Alle Publikationen
2012
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(2012): Empathy, prosocial behavior, and other aspects of kindness, S. 168-179
Abstract: This chapter deals with a multitude of dispositional variables, all interconnected by virtue of their focus on the benefit of others. We refer to them as the network of kindness. Baldwin and Baldwin (1970, p. 30) defined kindness as 'a motivation that is sometimes inferred from the fact that one person benefits another, provided the circumstances are appropriate.' Thus, kindness involves both the prosocial acts and the underlying motivations. This leads to an important distinction between empathy and prosocial behavior. Empathy is an other-oriented tendency to comprehend and share the (in most definitions, emotional) states of others. Sympathy and compassion that involve concern for others are related constructs (Eisenberg et al., 1999). Prosocial behavior is voluntary behavior (e.g., volunteering, sharing personal resources, providing instrumental help, and supporting others emotionally in times of distress) enacted with the intent of benefiting others (e.g., Eisenberg, Fabes, &c Spinrad, 2006). The distinctions and relationships among components of the network of kindness (e.g., altruism and prosocial behavior) have yielded very rich discussions in the literature that are beyond the scope of this chapter. In some cases prosocial behavior involves generosity, a behavior intended to benefit others beyond normative standards of giving, and sometimes it involves altruism, a behavior intended to benefit others at expense to the self.' It is virtually impossible to measure reliably prosocial behaviors that are purely altruistic because even the sense of doing good can be rewarding to the self (Andreoni, 1990). Therefore, prosocial behavior is often measured without strong evidence for the underlying motivation behind it (Eisenberg et al., 1999). Importantly, evolutionary reasoning (de Waal, 2008) and social-psychological research (Batson, 2009; Hoffman, 1988; Van Lange, 2008) both suggest that empathy may in many cases provide the underlying motivation for behaving prosocially. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 12
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(2012): Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von „Adaptive Performance“. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O 56 (2), S. 55-69. DOI: 10.1026/0932-4089/a000069
Abstract: The article deals with the development and validation of a questionnaire measuring adaptive performance (AP). AP is defined as behavior in reaction to changed work situations that promote the functioning of the organization. Consistent with our hypothesis the data reveal a two-dimensional structure for supervisor appraisals as well as for self-assessments, thereby distinguishing between a task oriented and a social focus of adaptivity. Two studies provide empirical evidence that AP is separable from in-role performance and explains specific variance in global performance appraisals of supervisors. Further validations reveal positive correlations of AP and the two traits flexibility and interpersonal skills, whereas, as anticipated, flexibility is higher correlated with task oriented AP, and interpersonal skills higher with social AP.
Keywords: ADAPTABILITY, adaptivity, Anpassung, BEHAVIOR, COGNITIVE-ABILITY, CONTEXTS, flexibility, MCAA (Management Conflict Adaptivity Assessment) AP Skala (Adaptive Performance) - Anpassungsfähigkeit als Kriterium sozial angemessenen Handelns, METAANALYSIS, model, ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP, ORIENTATION, performance appraisal, Psychologie, TASK, Überblick, WORK, work performance -
(2012): Kindergarten Children’s Perceptions of “Anthropomorphic Artifacts” with Adaptive Behavior. In: IJELL 8, S. 137-147. DOI: 10.28945/1732
DOI: https://www.informingscience.org/Publications/1732 Abstract: In recent years, children from a kindergarten in central Israel have been exposed to learning experiences in technology as part of the implementation of a curriculum based on technological thinking, including topics related to behaving-adaptive-artifacts (e.g., robots). This study aims to unveil children’s stance towards behaving artifacts: whether they perceive these as psychological or engineering entities. Hence, their explanations were analyzed looking for their use of anthropomorphic or technological language. In contrast with previous findings, which reported on kindergarten-age children’s tendency to adopt animistic and psychological perspectives, we have observed that the engagement in constructing the “anthropomorphic artifacts” behavior promoted the use of technological language and indicated the early development of a technological stance. The implications of the findings for the development of technology-related learning tasks in the kindergarten are discussed.
Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz -
(2012): Affective Primacy vs. Cognitive Primacy: Dissolving the Debate. In: Frontiers in psychology 3. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00243
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822403 Abstract: When people see a snake, they are likely to activate both affective information (e.g., dangerous) and non-affective information about its ontological category (e.g., animal). According to the Affective Primacy Hypothesis, the affective information has priority, and its activation can precede identification of the ontological category of a stimulus. Alternatively, according to the Cognitive Primacy Hypothesis, perceivers must know what they are looking at before they can make an affective judgment about it. We propose that neither hypothesis holds at all times. Here we show that the relative speed with which affective and non-affective information gets activated by pictures and words depends upon the contexts in which stimuli are processed. Results illustrate that the question of whether affective information has processing priority over ontological information (or vice versa) is ill-posed. Rather than seeking to resolve the debate over Cognitive vs. Affective Primacy in favor of one hypothesis or the other, a more productive goal may be to determine the factors that cause affective information to have processing priority in some circumstances and ontological information in others. Our findings support a view of the mind according to which words and pictures activate different neurocognitive representations every time they are processed, the specifics of which are co-determined by the stimuli themselves and the contexts in which they occur.
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Landrum, R. E.; McCarthy, M. A. (Hg.) (2012): Teaching ethically: Challenges and opportunities. Washington: American Psychological Association
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(2012): Social competence as a mediating factor in reduction of behavioral problems. In: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 56 (4), S. 381-399. DOI: 10.1080/00313831.2011.594614
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2011.594614 Abstract: The main purpose of the present study was to explore how social competence reduces behavioral problems. Based on previous findings, we assume that increased social competence can be regarded as a mediating factor in reducing behavior problems. All participants (children and adolescents, n = 112) received an intervention intended to increase social competence: Aggression Replacement Training (ART). Social competence and problem behavior were assessed twice before the ART intervention and then twice afterwards. Both measures improved following the training period, but no changes occurred during the pre-training period. Further, behavioral problems continued to reduce notably in follow-up probes after the training period. More detailed analyses indicate that in youngsters, increased social competence (e.g., improved self-control and cooperation) mediates the effect of ART on behavioral problems, but important moderating factors (e.g., age, individual levels of social competence, and problem behavior) need to be taken into consideration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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Langford, John; Pineau, Joelle (Hg.) (2012): Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning. Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Anderson, USA: Omnipress
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(2012) : Building high-level features using large scale unsupervised learning In: Langford, John; Pineau, Joelle (Hg.): Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning: Edinburgh, Scotland, UK: Anderson, USA: Omnipress, S. 507-514. Online verfügbar unter http://arxiv.org/pdf/1112.6209v5
Abstract: We consider the problem of building high-level, class-specific feature detectors from only unlabeled data. For example, is it possible to learn a face detector using only unlabeled images? To answer this, we train a 9-layered locally connected sparse autoencoder with pooling and local contrast normalization on a large dataset of images (the model has 1 billion connections, the dataset has 10 million 200x200 pixel images downloaded from the Internet). We train this network using model parallelism and asynchronous SGD on a cluster with 1,000 machines (16,000 cores) for three days. Contrary to what appears to be a widely-held intuition, our experimental results reveal that it is possible to train a face detector without having to label images as containing a face or not. Control experiments show that this feature detector is robust not only to translation but also to scaling and out-of-plane rotation. We also find that the same network is sensitive to other high-level concepts such as cat faces and human bodies. Starting with these learned features, we trained our network to obtain 15.8% accuracy in recognizing 20,000 object categories from ImageNet, a leap of 70% relative improvement over the previous state-of-the-art.
Keywords: Bilderkennung, Computer Science - Learning, Gestalt, Katze, schema, Schematheorie, Youtube -
(2012): Rethinking the Emotional Brain. In: Neuron 73 (5). DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.018
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(2012): Multi-cue contingency detection. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 4 (2), S. 147-161. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-011-0136-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-011-0136-5 Abstract: The ability to detect a human’s contingent response is an essential skill for a social robot attempting to engage new interaction partners or maintain ongoing turn-taking interactions. Prior work on contingency detection focuses on single cues from isolated channels, such as changes in gaze, motion, or sound. We propose a framework that integrates multiple cues for detecting contingency from multimodal sensor data in human-robot interaction scenarios. We describe three levels of integration and discuss our method for performing sensor fusion at each of these levels.We perform a Wizard-of-Oz data collection experiment in a turn-taking scenario in which our humanoid robot plays the turn-taking imitation game ’Simon says’ with human partners. Using this data set, which includes motion and body pose cues from a depth and color image and audio cues from a microphone, we evaluate our contingency detection module with the proposed integration mechanisms and show gains in accuracy of our multi-cue approach over single-cue contingency detection.We show the importance of selecting the appropriate level of cue integration as well as the implications of varying the referent event parameter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2012): Feldtheorie in den Sozialwissenschaften. Ausgewählte theoretische Schriften. 2. Aufl.. Bern: Huber. Online verfügbar unter http://sub-hh.ciando.com/book/?bok_id=471896
Abstract: Der Klassiker der psychologischen und soziologischen Forschung Die Forschung von Kurt Lewin (18901947) hat viele Bereiche der Psychologie nachhaltig beeinflusst. Er prägte mit seiner motivationalen Perspektive auf das menschliche Verhalten nicht nur das Denken nachfolgender Generationen, sondern lieferte auch das Fundament für die Entwicklung zahlreicher weiterer psychologischer Theorien.Kurt Lewin begründete mit seinen Schriften die experimentelle Sozialpsychologie. In seiner Feldtheorie postuliert er, dass menschliches Verhalten in seinem Gesamtzusammenhang analysiert werden müsse: «Die Psychologie muss den Lebensraum, der die Person und Umwelt umschließt, als ein Feld betrachten.» Lewin gilt bis heute als Vordenker in der Psychologie. Er hat die Gestalt- und systemische Therapie genauso beeinflusst wie die Soziologie und Politikwissenschaften.Die «Feldtheorie in den Sozialwissenschaften» vereint Lewins wichtigste theoretische Aufsätze und erschien erstmal 1963 bei Hans Huber. Die Klassiker-Ausgabe macht nun das Grundlagenwerk im Faksimile-Reprint der Originalausgabe wieder einer breiten Leserschaft zugänglich.
Keywords: Feldtheorie, Gestalttheorie -
(2012): Virtual project teams. The role of empathy and social intelligence in the development of trust. ProQuest Information & Learning, US.
Abstract: The purpose of this quantitative research study is to determine whether a relationship exist between nine virtual team leaders’ emotional intelligence skills of social intelligence and their empathy practice, and the perceived trust the virtual project team members had for their team leader. The subfactors of social responsibility and interpersonal relationship comprise social intelligence. The study hypothesized that the virtual team leaders’ empathy skills and social skills would positively influence the development of trust, as perceived by the virtual team members. Nine virtual teams from the defense contractor industry in the southeastern United States participated. Two survey instruments were used to evaluate the hypothesis. The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) survey instrument was used to assess the practiced empathy skills and social intelligence skills if the virtual team leader. The ABC Research Foundation’s Measuring Organizational Trust indicator tool was used to assess the perceived trust of the virtual team members. The results of the study indicated that no significant positive correlation exist between virtual project leaders’ practice of empathic behavior and the development of trust among the team members. Social intelligence, as a whole, is associated with the development of trust in leader-member relationships in virtual project teams. These results further indicated that interpersonal relationship skills are strongly associated with developing positive trust relations and interactions in virtual environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2012): Employing Textual and Facial Emotion Recognition to Design an Affective Tutoring System. In: Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology - TOJET 11 (4), S. 418-426. Online verfügbar unter https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ989317, zuletzt geprüft am 22.11.2019
Abstract: Emotional expression in Artificial Intelligence has gained lots of attention in recent years, people applied its affective computing not only in enhancing and realizing the interaction between computers and human, it also makes computer more humane. In this study, emotional expressions were applied into intelligent tutoring system, where learners’ emotional expression in learning process was observed in order to give an appropriate feedback. Emotional intelligent not only gives high flexibility to the interaction of tutoring system, it also to deepen its level of human interaction. This study uses dual-mode operation: facial expression recognition, and text semantics as the main elements in affective computing to understand users’ emotions. Text semantics are used to understand learners’ learning status, and the results would contribute to course management agents in order to choose the most appropriate teaching strategies and feedback to the users. Facial expression recognition allows interactive agents to provide users a complete sound and animation feedback. (Contains 5 tables and 3 figures.)
Keywords: Affective Behavior, Animation, Artificial intelligence, Bedienung & Handhabung, Computer Assisted Instruction, Computer Software Evaluation, Computer System Design, Educational Technology, Feedback (Response), Focus Groups, Foreign Countries, Grounded Theory, Intelligent tutoring systems, Man machine systems, Mixed Methods Research, Multimedia Instruction, Natural Language Processing, Nonverbal communication, Programming, Psychological Patterns, Rating Scales, Teaching Methods, usability, Use Studies -
(2012): Taken for grantedness. The embedding of mobile communication into society. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=502781
Abstract: Book Abstract Why do we feel insulted or exasperated when our friends and family don't answer their mobile phones? If the Internet has allowed us to broaden our social world into a virtual friend-net, the mobile phone is an instrument of a more intimate social sphere. The mobile phone provides a taken-for-granted link to the people to whom we are closest; when we are without it, social and domestic disarray may result. In just a few years, the mobile phone has become central to the functioning of society. In this book, Rich Ling explores the process by which the mobile phone has become embedded in society, comparing it to earlier technologies that changed the character of our social interaction and, along the way, became taken for granted. Ling, drawing on research, interviews, and quantitative material, shows how the mobile phone (and the clock and the automobile before it) can be regarded as a social mediation technology, with a critical mass of users, a supporting ideology, changes in the social ecology, and a web of mutual expectations regarding use. By examining the similarities and synergies among these three technologies, Ling sheds a more general light on how technical systems become embedded in society and how they support social interaction within the closest sphere of friends and family
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(2012) : Applying politeness maxims in social robotics polite dialogue In: Yanco, Holly: Proceedings of the seventh annual ACMIEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction: the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference: Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 3/5/2012 - 3/8/2012. ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction; ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence: New York, NY: ACM
Abstract: An important element of human-robot interaction, as with interhuman interaction, is conversation. Having previously suggested the Gricean maxims as suitable guidelines for social robotics dialogue, we discovered that a preferable alternative set of guidelines: politeness maxims. In this paper, we will introduce the politeness maxims and propose its enhanced applicability in human-robot interaction to create polite dialogue. Although no experimental results are available to support our proposition, the preliminary analysis of politeness maxims presents a promising future, as guidelines for the synthesis of polite robot dialogue. Through effective dialogue creation, the interaction with human and robots will be more pleasant, indicating a step forward in effective human-robot interaction.
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(2012): The power of words. A model of honesty and fairness. In: Journal of Economic Psychology 33 (3), S. 642-658. DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2011.12.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.12.004 Abstract: We develop a game-theoretical model of honesty and fairness to study cooperation in social dilemma games with communication. It is based on two key intuitions. First, players suffer a utility cost if they break norms of honesty and fairness, and this cost is highest if most others comply with the norm. Second, people are heterogeneous with regard to their concern for norms. We show that a model based on honesty norms alone cannot explain why pre-play communication fosters cooperation in simultaneous social dilemmas. In contrast, the model based on norms of honesty and fairness can. We also illustrate other predictions of the model, offering experimental evidence in line with them—e.g., the effect of communication on cooperation depends on how many players communicate, and whether the social dilemma is played simultaneously or sequentially. In addition, ideas for new experiments are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2012): Individual variability and environmental characteristics influence older adults’ abilities to manage everyday technology. In: International Psychogeriatrics 24 (3), S. 484-495. DOI: 10.1017/S1041610211002092
DOI: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-psychogeriatrics/article/individual-variability-and-environmental-characteristics-influence-older-adults-abilities-to-manage-everyday-technology/37FCDA2C4E8CC7E5715F97016CA1B287 Abstract: Background: The ability to manage everyday technology (ET), such as computers and microwave ovens, is increasingly required in the performance of everyday activities and participation in society. This study aimed to identify aspects that influence the ability to manage ET among older adults with and without cognitive impairment.Methods: Older adults with mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment and without known cognitive impairment were assessed as they managed their ET at home. Data were collected using the Management of Everyday Technology Assessment (META). Rasch-based measures of the person’s ability to manage ET were analyzed. These measures were used as dependent variables in backward procedure ANOVA analyses. Different predefined aspects that could influence the ability to manage ET were used as independent variables.Results: Three aspects had a significant effect upon the ability to manage ET. These were: (1) variability in intrapersonal capacities (such as “the capacity to pay attention and focus”, (2) environmental characteristics (such as “the impact of the design”) and (3) diagnostic group.Conclusions: Variability in intrapersonal capacities seems to be of more importance than the actual level of intrapersonal capacity in relation to the ability to manage ET for this sample. This implies that investigations of ability to manage ET should also include intraperson variability. Additionally, adaptations in environmental characteristics could simplify the management of ET to support older adults as technology users.
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(2012) : Resource Types and Fairness Perceptions in Social Dilemmas In: Törnblom, Kjell; Kazemi, Ali (Hg.): Handbook of Social Resource Theory: Resource types and fairness perceptions in social dilemmas.: New York, NY: Springer New York (Critical Issues in Social Justice), S. 199-213
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4175-5_12 Abstract: The purpose stated by Barry Markovsky and Nick Berigan in this chapter is to link the social dilemmas and justice research areas and SRT. Situations in which individual and collective interests conflict are focused in social dilemma theorizing, while justice situations involve judgments of fairness and responses to perceived unfairness. Studying justice within social dilemma situations allows the authors to examine how perceptions of fairness influence cooperative behavior. By incorporating SRT, they are able to study the nature of …
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(2012): Global business etiquette. A guide to international communication and customs. 2. ed.. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=439896
Abstract: Tales of the 'Ugly American' abroad are all too familiar. In business, making a cultural faux pas when in a foreign setting isn't just embarrassing; it can have a very high cost in terms of a botched deal and lost profit. Something as simple and subtle as a head movement or casual gesture can have enormous consequence. Businesspeople who work internationally or work with people who are international need to know how to act before they can get the business—and keep it. Proper business communication includes everything from emails to eye contact, and the rules of what is 'right' in other countries can be daunting to navigate. Global Business Etiquette: A Guide to International Communication and Customs, Second Edition provides critical information that businesspeople—both men and women—need to understand the dynamics of cross-cultural communication, avoid embarrassing and costly gaffes, and succeed in business outside of the United States. Topics covered in this indispensable resource include conversation topics that are considered appropriate for different situations; how to make a positive good impression; dress and travel; attitudes toward religion, education, status, and social class; and cultural variations in public behavior. International readers will appreciate information about the United States provided at the end of the ten chapters regarding the countries that do the most business with Americans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 66
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(2012): Infants prefer the faces of strangers or mothers to morphed faces. An uncanny valley between social novelty and familiarity. In: Biology letters 8 (5), S. 725-728. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0346
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696289 Abstract: The 'uncanny valley' response is a phenomenon involving the elicitation of a negative feeling and subsequent avoidant behaviour in human adults and infants as a result of viewing very realistic human-like robots or computer avatars. It is hypothesized that this uncanny feeling occurs because the realistic synthetic characters elicit the concept of 'human' but fail to satisfy it. Such violations of our normal expectations regarding social signals generate a feeling of unease. This conflict-induced uncanny valley between mutually exclusive categories (human and synthetic agent) raises a new question: could an uncanny feeling be elicited by other mutually exclusive categories, such as familiarity and novelty? Given that infants prefer both familiarity and novelty in social objects, we address this question as well as the associated developmental profile. Using the morphing technique and a preferential-looking paradigm, we demonstrated uncanny valley responses of infants to faces of mothers (i.e. familiarity) and strangers (i.e. novelty). Furthermore, this effect strengthened with the infant's age. We excluded the possibility that infants detect and avoid traces of morphing. This conclusion follows from our finding that the infants equally preferred strangers' faces and the morphed faces of two strangers. These results indicate that an uncanny valley between familiarity and novelty may accentuate the categorical perception of familiar and novel objects.
Keywords: Adult, Bekanntheitsgrad, Biologie, Emotions, Entwicklungspsychologie, Erwartungen, erwartungen und Erwartungserwartungen, Eye Movements, Face, familiarity, Female, Humans, Infant, Learning, Male, Mothers, Pattern Recognition, Visual, PERCEPTION, Psychologie, p-zombies, Recognition (Psychology)/physiology, Uncanny Valley Effekt, Visual Perception/physiology -
(2012): A novel evaluation framework for teleoperation and a case study on natural human-arm-imitation through motion capture. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 4 (Suppl 1), S. 5-18. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-011-0117-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-011-0117-8 Abstract: Although tele-operation has a long history, when it comes to tuning, comparison, and evaluation of tele-operation systems, no standard framework exists which can fulfill desiderata such as: concisely modeling multiple aspects of the system as a whole, i.e. timing, accuracy, and event transitions, while also providing for separation of user-, feedback-, as well as learning-dependent components. On the other hand, real-time remote tele-operation of robotic arms, either industrial or humanoid, is highly suitable for a number of applications, especially in difficult or inaccessible environment, and thus such an evaluation framework would be desirable. Usually, teleoperation is driven by buttons, joysticks, haptic controllers, or slave-arms, providing an interface which can be quite cumbersome and unnatural, especially when operating robots with multiple degrees of freedom. Thus, in thus paper, we present a two-fold contribution: (a) a task-based teleoperation evaluation framework which can achieve the desiderata described above, as well as (b) a system for teleoperation of an industrial arm commanded through human-arm motion capture, which is used as a case study, and also serves to illustrate the effectiveness of the evaluation framework that we are introducing. In our system the desired trajectory of a remote robotic arm is easily and naturally controlled through imitation of simple movements of the operator’s physical arm, obtained through motion capture. Furthermore, an extensive real-world evaluation is provided, based on our proposed probabilistic framework, which contains an intersubject quantitative study with 23 subjects, a longitudinal study with 6 subjects, as well as opinions and attitudes towards tele-operation study. The results provided illustrate the strengths of the proposed evaluation framework—by enabling the quick production of multiple task-, user-, system-, as well as learning-centric results, as well as the benefits of our natural imitation-based approach towards teleoperation. Furthermore, an interesting ordering of preferences towards different potential application areas of teleoperation is indicated by our data. Finally, after illustrating their effectiveness, we discuss how both our evaluation framework as well as teleoperation system presented are not only applicable in a wide variety of teleoperation domains, but are also directly extensible in many beneficial ways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2012): Construal level mind-sets moderate self- and social stereotyping. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 102 (1), S. 51-68. DOI: 10.1037/a0026108
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22059845 Abstract: Construal level theory suggests that events and objects can be represented at either a higher, more abstract level involving consideration of superordinate goals, desirability, global processing, and broad categorizations or a lower, more concrete level involving consideration of subordinate goals, feasibility, local processing, and narrow categorizations. Analogously, social targets (including the self) can be represented more broadly, as members of a group, or more narrowly, as individuals. Because abstract construals induce a similarity focus, they were predicted to increase the perceived fit between social targets and a salient social category. Accordingly, placing individuals into a more abstract construal mind-set via an unrelated task increased the activation and use of stereotypes of salient social groups, stereotype-consistent trait ratings of the self, group identification, and stereotype-consistent performance relative to more concrete construal mind-sets. Thus, nonsocial contextual influences (construal level mind-sets) affect stereotyping of self and others. zitiert von 91
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(2012): The Intelligibility in Context Scale. Validity and Reliability of a Subjective Rating Measure. In: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 55 (2). DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0130)
Abstract: Purpose: To describe a new measure of functional intelligibility, the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS), and evaluate its validity, reliability, and sensitivity using 3 clinical measures of severity of speech sound disorder: (a) percentage of phonemes correct (PPC), (b) percentage of consonants correct (PCC), and (c) percentage of vowels correct (PVC). Method: Speech skills of 120 preschool children (109 with parent-/teacher-identified concern about how they talked and made speech sounds and 11 with no identified concern) were assessed with the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (Dodd, Hua, Crosbie, Holm, & Ozanne, 2002). Parents completed the 7-item ICS, which rates the degree to which children's speech is understood by different communication partners (parents, immediate family, extended family, friends, acquaintances, teachers, and strangers) on a 5-point scale. Results: Parents' ratings showed that most children were always (5) or usually (4) understood by parents, immediate family, and teachers, but only sometimes (3) by strangers. Factor analysis confirmed the internal consistency of the ICS items; therefore, ratings were averaged to form an overall intelligibility score. The ICS had high internal reliability (alpha=.93), sensitivity, and construct validity. Criterion validity was established through significant correlations between the ICS and PPC (r=.54),PCC (r=.54), and PVC (r=.36). Conclusions: The ICS is a promising new measure of functional intelligibility. These data provide initial support for the ICS as an easily administered, valid, and reliable estimate of preschool children's intelligibility when speaking with people of varying levels of familiarity and authority.
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(2012): An Inter- and Intraindividual Perspective of the Substitutability of Fairness Rules for Trust Within Teams. In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology 42 (4), S. 850-873. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00831.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00831.x Abstract: The present study longitudinally assesses fairness allocation rule importance and equity allocation preference under conditions of evolving team trust. We predicted an interchangeable relationship between trust and allocation rules using an uncertainty management theory framework (Lind & Van den Bos, 2002; Van den Bos & Lind, 2002). From an interindividual perspective, lower initial trust toward team members predicted a higher degree of importance for the use of preferred allocation rules and greater use of the equity heuristic. An intraindividual change in trust predicted an inverse change in use of the equity heuristic, but not the expected change in allocation rule importance. Implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2012): Die Entwicklungsbedingungen der Adaptivität. In: Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie 20 (1), S. 27-38. DOI: 10.1026/0943-8149/a000059
Abstract: Although the development of intrapersonal self-regulation and coping processes in adulthood has been elaborated and differenciated theoretically and empirically for a long time, to date little is known about potential developmental (pre-)conditions and antecedents of adaptive regulation competences in childhood and adolescence. Present approaches and studies about types of coping in childhood and adolescence focus on broader facets of regulation competences and are designed without any reference to adult coping reactions and the connected developmental processes. The research program presented in this article takes up this desideratum and provides answers to selected questions about the developmental conditions of individual adaptivity. With regard to the two-process-model of developmental regulation in adulthood (Brandtstadter & Rothermund, 2002), two extensive studies investigate miscellaneous social, cognitive, and affective developmental conditions of accommodation in adolescence. Subsequent to the results a first developmental model of accommodative regulation competences is finally proposed.