Alle Publikationen
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2019
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(2019): Understanding Legal Meaning through Word Embeddings. In: SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3455747
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3455747 Abstract: For judges and legal scholars, the quest for meaning and the identification of methods appropriate for understanding word meaning animates volumes upon volumes of debate. Likewise, social scientists interested in studying the law have increasingly recognized the variations in choices over words as important barometers for understanding the law. In this paper, I suggest recent advances in computational linguistics -- notably, the efficient estimation of distributed representations of word meanings, or word embeddings -- offer a potentially transformative avenue by which to assess the strategy, choice, and impact of judicial language. Utilizing a corpus of more than one million federal and state appellate court decisions, I estimate word embeddings for the more than 400,000 most common words found in legal opinions. In a series of simple illustrations, I demonstrate the value of this treatment of word meaning for new avenues of law and politics research.
2017
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(2017): Why children follow rules: Legal socialization and the development of legitimacy.. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.001.0001 Abstract: Legal scholars and social scientists studying the law recognize that a central issue in law is understanding why adults obey the law. Evidence suggests that law-related attitudes and values are central to motivating adult law-related behavior, and hence that it is important to understand how they develop during the process of legal socialization. Although this is true, legal scholarship has widely ignored the process of childhood and adolescent socialization. The lack of research on legal socialization is ironic in that by the time people become adults, their law-related attitudes and values are already well formed and they have often had formative personal experiences with legal authorities. This important development begins during childhood and adolescence as part of the overall process of socialization. Our goal in this volume is to encourage scholars to pay greater attention to the issue of legal socialization. We do this by identifying the fundamental processes assoc iated wi th such socialization. These are (1) the internalization of values about how legal authorities are supposed to act toward citizens and how people are supposed to behave toward authorities in their role as citizens; (2) the formation of attitudes about the tangible representations of the law, including courts, laws, police, judges, and other legal authorities; and (3) the development of the cognitive and biological capacity to reason and think about the appropriate role for the law as a social institution in society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 9
2016
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Kury, Helmut; Redo, Sławomir; Shea, Evelyne (Hg.) (2016): Women and children as victims and offenders. Background, prevention, reintegration : suggestions for succeeding generations. [Cham]: Springer International Publishing Switzerland
Abstract: There is a growing momentum for international and domestic legal reforms to confront violence against women and children, as indicated by the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and recent initiatives by the United Nations and others. This chapter examines the impact and potential of international human rights law as a component of efforts to prevent and redress violence against women and children.
Keywords: Dzieci, Kobiety, Missbrauch, Ofiary przestępstw, Rechtswissenschaft, Uczenie się społeczne -
(2016): ON DECORUM. FROM THE CLASSICS TO POSTMODERNITY. In: QUAESTIO IURIS 9 (3)
Abstract: Considering that the observance of decorum is important to assure good human relationships, especially in the public sphere, and, also, that episodes of breach of decorum are recurrent in Brazilian public life, I propose to recover this classical concept, since its re-evaluation is opportune and urgent. I present therefore a historical revision of the concept of decorum starting from the classics and find that, although this concept has undergone changes, its fundamental aspect, the intimate connection with ethics, has been maintained until the present day. Evidence that this classical concept still survives is the existence, in many countries, of “codes of ethics and decorum” of legislative, judicial and other organs. I find, however, that this concept is sensitive to culture, which is proven in the contrastive analysis of a sample of episodes of the violation of decorum by judges of the American Supreme Court and of the Brazilian Supreme Court. I found that, although violations of Americans are less severe than Brazilians, the reactions of the media and American citizens are much more energetic, because decorum for the Americans is a value that they hold dear, while in Brazil it is a dead letter, lacking be ressurected. I also present some reflections on the arrogance of those who hold power, an attitude to which I attribute the cause of many occurrences of the breach of decorum nowadays.
Keywords: Brasilien, Breach of decorum, decorum, Decorum in der Öffentlichkeit, Ethik, Fehlverhalten, Gericht, Grenzen, Grenzüberschreitung, Judikative, Kommunikation, Kultur, Kulturvergleich, Macht, Medien, Medienwirksamkeit, Öffentliche, diskursive Aushandlung von Anstand, Öffentlicher Diskurs, Rechtswissenschaft, Rhetorik, Richter, Soziale Angemessenheit, Umgangsformen, USA, Werte -
(2016) : Beschämung und Kooperation in historischen Gesellschaften - Eine evolutionäre Perspektive auf den sozialen Gebrauch moralischer Emotionen im Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit In: Hennighausen, Christine; Lange, Benjamin P.; Schwab, Frank (Hg.): Evolution des Sozialen: Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers (Die Psychogenese der Menschheit), S. 25-40
Abstract: Zur Beantwortung der Frage, welche Rolle moralische Emotionen für die Evolution des sozialen Miteinanders und für die Aufrechterhaltung von gruppenspezifischen Normen und Regeln spielen, werden zunächst verschiedene neuere Theorien und Forschungen zum Verhältnis von Scham und Kooperation aus der evolutionären Anthropologie, Spieltheorie, Psychologie sowie Ökonomie diskutiert. Diese legen eine enge Verbindung von moralischen Emotionen und kooperativem Verhalten nahe. Anschließend werden empirische Befunde aus historischen Gesellschaften exemplarisch vorgestellt und im Rahmen einer evolutionären Geschichtswissenschaft interpretiert. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass beschämende Strafen im europäischen Mittelalter vor allem für leichtere Vergehen gegen den inneren Frieden einer Gruppe wie etwa bei Verleumdung und übler Nachrede, Meineid, Fälschung, Betrug, Ehebruch sowie Gotteslästerung und später auch Diebstahl verhängt wurden. Die ursprünglich aus der kirchlichen Bußpraxis stammenden Strafen entwickelten sich im städtischen Strafrecht des Hoch- und Spätmittelalters eigenständig weiter und waren zum Beginn der Neuzeit in weiten Teilen Europas fester Bestandteil des Sanktionenkatalogs. Moralische Emotionen waren somit für einen bestimmten Zeitraum ein wichtiger Baustein, mit dem eine effektive Kooperation in Gruppen, die auf gegenseitiges Vertrauen bauten, sichergestellt werden sollte. Im Fazit wird der Blick auf Funktionalisierungen der Scham in modernen Gesellschaften geweitet, und Implikationen der historischen Befunde werden diskutiert.
Keywords: COOPERATION, Emotions, Gesellschaft, Historie, History, Moral, Morality, Punishment, Rechtswissenschaft, Shame, society -
(2016): Let justice be done. A performative view on Portuguese criminal trial procedures. In: Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 13 (4), S. 400-415. DOI: 10.1080/14791420.2016.1160137
Abstract: Based on fieldwork at criminal courts in the metropolitan area of Lisbon, the article examines the performativity of criminal justice. The written and unwritten rules of criminal trial procedures are analysed as judicial scripts that guide the “making” of Justice. The formalities of the criminal trial, like those that prescribe the correct behaviour of defendants in Portuguese courts, are tied to the liminality of their social standing and their betwixt-and-between position in the court and in society. Script compliance is discussed as a central element within the production of criminal justice. Finally, the article suggests a performative view of justice, drawing on Butler's ideas regarding the enactment and construction of notions of gender.
Keywords: Beeinflussung der Bewertung moralischer Urteile, Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), Body, criminal justice, criminal proceedings, Erwartungen, Kooperation, legal anthropology, performance, Portugal, Rechtswissenschaft, Rollen, script, script compliance, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Soziale Hierarchie, Soziale Klasse / Schicht, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext 2013
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(2013) : Gerechtigkeitsaspekte sozialer Sanktionssysteme In: Gollwitzer, Mario; Lotz, Sebastian; Schlösser, Thomas; Streicher, Bernhard (Hg.): Soziale Gerechtigkeit. Was unsere Gesellschaft aus den Erkenntnissen der Gerechtigkeitspsychologie lernen kann: Göttingen: Hogrefe, S. 157-173
Abstract: Aus einer gerechtigkeitspsychologischen Sicht werden Fragen der Vergeltungsgerechtigkeit erörtert. Neben der Angemessenheit von Vergeltungsaktionen werden Funktionen von Strafe aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln (als Sühne oder Mittel zur Normbekräftigung) betrachtet und Implikationen von Strafen in und zwischen Gruppen erläutert. Zudem werden unterschiedliche Formen sozialer Sanktionen beleuchtet und Zusammenhänge des Strafrechts mit Rache und Vergeltung diskutiert.
2009
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(2009): Ambivalence in Intergroup Evaluation. The Role of Fairness Norm. In: Social Justice Research 22 (1), S. 117-133. DOI: 10.1007/s11211-009-0090-7
Abstract: We conducted two studies to examine the role of the social norm of fairness on cognitive (beliefs and judgments) and affective (emotions and feelings) ambivalence in an intergroup context of evaluation. As predicted, we found that ambivalence toward the ingroup is constantly higher in the cognitive dimension than in the affective dimension. Instead, cognitive and affective ambivalence toward the outgroup are generally similar but when the outgroup is highly protected by the fairness norm (i.e., the elderly), cognitive ambivalence is considerably lower than affective ambivalence. These findings provide evidence that (1) cognitive ambivalence is more controlled by the fairness norm than affective ambivalence, and that (2) it holds an adaptive function, changing in accordance with the demands of the normative context.
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(2009): Exploring the “Lost and Found” of Justice Theory and Research. In: Social Justice Research 22 (1), S. 98-116. DOI: 10.1007/s11211-009-0089-0
Abstract: Scientific interest in the nature of how people think about justice and fairness began approximately 70 years ago with Stouffer's classic study on the American soldier. Since then there have been numerous theoretical frameworks and thousands of research studies conducted on what people perceive as fair and the consequences of making a fairness judgment. The goal of this article is to dig through the "lost and found" box of justice research in an attempt to re-examine where we have been, issues and ideas we may have forgotten, and to gain insight on directions we may want to go in the future. The key rediscovery of this review is that perspective matters. Specifically, how people interpret fairness depends critically on whether they are viewing a situation in terms of their material, social, or moral needs and goals. The implications of adopting a contingent theory of how people reason about fairness are discussed.
2007
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(2007): Judges’ use of humor as a social corrective. In: Journal of Pragmatics 39 (1), S. 50-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.001 Abstract: Although judging is serious business, the occasional humorous opinion is a longstanding tradition among both British and American judges. In the United States, humorous judicial opinions are frequently used by newspapers as filler articles, and numerous collections appear in books and on Internet websites, to the apparent delight of popular and professional audiences alike. However, despite a widespread absence of public disapprobation, some commentators have criticized judicial humor as inappropriate, arguing that a judge's role is not to entertain, and that an opinion that ridicules a litigant or his case violates standards of judicial decorum and impartiality. This article challenges the view that a judge's use of humor is necessarily injudicious, and argues that judges use humor as a social corrective to sanction wrongdoers and to deter others from engaging in similar conduct. Through an analysis of actual judicial opinions, I demonstrate how this is achieved.
Keywords: decorum, entscheiden, humor, Judicial opinions, Medien, Rechtswissenschaft, science direct, Social corrective 2006
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Hertwig, Ralph (2006): Do legal rules rule behavior?. Heuristics and the law. Berlin, Germany. Berlin, Germany: Dahlem University Press (Dahlem workshop reports)
Abstract: Economic analyses of law share an implicit or explicit belief in unbounded rationality. Here two boundedly rational psychological principles are discussed that together provide an alternative explanation for why most people behave in accordance with legal rules most of the time. These principles are the capacity for social learning and the impact of environmental cues and constraints. The ability to observe others' behavior and its consequences helps people conform to behavioral norms without memorizing the legal canon or Miss Manners's rules of etiquette. Environmental and institutional constraints help winnow down the set of actions available to people, and environmental cues suggest which of the available actions are desirable. If people who aspire to live by legal rules, standards, and institutions are to have a chance of doing so, lawmakers must recognize the psychological realities of boundedly rational decision making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 13
2004
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(2004): The social side of sanctions: Personal and social norms as moderators of deterrence. In: Law and Human Behavior 28 (5), S. 547-567. DOI: 10.1023/B:LAHU.0000046433.57588.71
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:LAHU.0000046433.57588.71 Abstract: In a survey of Australian citizens (valid N = 1,406), personal and social norms were found to moderate effects of deterrence on tax evasion. Personal, internalized norms of tax honesty were negatively related to tax evasion and moderated the effects of deterrence variables (i.e., sanction severity), suggesting deterrence effects only when individual ethics were weak. Perceived social norms, beyond those internalized as personal norms, were not directly related to tax evasion but moderated the effects of sanction severity. Only when social norms were seen as strongly in favor of tax honesty was sanction severity negatively related to tax evasion. This result held only for respondents who did not identify strongly as Australians. Hence, when internalized, norms delimit effects of deterrence; when considered external to one's self, norms boost deterrence effects, giving social meaning to formal sanctions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2002
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(2002): Delinquenz, soziale Herkunft, Bildung und Moral. Eine Studie zur moralischen Entwicklung straffalliger Jugendlicher. In: Neue Praxis 32 (6), S. 532-556
Abstract: Der Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit den Zusammenhangen zwischen Delinquenz, sozialer Herkunft, Bildung und Moral. Nach einer Darstellung der Kohlbergschen Theorie der Entwicklung des moralischen Urteils werden die Beziehungen zwischen dem moralischen Urteil und der Delinquenz diskutiert. Daruber hinaus werden die sozialen Bedingungen der Moralentwicklung dargestellt und entsprechende Untersuchungshypothesen abgeleitet. Nach der Vorstellung von Untersuchungsergebnissen entwickelt der Autor abschliessend theoretische Folgerungen zur Beziehung von Moral und Delinquenz. (Autorenreferat) zitiert von: 14
2001
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Haft, Fritjof; Hof, Hagen; Wesche, Steffen (Hg.) (2001): Bausteine zu einer Verhaltenstheorie des Rechts. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verl.-Ges (Interdisziplinäre Studien zu Recht und Staat)
Keywords: Rechtswissenschaft 2000
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(2000): Law and social norms. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press
1994
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(1994): Die Stellung der Familie im geltenden Recht. In: Kindeswohl 8 (3), S. 25-27
Abstract: Grundsatzliche Rechtspositionen zur Familie werden im Uberblick erlautert. Im einzelnen werden thematisiert: (1) Rechtspositionen des Kindes, (2) Rechte und Pflichten der leiblichen Eltern, (3) Rechtsverhaltnisse bei Fremdplatzierung des Kindes (Personensorge und Vermogenssorge im Verhaltnis zwischen Kind und leiblichen Eltern, Verhaltnis zwischen Kind und Pflegeeltern sowie zwischen leiblichen Eltern und Pflegeeltern), (4) Stellung des Jugendamtes, (5) das gerichtliche Verfahren. Die jeweiligen Gesetzesgrundlagen werden skizziert.
1992
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(1992): Moral principles, traditions, and fairness in the navajo nation code of judicial conduct. In: JUDICATURE 76 (1), S. 15-21. Online verfügbar unter https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/judica76&div=8&id=&page=
Abstract: Although based on the ABA Model Code, the new Navajo Code of Judicial Conduct incorporates traditional Navajo legal and social values.
1990
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(1990): Debating Decorum - Ethical Issues, Mythical Firms Part Of Inns Of Court Meeting. In: ABA Journal 76
Abstract: Imagine you are a member of the executive committee of the newly formed Washington, D.C., law firm Dewey, Cheatham and Howe. The firm has a Middle Eastern client named "Hanafi" who rules a country where women are disenfranchised and domestically submissive. Hanafi provides 40 percent of the firm's business and is insisting that a male lawyer be substituted for the female lawyer handling his case. Do you make the switch? The dilemma was part of a panel debate at the sixth annual meeting of the American Inns of Court (AIC), one of the nation's newest bench and bar organizations. (See May 1990 ABA Journal, 24)
Keywords: decorum, Diskriminierung, Ethics, Gender, Judikative, Kultur, Kulturdifferenz, Rechtswissenschaft, Werte -
(1990): Veränderungen im moralischen Urteil und Sanktionsverlangen der Bundesbürger seit 1970 : Eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme. In: Kriminologisches Journal (22), S. 284-297
Abstract: Die Hypothese, dass die Bandbreiten des moralisch Zulässigen gestiegen seien und eine Zunahme der tolerierten Normabweichungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschand eingetreten sei, wird anhand der Zusammenfassung empirischer Befunde über Veränderungen im moralischen Urteil und Sanktionsverlangen der Bundesbürger seit 1970 überprüft. Die Basis bilden Replikationsstudien zu einer 1970 durchgeführten Studie, die 1982 und 1987 in Form repräsentativer Umfragen realisiert wurden. Erhoben wurden jeweils die moralische Beurteilung und das Sanktionsverlangen für eine Reihe konkret formulierter Delikte. Die Befunde zeigen, dass es im Bereich der Beurteilung abweichender Verhaltensweisen seit 1970 in der Bundesrepublik keinen allgemeinen Wertewandel gegeben hat. Auch wenn manche der Delikte untereinander korreliert sind, so weisen sie doch eigene, spezifische Komponenten und eine eigene Entwicklung auf. Betont wird, dass moralisches Urteil und Strafverlangen zwar bei den meisten Delikten parallel gehen, dass sie aber bei einem Teil der Delikte divergieren. Es wird gefolgert, dass das normative Klima in der Bevölkerung gegenüber Abweichungen nur durch die Kombination dieser beiden Dimensionen angemessen erfasst werden kann. zitiert von: 14
1988
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(1988): Der Sinn für Angemessenheit. Anwendungsdiskurse in Moral und Recht. Teilw. zugl.: Frankfurt, Univ., Diss., 1987. 1. Aufl.. Frankfurt am Main: SuhrkampKeywords: Angemessenheit, Anwendung, bibliography, Diskursethik, ethical argumentation, Ethik, Ethische Argumentation, Kant, Immanuel / kategorischer Imperativ / Nachwirkung, Law, Moral, Moralische Überzeugungen, norm, Normative Orders, Philosophie, Philosophy, Praxis, Recht, Rechtsphilosophie, Rechtswissenschaft, Soziale Norm, Theorie
1983
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(1983): Kriminal- und Rechtspsychologie. Ein Handbuch in Schlüsselbegriffen. München; Wien; Baltimore: Urban und Schwarzenberg (U & S Psychologie)
Abstract: Der Beitrag, den die sozialwissenschaftliche Devianzforschung zum Verständnis von abweichendem Verhalten leistet, wird erörtert. Einleitend wird ein kurzer Überblick über konkurrierende Ansätze in der Devianzforschung gegeben. Dabei werden drei Polaritäten genannt: (1) absolutistische versus relativistische Ansätze, (2) täter- versus kontrollzentrierte Ansätze und (3) strukturelle versus prozessuale Ansätze. Dann wird der Zusammenhang von Abweichung und sozialer Kontrolle in einigen zentralen Punkten, in denen der Labeling-Ansatz einige Einsichten hervorgebracht hat, erläutert. Abschließend wird für eine interpretative Perspektive abweichenden Verhaltens plädiert, die als ein systematischer Versuch des verstehenden Nachvollzugs von abweichendem Verhalten gekennzeichnet wird.
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