (i) non-epistemic values can be rationally evaluated and that (ii) standpoint epistemology's universalizable standpoint provides an inadequate framework for negotiating social values in science. Regarding (i), I draw from the evidence-based medicine debate in philosophy of medicine and from feminist empiricist investigations into the science-values relationship in order to make the argument for empirically driven value arbitration. If social values can be rationally chosen in the context of justification, then we can have grounds for charging the Canadian leadership with being "at war with science'. (ii) I further argue that my recommended empiricist methodology is preferable to Psillos's search for universalizable perspectives for negotiating social values in science because the latter method permits little more than the trivial conclusion that evidence is valuable to science.
Keywords: Begründungsdiskurs, Disziplin, Gründe, kanada, Philosophie, values AND social, Werte, Werte, konstruktivismus -
(2015): “Justice” and “fairness” are not the same thing. In: Journal of Organizational Behavior 36 (2), S. 313-318. DOI: 10.1002/job.1956
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1956 Abstract: Organizational justice researchers tend to treat as synonyms the terms 'justice' and 'fairness'. We discuss different definitional arguments, concluding that these two concepts are distinct. Justice should be defined as adherence to rules of conduct, whereas fairness should be defined as individuals' moral evaluations of this conduct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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Goldstein, Sam; Princiotta, Dana; Naglieri, Jack A.; Goldstein, Sam (Ed); Princiotta, Dana (Ed); Naglieri, Jack A. (Ed) (Hg.) (2015): Handbook of intelligence: Evolutionary theory, historical perspective, and current concepts. New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media
Keywords: Evolution -
(2015) : Human-driven multi-robot design process for social interactions with children on complex environments: 2015 6th International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Applications (ICARA): 2015 6th International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Applications (ICARA): Queenstown, New Zealand: IEEE, S. 70-76
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICARA.2015.7081127 Abstract: Robots have been traditionally in operation away from people, for instance in industrial environments. More recently, there has been a trend for bringing robots to market for helping people. In particular, children constitute a challenging group for robot interaction, due to their curiosity and energy, as well as safety concerns. This paper describes the construction process of an external structure for a fleet of mobile robots designed for interactions with children in a hospital environment. We address several challenges on the design process, critical for the robots to be able to operate safely, while interacting socially, among a group of children with specific needs.
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(2015): The rise of moral cognition. In: Cognition 135, S. 39-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.018
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25498900 Abstract: The field of moral cognition has grown rapidly in recent years thanks in no small part to Cognition. Consistent with its interdisciplinary tradition, Cognition encouraged the growth of this field by supporting empirical research conducted by philosophers as well as research native to neighboring fields such as social psychology, evolutionary game theory, and behavioral economics. This research has been exceptionally diverse both in its content and methodology. I argue that this is because morality is unified at the functional level, but not at the cognitive level, much as vehicles are unified by shared function rather than shared mechanics. Research in moral cognition, then, has progressed by explaining the phenomena that we identify as "moral" (for high-level functional reasons) in terms of diverse cognitive components that are not specific to morality. In light of this, research on moral cognition may continue to flourish, not as the identification and characterization of distinctive moral processes, but as a testing ground for theories of high-level, integrative cognitive function. zitiert von: 43
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(2015): Neural processing of social participation in borderline personality disorder and social anxiety disorder. In: Journal of abnormal psychology 142 (2), S. 421-431
Abstract: Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are known to be highly sensitive to social rejection. Social information processing is assumed to play a key role for this shared psychopathological phenomenon. The first steps in social information processing are to encode social cues and to create a mental representation of the social situation. The aim of the current study was to test whether the perception of social participation in patients with BPD and patients with SAD is biased in this initial stage of social processing. Focus was on the P3b, a brain potential related to stimulus evaluation that has been shown to be a sensitive indicator for the processes of interest. Twenty five unmedicated patients with BPD, 25 unmedicated patients with SAD and 25 healthy controls (HC) played an EEG-compatible version of Cyberball, a virtual ball-tossing paradigm that experimentally induces social inclusion and exclusion. All participants showed a pronounced P3b when excluded. Only patients with BPD showed an enhanced P3b also during the inclusion condition, indicating altered processing of social inclusion. The EEG results for the BPD group were consistent with their self-report data. Patients with BPD felt more excluded during the inclusion condition of Cyberball than both HC and patients with SAD. Furthermore, heightened rejection expectancy (subscale of the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire) was associated with a smaller difference in the P3b amplitude between inclusion and exclusion. Results indicate a negatively biased perception of social inclusion in BPD already during the initial stage of social processing.
Keywords: klinische Psychologie, Soziale Teilhabe -
(2015): The Stability of Social Desirability. A Latent Change Analysis. In: Journal of personality 83 (4), S. 404-412. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12112
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25041464 Abstract: Social desirability has been shown to be stable in samples with higher school education. However, little is known about the stability of social desirability in more heterogeneous samples differing in school education. This study aimed to investigate the stability of social desirability and which factors predict interindividual differences in intraindividual change. As part of a randomized controlled trial, 1,243 job seekers with unhealthy alcohol use were systematically recruited at three job agencies. A total of 1,094 individuals (87.8%) participated in at least one of two follow-ups (6 and 15 months after baseline) and constitute this study's sample. The Social Desirability Scale-17 was applied. Two latent change models were conducted: Model 1 tested for interindividual differences in intraindividual change of social desirability between both follow-ups; Model 2 included possible predictors (age, sex, education, current employment status) of interindividual differences in intraindividual change. Model 1 revealed a significant decrease of social desirability over time. Model 2 revealed school education to be the only significant predictor of change. These findings indicate that stability of social desirability may depend on school education. It may not be as stable in individuals with higher school education as in individuals with lower education.
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(2015): Learning to overcome cultural conflict through engaging with intelligent agents in synthetic cultures (PSYNDEXshort). In: International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 25, S. 291-317
Abstract: Providing opportunities for children to engage with intercultural learning has frequently focused on exposure to the ritual, celebrations and festivals of cultures, with the view that such experiences will result in greater acceptance of cultural differences. Intercultural conflict is often avoided, bringing as it does particular pedagogical, ethical and political dilemmas of which cultures we place in conflict in the multicultural classroom. In this paper we discuss an alternative approach, providing children with an interactive learning experience with synthetic cultures and characters. The agent architecture developed to enable intelligent agents to exhibit culturally appropriate affect and behaviours is outlined. MIXER, an experiential learning application developed for 9-11 year old children on intercultural conflict is described, highlighting the learning goals and approaches. A school-based evaluation of MIXER with 144 UK children is presented. Children demonstrated high levels of comprehension, engagement and enjoyment of MIXER, with MIXER contributing to near and far transfer, supporting children's cognitive, emotional and behavioural learning and stimulating discussion and debate about how to resolve conflict.
Keywords: Anpassung und Einstellungen, Behavioural cultural tools, Bildungsprogramme und Lehrmethoden, Classroom Dynamics & Student Adjustment & Attitudes, Classrooms, Computer software, conflict, Conflict Resolution, Cross Cultural Differences, Culture & Ethnology, Curricula, Curriculum & Programs & Teaching Methods, Elementary School Students, Erfahrungslernen, Experiential Learning, Grundschüler, High School Students, intelligent agents, Intelligent Systems, Intelligente Agenten, Intelligente Systeme, Interaktion, Interkulturelle Unterschiede, Klassenräume, Konflikt, Konfliktlösung, Kultur und Ethnologie, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Lerntheorien, Mensch-Technik-Relation, Multicultural Education, Multikulturelle Erziehung, Pädagogische Psychologie, Schüler der Sekundarstufe, Sociocultural Factors, Software, Soziokulturelle Faktoren, verhaltensbezogene Kulturtechniken -
(2015): Anger as driving factor of moral courage in comparison with guilt and global mood. A multimethod approach. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 45 (1), S. 39-51
Abstract: Examined the roles of anger and guilt in stimulating moral courage as a response to observed norm violations and assessed the effect of global positive or negative mood on the impact of these specific moral responses. The authors hypothesized that anger and guilt drive moral courage, and that intervention strength is positively related to the strength of emotional reaction. They also hypothesized that the effects of anger are not affected by guilt feelings or by global mood. Participants were part of a real theft scenario in the laboratory. A multimethod emotion assessment compared participants' self-reports of guilt and anger online during the study and again after being debriefed (retrospective). Observer ratings of their responses during the theft scenario completed the assessment. Findings showed that only anger predicted intervention behavior. Measures of guilt and intervention strength correlated positively online, as expected. However, contrary to expectations, retrospective self-reports of guilt were unrelated to intervention strength in both phases. In Phase 2, a significant negative association between positive mood and intervention strength and a positive correlation between negative mood and intervention strength could be identified. In conclusion, findings indicate that individuals who experience and express anger more strongly appear to be able to overcome the psychological barrier of potentially negative social response and act in situations requiring fast and immediate intervention. zitiert von: 14
Keywords: Anger, Courage, Emotional States, Guilt, Intervention, Moral, Morality, Personal Values, Social Influences, Social Norms, Sozialpsychologie -
(2015): Affixing the theory of normative conduct (to your mailbox). Injunctive and descriptive norms as predictors of anti-ads sticker use. In: Journal of Environmental Psychology 44, S. 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.08.003
Abstract: Examined the influence of proenvironmental descriptive and injunctive norms on individual's decisions to put antiadvertisement/junk mail stickers on their mailboxes. 383 households were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions and effects were tested over a thee-week period. This field experiment was based on a 2 (descriptive norm: salient vs non-salient) x 3 (injunctive norm: non-salient vs salient with general reference group vs salient with local reference group) design. Results indicate that the intervention to distribute anti-ads stickers was very useful. Having an injunctive norm (to attach the sticker to the mailbox) and a high descriptive norm (e.g., many neighbors are participating) can increase effectiveness significantly. The authors recommend that stickers be inserted into each mailbox and combined with messages that focus on a proenvironmental and prosticker injunctive norm, and address a general reference group (e.g., households as citizens).
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(2015): Moral Identity and Adolescent Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors. Interactions with Moral Disengagement and Self-regulation. In: Journal of youth and adolescence 44 (8), S. 1542-1554. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1 Abstract: Moral identity has been positively linked to prosocial behaviors and negatively linked to antisocial behaviors; but, the processes by which it is linked to such outcomes are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine moral identity not only as a predictor, but also as a moderator of relationships between other predictors (moral disengagement and self-regulation) and youth outcomes (prosocial and antisocial behaviors). The sample consisted of 384 adolescents (42 % female), ages 15–18 recruited from across the US using an online survey panel. Latent variables were created for moral identity, moral disengagement, and self-regulation. Structural equation models assessed these latent variables, and interactions of moral identity with moral disengagement and self-regulation, as predictors of prosocial (charity and civic engagement) and antisocial (aggression and rule breaking) behaviors. None of the interactions were significant predicting prosocial behaviors. F or antis ocial behaviors, the interaction between moral identity and moral disengagement predicted aggression, while the interaction between moral identity and self-regulation was significant in predicting aggression and rule breaking. Specifically, at higher levels of moral identity, the positive link between moral disengagement and aggression was weaker, and the negative link between self-regulation and both antisocial behaviors was weaker. Thus, moral identity may buffer against the maladaptive effects of high moral disengagement and low self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Aggression, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Moral, Moral Development, Pädagogische Psychologie, Peer Group, Personality, PSYCHOLOGY, Psychology, Adolescent, Self Concept, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015): A cross-cultural study on emotion expression and the learning of social norms. In: Frontiers in Psychology 6. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01501
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483744 Abstract: When we do not know how to correctly behave in a new context, the emotions that people familiar with the context show in response to the behaviors of others, can help us understand what to do or not to do. The present study examined cross-cultural differences in how group emotional expressions (anger, sadness, neutral) can be used to deduce a norm violation in four cultures (Germany, Israel, Greece, and the US), which differ in terms of decoding rules for negative emotions. As expected, in all four countries, anger was a stronger norm violation signal than sadness or neutral expressions. However, angry and sad expressions were perceived as more intense and the relevant norm was learned better in Germany and Israel than in Greece and the US. Participants in Greece were relatively better at using sadness as a sign of a likely norm violation. The results demonstrate both cultural universality and cultural differences in the use of group emotion expressions in norm learning. In terms of cultural differences they underscore that the social signal value of emotional expressions may vary with culture as a function of cultural differences, both in emotion perception, and as a function of a differential use of emotions.
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(2015): Developing Democratic Dispositions. Eighteenth-Century Public Debating Societies and the Generative Capacity of Decorum. In: RHETORIC SOCIETY QUARTERLY 45 (4), S. 324-345
Abstract: This essay argues that public debating societies that emerged in Britain in the later eighteenth century functioned as sites of invention where citizens could develop dispositions associated with a more inclusive form of democracy. I locate the generative aspects of these forums in the principle of decorum. I argue that this principle functioned as a means for participants to negotiate traditional codes of conduct and standards of speech that constrained interactions among various constituents of the body politic. To illustrate this claim, I focus on the clash of codes exemplified in an encounter between a Quaker woman and a member of Parliament in a public debating forum. By highlighting these discursive interactions, this essay extends current conversations in public sphere theory that call for a focus on the processes and forms of rhetorical engagement among diverse publics.
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(2015): An Information-Based Approach to Consciousness. Mental State Decoding. DOI: 10.15502/9783958570276
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15502/9783958570276 Abstract: The debate on the neural correlates of visual consciousness often focuses on the question of which additional processing has to happen for a visual representation to enter consciousness. However, a related question that has only rarely been addressed is which brain regions directly encode specific contents of consciousness. The search for these core neural correlates of contents of consciousness (NCCCs) requires establishing a mapping between sensory experiences and population measures of brain activity in specific brain regions. One approach for establishing this mapping is multivariate decoding. Using this technique, several properties of NCCCs have been investigated. Masking studies have revealed that information about sensory stimuli can be decoded from the primary visual cortex, even if the stimuli cannot be consciously identified by a subject. This suggests that information that does not reach awareness can be encapsulated in early visual stages of processing. Visual imagery representations and veridical perception share similar neural representations in higher-level visual regions, suggesting that these regions are directly related to the encoding of conscious visual experience. But population signals in these higher-level visual regions cannot be the sole carriers of visual experiences because they are invariant to low-level visual features. We found no evidence for increased encoding of sensory information in the prefrontal cortex when a stimulus reaches awareness. In general, we found no role of the prefrontal cortex in encoding sensory experiences at all. However, the improved discrimination of sensory information during perceptual learning could be explained by an improved read-out by the prefrontal cortex. One possible implication is that prefrontal cortical regions do not participate in the encoding of sensory features per se. Instead they may be relevant in making decisions about sensory features, without exhibiting a re-representation of sensory information.
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(2015): Power and legitimacy influence conformity. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 60, S. 17-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.04.010
Abstract: Although prior research indicates that power and hierarchy illegitimacy independently decrease conformity to social norms, we demonstrate that the two interact. In five studies, we find that legitimate power decreases conformity, whereas illegitimate power increases conformity. We conducted Study 1 in a business organization and found that power was negatively related to employees' conformity with organizational values when the power hierarchy was seen as legitimate, but positively related to conformity when the hierarchy was seen as illegitimate. In Study 2, we manipulated power and legitimacy via a recall task and found the same pattern of effects. Study 3 replicates this finding by manipulating role-based power and legitimacy and examining conformity to norms ostensibly established by others in the context of the study. In Study 4, we find that these effects are driven by increases in conformity among those who are in a state of legitimate powerlessness or illegitimate power. Finally, Study 5 demonstrates that legitimacy moderates the experience of power in part because of its effect on hierarchy stability. Our studies suggest that attributes of a power hierarchy, such as its legitimacy, can be as important in determining behavior as one's hierarchical position. zitiert von 15
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(2015): The Social Value of Non-Deferential Belief. In: Australasian Journal of Philosophy 94 (1), S. 131-151. DOI: 10.1080/00048402.2015.1049625
Abstract: We often prefer non-deferential belief to deferential belief. In the last twenty years, epistemology has seen a surge of sympathetic interest in testimony as a source of knowledge. We are urged to abandon epistemic individualism' and the ideal of the autonomous knower' in favour of social epistemology'. In this connection, you might think that a preference for non-deferential belief is a manifestation of vicious individualism, egotism, or egoism. I shall call this the selfishness challenge to preferring non-deferential belief. The aim of this paper is to meet the selfishness challenge by arguing that non-deferential belief is (pro tanto) socially valuable.
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Heintz, Bettina; Tyrell, Hartmann (Hg.) (2015): Interaktion - Organisation - Gesellschaft revisited. Anwendungen, Erweiterungen, Alternativen. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 43, Sonderheft. Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius
Abstract: Bettina Heintz ist Mitherausgeberin und Mitautorin des Sonderbandes der Zeitschrift für Soziologie "Interaktion - Organisation - Gesellschaft revisited". Ausgehend von Niklas Luhmanns Unterscheidung von Interaktion, Organisation und (Welt-)Gesellschaft untersuchen die im Band versammelten Beiträge, inwieweit dieses Ordnungsschema auch heute noch tragfähig ist, und gelangen dabei zu ganz unterschiedlichen Antworten.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy