Alle Publikationen
2007
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(2007): The Rating of Sexist Humor Under Time Pressure as an Indicator of Spontaneous Sexist Attitudes. In: Sex Roles 57 (9-10), S. 651-660. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9302-5
Abstract: Spontaneous vs. more controlled indicators of sexist attitudes were assessed in a laboratory experiment with 131 male German undergraduates. Participants rated the funniness of sexist and nonsexist jokes either with or without time pressure, and completed self-report measures of sexism and related constructs. With time pressure, participants showed greater liking for sexist jokes than without. No such effect was found for nonsexist jokes. Both with and without time pressure, sexist joke ratings showed meaningful correlations with standard self-report measures, which attests to the joke measure's high reliability and construct validity. Directions for future research are discussed. zitiert von 32
Keywords: Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Human Males, humor, Jokes, PREJUDICE, Sex Role Attitudes, Sexism -
(2007): Psychological Benchmarks of Human–Robot Interaction. In: Interaction Studies 8 (3), S. 423-439. DOI: 10.1075/is.8.3.07fei
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(2007): Social communication. New York [u.a.]: Psychology Press (Frontiers of social psychology)
Abstract: Presents an overview of the topic of social communication within the field of social psychology. Contributions focus on the tools and repertoires evolved by social communication to deal the demanding trade-off inherent in communication: For communication to be successful, it must be informative and subtle at the same time. Contents: (1) K. Fiedler: Frontiers of research on social communication: Introduction and overview. (A) Communication within and between groups and cultures. (2) Y. Kashima, O. Klein, and A. E. Clark: Grounding: Sharing information in social interaction. (3) D. Wigboldus and K. Douglas: Language, stereotypes, and intergroup relations. (4) L. G. Conway, III and M. Shaller: How communication shapes culture. (5) H. Giles et al: Accommodating a new frontier: The context of law enforcement. (6) D. Stahlberg et al: Representation of the sexes in language. (B) Strategic uses of social communication. (7) H.-P. Erb and G. Bohner: Social influence and persuasion: Recent theoretical developments and integrative attempts. (8) M. Wänke: What is said and what is meant: Conversational implicatures in natural conversations, research settings, media, and advertising. (9) A. B. Hollingshead, G. C. Jacobsohn, and S. J. Beck: Motives and goals in context: A strategic analysis of information sharing in groups. (C) Social communication, affect, and behavior regulation. (10) J. Bavelas and J. Gerwing: Conversational hand gestures and facial displays in face-to-face dialogue. (11) A. Vrij: Deception: A social lubricant and a selfish act. (12) C. Chung and J. Pennebaker: The psychological functions of function words. (D) Social communication and adaptive behavior regulation. (13) M. Snyder and A. Stukas, Jr.: Interpersonal processes in context: Understanding the influence of settings and situations on social interaction. (14) G. R. Semin: Linguistic markers of social distance and proximity. (15) M. Corballis: The evolution of language. (16) M. Schober: Epilogue: Language at the heart of social psychology.
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(2007): Guide to Business Etiquette [Book review; Cook, R.A. et al.; 2005]. In: IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 50 (3), S. 266-267. DOI: 10.1109/TPC.2007.902671
Abstract: [book review] Abstract of the reviewed publication: Designed to answer specific etiquette questions for the busy professional, this book will become your best quick reference resource for answers on how to deal with new situations and with answers to recurring etiquette questions. Readers will learn poise, build confidence, and appear professional by using the essential information in this book and by learning from the practical examples of important etiquette practices in today's changing work environment. Topics include: first impressions; business relationships; communications; business dining and event etiquette; successful meetings; and cross-cultural etiquette. A necessary handbook for anyone in business who wants to avoid etiquette pitfalls.
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(2007): Das Recht auf Rechtfertigung. Elemente einer konstruktivistischen Theorie der Gerechtigkeit. Orig.-Ausg., 1. Aufl.. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp (Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch Wissenschaft)
Abstract: Kann es im Zeitalter des Pluralismus noch gelingen, eine hinreichend komplexe Theorie politischer und sozialer Gerechtigkeit mit Hilfe eines einzigen normativen Grundsatzes zu begründen? Dieses Buch unternimmt einen solchen Versuch, indem es die wesentlichen Elemente einer "autonomen" Konstruktion der Gerechtigkeit zusammenträgt. Grundlegend ist dabei ein individuelles, moralisches Grund-Recht auf Rechtfertigung, das in den Kapiteln des ersten Teils in moralphilosophischer Perspektive expliziert wird. Im zweiten Teil werden auf dieser Basis die zentralen Bestandteile politischer und sozialer Gerechtigkeit - hinsichtlich der Grundbegriffe von Freiheit, Demokratie, Gleichheit, Toleranz - analysiert und verknüpft. Sie bilden den Kern einer kritischen, politischen Theorie der Gerechtigkeit, in der die Frage der "Rechtfertigungsmacht" zentral ist. Dies gilt auch, wie die Beiträge im dritten Teil zeigen, für die Gerechtigkeit auf transnationaler Ebene.
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(2007): Psychoanalyse und qualitative sozialforschung in Konvergenz: Gibt es möglichkeiten, voneinander zu lernen?. In: Psyche: Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwendungen 61 (8), S. 781-803
Abstract: Psychoanalysis and the social sciences have had an influence on one another since their respective beginnings. Although their relationship is generally recognized on a theoretical level, questions of concrete research methods have not been widely discussed. This essay supports the thesis that hermeneutics-related methods of qualitative social research are similar in many ways to the psychoanalytic method. Acceptance of these methods within psychoanalytic clinics and research could contribute to clearer conceptualization of unconscious processes. In turn, the psychoanalytic method could provide answers to unsolved problems of qualitative social research by basing category forming on an understanding of biographical work, the basic forms and procedural structures of which are distinguished by biological and social factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2007): Aufbau eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils. Kapitel: Körperliche Aktivität und die Macht der Gewohnheit. Göttingen [u.a.]: Hogrefe (Sportpsychologie)
Abstract: Die Bedeutung von Gewohnheiten im Rahmen von Sport- und Bewegungsaktivitäten und eines körperlich-aktiven Lebensstils wird erörtert. Dabei wird auf folgende Fragen eingegangen: (1) Was sind Gewohnheiten? (2) Welche Rolle spielen das intentionale und das habituelle System bei der Verhaltenssteuerung? (3) Wie entwickeln sich Gewohnheiten? (4) Wie lassen sich Gewohnheiten verändern bzw. neu aufbauen? (5) Warum sind Gewohnheiten so stark? (6) Wie sind Gewohnheiten im Gedächtnis abgespeichert? Es wird besonders hervorgehoben, dass Gewohnheiten das Verhalten automatisch in die Richtung lenken, die auch in der Vergangenheit erfolgreich eingeschlagen wurde, und dass die Macht der Gewohnheit ganz wesentlich auf die Macht der Situation über das Verhalten zurückzuführen ist. zitiert von 13
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(2007): Social cognition and social robots. In: Pragmatics & Cognition 15 (3), S. 435-453. DOI: 10.1075/pc.15.3.05gal
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/pc.15.3.05gal Abstract: Social robots are robots designed to interact with humans or with each other in ways that approximate human social interaction. It seems clear that one question relevant to the project of designing such robots concerns how humans themselves interact to achieve social understanding. If we turn to psychology, philosophy, or the cognitive sciences in general, we find two models of social cognition vying for dominance under the heading of theory of mind: theory theory (TT) and simulation theory (ST). It is therefore natural and interesting to ask how a TT design for a social robot would differ from the ST version. I think that a much more critical question is whether either TT or ST provide an adequate explanation of social cognition. There is a growing although still minority consensus that, despite their dominance in the debate about social cognition, neither TT nor ST, nor some hybrid version of these theories, offers an acceptable account of how we encounter and interact with one another. In this paper I will give a brief review of the theory of mind debate, outline an alternative theory of social cognition based on an embodied interactive approach, and then try to draw out a few implications about social robotics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2007): Intentional attunement: mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. In: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 55 (1), S. 131-176. DOI: 10.1177/00030651070550010601
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17432495 Abstract: The neural circuits activated in a person carrying out actions, expressing emotions, and experiencing sensations are activated also, automatically via a mirror neuron system, in the observer of those actions, emotions, and sensations. It is proposed that this finding of shared activation suggests a functional mechanism of "embodied simulation" that consists of the automatic, unconscious, and noninferential simulation in the observer of actions, emotions, and sensations carried out and experienced by the observed. It is proposed also that the shared neural activation pattern and the accompanying embodied simulation constitute a fundamental biological basis for understanding another's mind. The implications of this perspective for psychoanalysis are discussed, particularly regarding unconscious communication, projective identification, attunement, empathy, autism, therapeutic action, and transference-countertransference interactions.
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(2007): Meilensteine der Psychologie. Die Geschichte der Psychologie nach Personen, Werk und Wirkung. s.l.: Alfred Kröner Verlag. Online verfügbar unter http://gbv.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=4341635
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Gärling, Tommy; Steg, Linda (Hg.) (2007): Threats from car traffic to the quality of urban life. Problems, causes, and solutions. Amsterdam; Oxford: Elsevier
Abstract: Land Public Transport continues to gain greater attention in transport policy and economics, given its importance in assisting social cohesion and its contribution to reducing congestion and emissions. The chapters in this book are a refereed selection of the best papers initially presented at the 9th International Conference of Competition and Ownership of Land Passenger Transport (The Thredbo Series) in Lisbon in 2005. This was the ninth in a series of Thredbo conferences on the same general topic, gathering some of the world's best specialists in the field, from academia and from practice.
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(2007): Should we reject the expertise hypothesis?. In: Cognition 103 (2), S. 322-330. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2006.05.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780825 Abstract: On the basis of a review of the literature and the results of three experiments with dog experts, Robbins and McKone [Robbins, R. A., & McKone, E. (2006). No face-like processing for objects-of-expertise in three behavioural tasks, Cognition] argue that there is little or no evidence supporting an expertise account of the differences in configural processing that are typically observed between faces and non-face objects. In the spirit of a debate that has become overly polarized, we believe that R&M often emphasized relatively unimportant controversial issues at the expense of bigger, more important questions. We also feel that some of R&M's arguments are rooted in methodological confusions that should be clarified because they have implications beyond this specific debate. In this commentary, we first clarify issues surrounding the proper statistical analysis of the composite paradigm, a methodology that is commonly used to assess configural and holistic effects in both face and non-face objects. We then discuss several theoretical issues that we feel are central to the debate regarding accounts of face-specificity. We also briefly review positive evidence for the correlation between measures of behavioral expertise and neural markers of face-selectivity. Unlike R&M, we believe the positive evidence for expertise effects, both behavioral and neural, greatly outweighs evidence stemming from null results and that it clearly motivates the importance of future work on the role of experience in the specialization of visual cortex.
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(2007): Environmental psychology: Principles and practice. 4. Colville: Optimal Books
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(2007) : Robopal: Modeling Role Transitions in Human-Robot Interaction: Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation: Roma, Italy: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 2130-2137
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2007.363636 Abstract: We have developed a new communication robot, Robopal, which is an indoor/outdoor robot for use in human-robot interaction research in the context of daily life. Robopal’s intended applications involve leading and/or following a human to a destination. Preliminary experiments have been conducted to study nonverbal cues associated with leading and following behavior, and it has been observed that some behaviors, such as glancing towards the leader or follower, appear to be role-dependent. A system for representing these behaviors with a state transition model is described, based on four kinds of interaction roles: directive, responsive, collaborative, and independent. It is proposed that behavior modeling can be simplified by using this system to represent changes in the roles the robot and human play in an interaction, and by associating appropriate behaviors to each role
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Automation, Collaboration, communication robot, Context modeling, Human robot interaction, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, indoor-outdoor robot, intelligent robots, Laboratories, Legged locomotion, man-machine systems, Mobile robots, Power system reliability, Robopal, Robotics, state transition model, Wheels -
(2007) : Natural person-following behavior for social robots: 2007 2nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 17-24
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1228716.1228720 Abstract: We are developing robots with socially appropriate spatial skills not only to travel around or near people, but also to accompany people side-by-side. As a step toward this goal, we are investigating the social perceptions of a robot’s movement as it follows behind a person. This paper discusses our laser-based person-tracking method and two different approaches to person-following: direction-following and path-following. While both algorithms have similar characteristics in terms of tracking performance and following distances, participants in a pilot study rated the direction-following behavior as significantly more human-like and natural than the path-following behavior. We argue that the path-following method may still be more appropriate in some situations, and we propose that the ideal person-following behavior may be a hybrid approach, with the robot automatically selecting which method to use.
Keywords: Abstracts, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), direction-following method, Hardware, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, laser-based person-tracking method, Lasers, Mobile robots, natural person-following behavior, path-following method, person following, person tracking, person-following method, position control, Reliability, Robots, social robots, social sciences, spatial skills, speech -
Gollwitzer, Mario (2007): Gewaltprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Aktuelle Erkenntnisse aus Forschung und Praxis. Göttingen [u.a.]: Hogrefe
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(2007): Effectiveness of the Vienna Social Competence Training on Explicit and Implicit Aggression. In: European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23 (3), S. 150-156. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.150
Abstract: A three-wave longitudinal study investigated the effects of the Vienna Social Competence Training (ViSC), a 13-week school class-based social competence training for adolescents, on explicit and implicit aggressiveness. Explicit aggressiveness was assessed via self-reported behavior in conflict situations; implicit aggressiveness was assessed via an Implicit Association Test (IAT). Furthermore, observer ratings regarding aggressive behavior were obtained from teachers and classmates. The ViSC was implemented in seven school classes; four classes served as controls. Data were taken prior to the training, directly after the training, and 4 months after the training was finished. Between pre- and posttest, no differences between training and control classes were found, whereas between posttest and follow-up an increase in aggressiveness was observed among control, but not among training classes. The psychometric properties of the Aggressiveness-IAT for evaluating training effects are discussed.
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(2007): Disagreeing to agree. Conflict, (im)politeness and identity in a computer-mediated community. In: Journal of Pragmatics 39 (4), S. 742-759. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.017 Abstract: Recent research on politeness has attempted to re-examine the seminal work of Brown and Levinson (1987) and refine the framework to be more applicable to a wider variety of circumstances (Watts, 2003; Spencer-Oatey, 2005). Although, as Locher (2004) notes, there have been several empirical studies building on Brown and Levinson's (1987) framework of politeness, there are relatively few studies which explore the dynamics of these newer models in empirical research. This empirical study addresses this gap by exploring how expectations of (im)politeness are negotiated within an e-mail community. Examination of the communicative practices indicate that, in this e-community, the norms for interaction within the community of practice (Eckert and McConnell-Ginet, 1999; Lavé and Wenger, 1991; Holmes and Meyerhoff, 1999) merge with the norms of (polite) interaction within the computer medium to create a unique set of expectations for what constitutes polite behavior in a computer-mediated setting. Deviation from these norms frequently results in conflict, but the (active) negotiation of norms of politeness in this community of practice, or C of P (through conflict) give group members an opportunity to (re)negotiate the group identity.
Keywords: Art des Kommunikationsmediums, Brown and Levinson's model, e-Konversationsnormen, Gruppenidentität, Gruppenverhalten, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Identität, Identitätsstiftung, Im/politeness, Impoliteness, Konflikt, Konfrontation, Linguistik, Politeness, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Soziale Angemessenheit -
(2007) : Die Entwicklung von Moral - Ursachen und Gründe : Eine Zwischenbilanz In: Hopf, Christel: Frühe Bindungen und moralische Entwicklung: Aktuelle Befunde zu psychischen und sozialen Bedingungen moralischer Eigenständigkeit: Weinheim [u.a.]: Juventa-Verl. (Materialien), S. 245-272
Abstract: Theorien und Befunde zum Zusammenhang von Bindung und Moral werden zusammenfassend bilanziert. Zunächst wird die Plausibilität der Annahmen eines Zusammenhangs von Bindung und Moral begründet: Selbstbindung an Moral setzt eine in frühen Beziehungen erworbene Fähigkeit zur Bindung überhaupt voraus. Dann werden immanente Probleme aufgezeigt: Das Interesse an Hypothesenbestätigung führe zur Vernachlässigung von Alternativererklärungen oder zu immunisierenden Begriffserweiterungen; die verwendeten Definitionen von Moral seien häufig verkürzt; weder sei L. Kohlbergs Theorie universell noch gäbe es eine überkulturell konsensfähige Kernmoral. Es wird ein Fazit gezogen: Im evolutionären Bezugsrahmen der Bindungstheorie ist auch Moral rein funktionalistisch - als "umweltreaktiv zweckmäßige Überlebensstrategie" - zu definieren; allein aus dieser Perspektive ist der Zusammenhang zwischen früh prägenden Erfahrungen und späterem "moralischen" Verhalten empirisch überprüfbar. zitiert von: 11
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(2007): Gibt es eigentlich noch abweichendes Verhalten? Krisendiagnosen in Soziologie und Kriminologie. In: Kriminologisches Journal 39 (3), S. 162-184
Abstract: Das Konzept "abweichendes Verhalten" scheint innerhalb der Soziologie und der Kriminologie seinen einstmals zentralen Stellenwert bei der Analyse gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen und Regulation eingebüßt zu haben; an seine Stelle treten Begriffe wie "Risiko", "Risikoverhalten", "Problemverhalten" und "anti-social behavior". Ausgehend von der US-amerikanischen Debatte um den "Tod abweichenden Verhaltens" werden hier die zentralen Argumente und Entwicklungslinien des Konzepts der Devianz vorgestellt und die begrifflichen Neuschöpfungen einer kritischen Analyse unterzogen. Die grundlegende Hypothese ist dabei, dass Normativität und damit abweichendes Verhalten auch der Thematisierung von Risiko und Risikoverhalten zugrunde liegt. Zwar lassen sich neue Formen der gesellschaftlichen Regulation und der sozialen Ordnungsbildung feststellen, die aber als Institutionen des gesellschaftlichen Umgangs mit unerwünschtem oder störendem Verhalten durchaus in der Perspektive von Normativität und Devianz zu interpretieren sind. (Autorenreferat) zitiert von 16
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Gudykunst, William B. (2007): Theorizing about intercultural communication. 2. [print.]. Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]: Sage
Keywords: Kulturkontakt -
(2007) : The application of wearable computers for providing situational awareness in a multirobot environment: 4th International Forum on Applied Wearable Computing 2007: Tel Aviv, Israel: IEEE, S. 1-6. Online verfügbar unter https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5760492/
Abstract: Recently we are witnessing the adoption of autonomous robotic platforms with cooperation abilities by an increasing number of units in modern armies (IDF among them). Advanced command and control systems are required to operate such platforms efficiently and safely. Furthermore, when used by infantry troops, the command and control hardware should be comfortable to carry and operate "on the move". Beyond state of the art technologies, the development of such systems requires further research in several fields: wearable computing, mobile access networks and video transmission over specialized networks, power supplies, etc. In this paper we present an experimental system that we developed for the needs mentioned above.
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(2007): (Im)politeness, national and professional identities and context. Some evidence from e-mailed ‘Call for Papers’. In: Journal of Pragmatics 39 (4), S. 760-773. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.014 Abstract: This study aims to uncover whether or not factors such as national and professional identities and the medium of interaction (i.e., e-mails), affect the way Turkish and British conference organisers begin their Call for Papers for international conferences (CFPIC), and when and how they use inclusive ‘we’ pronouns in messages written in English. The survey also examines if there is a relationship between these three factors and the interpretation of (im)politeness by comparing whether or not writers with different cultural backgrounds, while trying to reach their aim (i.e., collect conference papers), (dis)obey some of the politeness rules proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). The corpus for this study consisted of e-mailed CFPIC collected between January 2002 and February 2006. CFPIC were related to areas such as linguistics, foreign/second language education and literature. The findings of the research suggest intricate and dynamic relations between a number of the micro- and macro-contextual factors, and some features of e-mails in English written by members of Turkish and British cultures. It is hoped that the results of this study will contribute to enhancing knowledge in the field of politeness and electronic communication, raising awareness of the relationship between cultural and professional identities and the interpretation of (im)politeness, thus providing valuable insights into intercultural communication conventions.
Keywords: Art des Kommunikationsmediums, Brown and Levinson's model, CFP, Disziplin, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Identität, Identitätsstiftung, Im/politeness, Kategorien für höfliche Sprache, Kultur, Kulturdifferenz, Kulturelle Normen, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtheorie, Linguistik, Rolle (Beruf), Situationsbedingter Kontext, Soziale Angemessenheit, Überblick -
(2007): The co-constitution of politeness implicature in conversation. In: Journal of Pragmatics 39 (1), S. 84-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.004 Abstract: The notions of politeness and implicature are key concepts in the field of pragmatics, yet while there have been numerous studies on politeness and implicature phenomena in various languages, there has been much less attention paid to the intersection between politeness and implicature. The notion of ‘politeness implicature,’ which refers to instances where by virtue of implying something politeness arises, is thus introduced in order to further our understanding of politeness, implicature, and their intersection. An analysis of the ways in which ‘politeness implicatures’ arise in conversation indicates that they are not simply indirect meanings arising from recognition of speaker intentions by hearers, but rather arise from joint, collaborative interaction between speakers and hearers. It is thus proposed that an account which proceeds from the assumption that emergence or interactional achievement is a key characteristic of communication, namely the Conjoint Co-Constituting Model of Communication [Arundale, Robert, 1999. An alternative model and ideology of communication for an alternative to politeness theory. Pragmatics 9, 119–154; Arundale, Robert, 2005. Pragmatics, conversational implicature, and conversation. In: Fitch, Kristine, Sanders, Robert (Eds.), Handbook of Language and Social Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 41–63], is better placed to account for the way in which ‘politeness implicatures’ are anticipated or inferred from the situation as a whole in conversation.
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(2007): The discursive challenge to politeness research. An interactional alternative. In: Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 3 (2). DOI: 10.1515/PR.2007.013
Abstract: The discursive approach to politeness represents one of the most coherent challenges to the dominance of Brown and Levinson's politeness theory to date, and indeed to the continuing viability of the field of politeness research itself. However, while the discursive approach advocates the displacement of politeness as the focus of research, upon closer examination of the epistemological and ontological assumptions underlying this approach, a number of inconsistencies arise. In particular, the issue of how researchers can identify instances of (im)politeness without imposing the analysts' understandings comes to the fore. In this paper it is suggested that a theory of (im)politeness needs to examine more carefully how (im-) politeness is interactionally achieved through the evaluations of self and other (or their respective groups) that emerge in the sequential unfolding of interaction. This entails the analyst looking for evidence in the interaction that such (im)politeness evaluations have been made by the participants, either through explicit comments made by participants in the course of the interaction (less commonly), or through the reciprocation of concern evident in the adjacent placement of expressions of concern relevant to the norms invoked in that particular interaction (more commonly). In this way, the development of a theory of (im)politeness, within a broader theory of facework or interpersonal communication can remain a focal point for the field of politeness research.