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2017
Tibayrenc, Michel; Ayala, Francisco José (Hg.) (2017): On human nature. Biology, psychology, ethics, politics, and religion. Amsterdam; Boston; Heidelberg; London; New York; Oxford; Paris; San Diego; San Francisco; Singapore; Sydney; Tokio: Academic Press an imprint of Elsevier

Keywords: Anthropology of religion, Biological Evolution, Culture, Ethics, Evolutionary, Evolutionary Psychology, Genetische Variabilität, Hominidae, Human beings, Human evolution, Human genetics, Origin of Life, Physical anthropology, Political anthropology, Psychobiology, science direct, Selection, Genetic, Sociobiology, Soziobiologie
2010
Cela-Conde, Camilo J.; Burges, Lucrecia; Nadal, Marcos; Olivera, Antonio (2010): Altruism and fairness. Unnatural selection?. In: Comptes rendus biologies 333 (2), S. 174-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.005

DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338534

Abstract: Darwin admitted that the evolution of moral phenomena such as altruism and fairness, which are usually in opposition to the maximization of individual reproductive success, was not easily accounted for by natural selection. Later, authors have proposed additional mechanisms, including kin selection, inclusive fitness, and reciprocal altruism. In the present work, we explore the extent to which sexual selection has played a role in the appearance of human moral traits. It has been suggested that because certain moral virtues, including altruism and kindness, are sexually attractive, their evolution could have been shaped by the process of sexual selection. Our review suggests that although it is possible that sexual selection played such a role, it is difficult to determine the extent of its relevance, the specific form of this influence, and its interplay with other evolutionary mechanisms.

Keywords: Altruism, Animals, Behavior, Animal/physiology, Biological Evolution, Courtship, Evolution, Fairness, Family, Female, Group Processes, History, 19th Century, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Morals, science direct, Selection, Genetic, Social Justice, Sociobiology/history
1998
Nowak, M. A.; Sigmund, K. (1998): Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. In: Nature 393 (6685), S. 573-577. DOI: 10.1038/31225

DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634232

Abstract: Darwinian evolution has to provide an explanation for cooperative behaviour. Theories of cooperation are based on kin selection (dependent on genetic relatedness), group selection and reciprocal altruism. The idea of reciprocal altruism usually involves direct reciprocity: repeated encounters between the same individuals allow for the return of an altruistic act by the recipient. Here we present a new theoretical framework, which is based on indirect reciprocity and does not require the same two individuals ever to meet again. Individual selection can nevertheless favour cooperative strategies directed towards recipients that have helped others in the past. Cooperation pays because it confers the image of a valuable community member to the cooperating individual. We present computer simulations and analytic models that specify the conditions required for evolutionary stability of indirect reciprocity. We show that the probability of knowing the 'image' of the recipient must exceed the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act. We propose that the emergence of indirect reciprocity was a decisive step for the evolution of human societies.

Keywords: Altruism, Biological Evolution, Computer Simulation, Cooperative Behavior, Evolutionsbiologie, Good manners, Helping Behavior, Humans, Indirect reciprocity model, Indirekte Reziprozität, Interaktion, Kooperation, Mutation, Reziprozität, Selection, Genetic, Soziale Angemessenheit, Spieltheorie

2017

2010

1998

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