Alle Publikationen
1990
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(1990) : Neurophysiological investigations of memory and amnesia: Findings from humans and non-human primates In: Diamond, Adele: The development and neural bases of higher cognitive functions: New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences, S. 732-740Keywords: Schematheorie
1989
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(1989): Soziale Intelligenz als Trait-Konstrukt und Test-Konzept bei der Analyse von Verhaltenshäufigkeiten. = Social intelligence as a trait construct and test concept in terms of the act frequency approach. In: Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie 10 (1), S. 37-57
Abstract: Studied the validity of social intelligence (SI) as a trait construct and as a test concept in relation to the act frequency approach (AFA) of D. M. Buss and K. H. Craik (1980, 1983, 1985). Human subjects: 165 normal male and female West German adults (aged 20–67 yrs). Using the AFA, 23 of the Ss generated acts that they considered to be indicative of SI; 23 other Ss rated these acts for their prototypicality; and the remaining 119 Ss completed a behavior checklist of SI acts. Peer ratings of SI served as criterion measures. Correlations of Ss' scores on the behavior checklist with peer ratings and with Ss' scores on 2 other tests of SI were analyzed. Tests used: The CBS 1 and the CBI 3 by M. O'Sullivan et al (1965). (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(1989): Human agency in social cognitive theory. In: American Psychologist 44 (9), S. 1175-1184. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
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Blum-Kulka, Shoshana; Kasper, Gabriele; House, Juliane (Hg.) (1989): Cross-cultural pragmatics. Requests and apologies. Norwood NJ: Ablex Publ (Advances in discourse processes)
Abstract: [-]
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(1989): Soziale Informationsverarbeitung. Ein Beitrag zur Differenzierung sozialer Inkompetenzen. In: Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie 3 (1), S. 1-8
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(1989): CAN COMPUTERS COPE WITH HUMAN RACES. In: Communications of the ACM 32 (2), S. 174-182
Abstract: In trying to apply a computer to a task that humans do, we often discover that it doesn't work. One common problem is that humans are able to deal with fuzzy concepts but computers are not -- they need precise representations and it is hard to represent a fuzzy concept in a precise way. However, if we look closer at such tasks, we often discover that the weakness actually lies not in the computer but in ourselves -- we didn't understand what we were doing in the first place. When faced with a problem of this sort, some people refuse to recognize the conceptual failure. Instead of seeking a better representation for the task, they thrash away at making the fuzzy scheme work, insisting that there is nothing wrong with the conceptual base. I will illustrate one such problem with a true story. The central theme is the fuzzy concept of racial and ethnic classification, as used by the U.S. government and a horde of other bureaucracies. These organizations have been carrying out elaborate statistical computations and making major policy decisions based on this concept for many years and are still doing it, with problematical results. I begin with my first major encounter with this scheme, some 25 years ago.
Keywords: Design -
(1989): Social Norms and Economic Theory. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 (4), S. 99-117. DOI: 10.1257/jep.3.4.99
Abstract: Elster contrasts two distinct and frequently opposing social science traditions. One was fostered by Adam Smith and is carried forward today by neoclassical economists and rational-choice theorists in political science. It views humans as “economic men,” that is, as motivated by egoistic material concerns. The other tradition has its roots in the work of the French sociologist Emile Durkheim, provides the basis for much contemporary sociology and has adherents among political scientists, particularly political culture theorists such as Eckstein (1988). It views humans as social creatures, having duty-based and other obligations to their fellows. “Sociological man’s” activity is thus constrained by shared social (cultural) norms. Elster is skeptical that these cultural norms generally realize individual self-interest as this is understood in the rational-choice tradition. Indeed, elsewhere he distinguishes “economic man” rationality and “nonra-tional” cultural norms even more sharply than he does in this chapter (Elster 1989b). Overall, Elster holds that, for the most part, cultural norms neither arise from rationality, as neoclassical economists understand it, nor do they serve it.
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(1989): The cement of society. A study of social order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Studies in rationality and social change)
Abstract: The question Jon Elster addresses in this challenging book is what binds societies together and prevents them from disintegrating into chaos and war. He analyses two concepts of social order: stable, predictable patterns of behaviour, and co-operative behaviour. The book examines various aspects of collective action and bargaining from the perspective of rational-choice theory and the theory of social norms. It is a fundamental assumption of the book that social norms provide an important kind of motivation for action that is irreducible to rationality. The book represents a major statement by Elster, which will be of particular interest to political scientists, political philosophers, sociologists, and economists
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(1989): On familiarty with danger - The discovery of societal form. German
Abstract: [-]
Keywords: familiarity -
(1989) : Das Unbehagen in der Kultur In: Mitscherlich, Alexander; Strachey, James; Richards, Angela (Hg.): Sigmund Freud: Studienausgabe: 10: Frankfurt (Main): Fischer, S. S. 191-270.
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(1989): The Social Constitution of Action, S. 195-207
Abstract: It is argued in this article that human actions may be said to be socially constituted: as being behavior that is constituted as human action by social relations and by participant agent and collective representations of behavior. In contrast to recent social constructionist accounts, it is argued that the social constitution of action does not pose any threat to the objectivity of classification or explanation in social psychological science. It does mark some significant ontological differences between natural and social psychological phenomena that have implications for the university and generality, but not the adequacy, of explanations of socially constituted human actions.
Keywords: philosophy of the social sciences -
Haller, Max (1989): Kultur und Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen des 24. Deutschen Soziologentags, des 11. Österreichischen Soziologentags und des 8. Kongresses der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Zürich 1988. Deutscher Soziologentag; Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Soziologie; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie; Österreichische Gesellschaft für Soziologie; Österreichischer Soziologentag; Kongress der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Soziologie. Frankfurt/Main: Campus-Verl. (Verhandlungen des ... Deutschen Soziologentages)
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(1989): Collective Action and the Second-Order Free-Rider Problem. In: Rationality and Society 1 (1), S. 78-100. DOI: 10.1177/1043463189001001006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463189001001006 Abstract: This article examines the relationship between the first- and second-order free-rider problems in collective sanction systems, with special emphasis on the relative robustness of cooperation in the first and second levels. The results indicate that second-order cooperation exhibits surprising robustness relative to first-order cooperation. The implication is that hypocrisy, though universally maligned, may play a crucial transitional role both in the emergence of collective action and in the continuity of collective action under adverse circumstances.
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(1989): Formal forms and discernment. Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. In: Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 8 (2-3), S. 223-248. DOI: 10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.223
Abstract: Brown and Levinson (1878, 1987) proposed principles of language usage according to politeness, which they claim to be universal. Their principles are supported by evidence from three languages of different origins. However, the universality of the principles is questionable from the perspective of language and usage which are distinctly relevant to linguistic politeness in Japanese. The neglected linguistic aspect is the choice of 'formal linguistic forms' among varieties with different degrees of formality. The neglected aspect of usage is 'discernment': the speaker's use of polite expressions according to social conventions rather than interactional strategy. This paper claims that a comprehensive framework for universals of linguistic politeness will have to incorporate these aspects outside of their scope. Finally, the justification of the comprehensive framework is discussed in terms of Weber's typology of actions and Habermas' theory of communicative action.
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(1989): Survey of fairness notions. In: Information and Software Technology 31 (7), S. 371-386. DOI: 10.1016/0950-5849(89)90159-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-5849(89)90159-6 Abstract: Fairness has been examined from different viewpoints and in varied semantic models, for example, CCS, guarded commands, Petri nets, and automata. Classification of fairness notions has been proposed in many formalisms, which have often required a suitable extension. Surprisingly, there still seems to be no general agreement on what fairness means and how it should be dealt with. One possible reason for this state of affairs is the multiplicity of semantic models used and the dependence of fairness on the intrinsic characteristics of these models, which makes it difficult to establish interrelationships between fairness notions. It is not uncommon to encounter criticism of fairness, and the need for the powerful methods that reasoning with fairness constraints has called for, for example, transfinite induction, is also questioned. This situation is clearly undesirable, and ways to provide better understanding of fairness, and perhaps a unified approach, should be sought. The paper reviews major issues in the area, the purpose being to present a taxonomy of notions of fairness and to discuss the main directions taken and the implications of choosing a particular approach. The object of this review is to identify common features of fairness definitions and to examine the adequacy, or, in some cases, the failure, of standard methods when applied to deal with fairness.
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(1989): 20 Years after digital decorum and bistable allusions. In: TEXTE-REVUE DE CRITIQUE ET DE THEORIE LITTERAIRE (8-9), S. 63-98Keywords: decorum, Ohne Abstract oder Text
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(1989): Moral in "unmoralischer" Zeit. Zu einer partnerschaftlichen Ethik in Erziehung und Gesellschaft. Heidelberg: Asanger
Abstract: Im Mittelpunkt dieses Buches stehen neue Ergebnisse der interdisziplinären Forschung über die Natur und die Entwicklung der Moral. Die Autoren vertreten unterschiedliche Ansätze, aber die gemeinsame Überzeugung, daß moralische Probleme partnerschaftlich mit Mitteln der Vernunft gelöst werden müssen. Es werden Möglichkeiten und Prinzipien diskutiert, die helfen sollen, Lösungen im Dialog mit anderen zu finden. Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der Förderung moralisch-kognitiver Entwicklung in Erziehung und Gesellschaft werden deutlich gemacht. - Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: (1) G. Lind: Die Entwicklung moralischer Gefühle durch Vernunft und Dialog. (2) G. Nunner-Winkler: Verantwortlichkeit für andere: Das Problem der "positiven" Pflichten". (3) G. Pollitt-Gerlach: Gerechtigkeit und Partnerschaft - Frauen zwischen Familie und Beruf. (4) E. Steinert: Das Frauenhaus als Ort moralischer Entwicklung. (5) A. Higgins: Das Erziehungsprogramm der Gerechten Gemeinschaft: Die Entwicklung moralischer Sensibilität als Ausdruck von Gerechtigkeit und Fürsorge. (6) G. Schreiner: Demokratische Erziehung muß über den Horizont der Kleingruppe hinausgehen! Zu einem Vergleich des Team-Kleingruppen-Modells mit der Gerechten Schulgemeinschaft. (7) W. Lempert: Moralisches Denken, Handeln und Lernen in der betrieblichen Arbeit. (8) R. Wakenhut: Militär und moralischer Diskurs. (9) H. Bertram: Solidarität in einer alternden Gesellschaft. zitiert von: 9
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(1989) : Symbolischer Interaktionismus, Ethnomethodologie und Familienforschung In: Nave-Herz, Rosemarie: Handbuch der Familien- und Jugendforschung: Familienforschung: Neuwied [u.a.]: Luchterhand, S. 63-79
Abstract: Im Anschluss an eine Darstellung gemeinsamer Prämissen von Symbolischem Interaktionismus und Ethnomethodologie wird die Grundstruktur beider Ansätze nachgezeichnet, und ihre Ansprüche werden vergleichend bewertet. Im folgenden wird auf entsprechende Trends in der Familienforschung eingegangen, und aus beiden Ansätzen abgeleitete Arbeitsprogramme werden exemplarisch dargestellt und bewertet. zitiert von 9
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(1989): Politeness and conversational universals – observations from Japanese. In: Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 8 (2-3), S. 207-222. DOI: 10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.207
Abstract: Principles of conversation as postulated by Grice (1975), and the politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) are both presented as universal. Observations of politeness phenomena in Japanese, especially in the use of honorifics, cast such doubt on the explanatory power of these two theories for non- Western languages that it is not clear how, short of major revision, they can be considered as giving an adequate account of conversation and linguistic politeness. In Japanese, for example, social context plays a much larger role than is assumed in their theories. The discrepancy between the theories and practice in Japanese seems to be rooted in the variability across cultures in the expectation of the quantity and type of Information that should be conveyed in linguistic communication and in the variability of the motivations underlying the manifestation of politeness.
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(1989) : Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense In: Thomason, Richmond H.: Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence: Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, S. 161-190. Online verfügbar unter https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2448-2_6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2448-2_6 Abstract: This is a position paper about the relations among artificial intelligence (AI), mathematical logic and the formalization of common-sense knowledge and reasoning. It also treats other problems of concern to both AI and philosophy. I thank the editor for inviting it. The position advocated is that philosophy can contribute to AI if it treats some of its traditional subject matter in more detail and that this will advance the philosophical goals also. Actual formalisms (mostly first order languages) for expressing common-sense facts are described in the references.
Keywords: POWER -
Mitscherlich, Alexander; Strachey, James; Richards, Angela (Hg.) (1989): Sigmund Freud. Studienausgabe. 10. Frankfurt (Main): Fischer
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(1989): No Good Manners. In: Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 34 (5), S. 498-499. DOI: 10.1037/028057
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/028057 Abstract: Reviews the book, Philosophy of Psychology by Mario Bunge and Ruben Ardila (1987). Bunge and Ardila's book, although it has nothing to do with resemblances between ants and bees, deals with such central, even crucial matters that are often hidden in psychology. It starts by listing an impressive set of usually tacit philosophical principles involved in psychological research. Bunge does not handle psychologists with excessive tact. After discussing their hidden prejudices, he expands on irrelevant approaches such as mentalism and behaviorism, and then undertakes a defense and illustration of biopsychology, which is bound to please only the few psychologists who are engaged in such direction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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Nave-Herz, Rosemarie (1989): Handbuch der Familien- und Jugendforschung. Familienforschung. Neuwied [u.a.]: Luchterhand
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(1989): Der kurze Atem der Provokation. In: KOLNER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SOZIOLOGIE UND SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE 41 (1), S. 33-52
Abstract: Describes provocation from a sociological perspective as a pattern of interaction in social movements. The general structural properties of provocation are outlined: breaking of a norm, surprise, conflict orientation, reaction dependencies, and exposure. Provocation is described as an essential method of delegitimizing power. The role of provocation in the dynamics of social movements is discussed, focusing on the balance between affective processes of community and rational consensus. Aus soziologischer Perspektive werden Provokationen als Handlungsmuster sozialer Bewegungen analysiert. Zunachst werden allgemeine Strukturmerkmale der Provokation (Normbruch, Uberraschung, Konfliktorientierung, Reaktionsangewiesenheit, Entlarvung) beschrieben. Provokationen werden als eine zentrale Methode der Delegitimierung von Macht charakterisiert. Anschliessend wird die Bedeutung von Provokationen fur die Interaktionsdynamik sozialer Bewegungen diskutiert. Im Zentrum steht dabei das Spannungsverhaltnis von affektiver Vergemeinschaftung und rationaler Konsensbildung, die als zwei unterschiedliche Integrationsmodi der Bewegung eingefuhrt werden. zitiert von 49
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(1989): The Kognos Principle. On the Dynamics of Self-Organizing Economic and Social Systems. In: Philosophy and History 22 (1). DOI: 10.5840/philhist19892211
Abstract: [-]
Keywords: Ohne Abstract oder Text