Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Implicit moral evaluations. A multinomial modeling approach. In: Cognition 158, S. 224-241. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.013
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865113 Abstract: Implicit moral evaluations-i.e., immediate, unintentional assessments of the wrongness of actions or persons-play a central role in supporting moral behavior in everyday life. Yet little research has employed methods that rigorously measure individual differences in implicit moral evaluations. In five experiments, we develop a new sequential priming measure-the Moral Categorization Task-and a multinomial model that decomposes judgment on this task into multiple component processes. These include implicit moral evaluations of moral transgression primes (Unintentional Judgment), accurate moral judgments about target actions (Intentional Judgment), and a directional tendency to judge actions as morally wrong (Response Bias). Speeded response deadlines reduced Intentional Judgment but not Unintentional Judgment (Experiment 1). Unintentional Judgment was stronger toward moral transgression primes than non-moral negative primes (Experiments 2-4). Intentional Judgment was associated with increased error-related negativity, a neurophysiological indicator of behavioral control (Experiment 4). Finally, people who voted for an anti-gay marriage amendment had stronger Unintentional Judgment toward gay marriage primes (Experiment 5). Across Experiments 1-4, implicit moral evaluations converged with moral personality: Unintentional Judgment about wrong primes, but not negative primes, was negatively associated with psychopathic tendencies and positively associated with moral identity and guilt proneness. Theoretical and practical applications of formal modeling for moral psychology are discussed.
Keywords: Adult, Cerebral Cortex/physiology, Cognition/physiology, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Guilt, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Judgment/physiology, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Moral, Morals, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality, Personality Assessment, science direct, Shame, Social Perception -
(2017): Moral foundations tell us why guilt induces unfair allocation in multi-party interactions. In: Asian Journal of Social Psychology 20 (3-4), S. 191-200. DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12170
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12170 Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that a sense of guilt promotes and maintains social fairness in two‐party interactions (Psychological Bulletin, 115, 1994 and 243). However, the situation is much more complex in three‐party or multi‐party interactions. De Hooge et al. (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 2011 and 462) found that guilt could not only induce pro‐social behaviour towards the victim, but also have a disadvantageous impact on a third party. In the present study, we attempt to explain how guilt promotes unfair allocations from a moral foundations perspective. We conducted two experiments using a ‘three‐party dictator game’ paradigm. Firstly, it was repeatedly verified that guilt could induce unfair allocations in three‐party interactions. Secondly, five moral foundations (harm, fairness, ingroup, hierarchy and purity) were measured. Then the moderating and main effects of these five indices on how guilt affects the fair allocati on of re sources were explored using regression analysis. The results show that competition between harm and fairness in individual traits can explain the disadvantageous effect of guilt on fair allocations: the fairness foundation promoted equality in allocation, while the harm foundation promoted victim compensation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Justifying Deviant Behavior. The Role of Attributions and Moral Emotions. In: Journal of Business Ethics 141 (4), S. 779-795. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-016-3046-5
Abstract: We present two studies investigating the impact of causal perceptions and the moral emotions of anger, shame, and guilt on the justification of deviant workplace behavior. Study 1 tests our conceptual framework using a sample of undergraduate business students; Study 2 examines a population of practicing physicians. Results varied significantly between the two samples, suggesting that individual and contextual factors play an important role in shaping the perceptual and emotional processes by which individuals form reactions to undesirable affective workplace events. Implications of these findings for the study of ethics, emotions, and attributions, as well as for promoting ethical behavior, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 9
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(2017): Disappointment expression evokes collective guilt and collective action in intergroup conflict. The moderating role of legitimacy perceptions. In: Cognition & emotion 31 (6), S. 1112-1126. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1197098
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27351316 Abstract: Research on intergroup emotions has largely focused on the experience of emotions and surprisingly little attention has been given to the expression of emotions. Drawing on the social-functional approach to emotions, we argue that in the context of intergroup conflicts, outgroup members' expression of disappointment with one's ingroup induces the complementary emotion of collective guilt and correspondingly a collective action protesting ingroup actions against the outgroup. In Study 1 conducted immediately after the 2014 Gaza war, Jewish-Israeli participants received information about outgroup's (Palestinians) expression of emotions (disappointment, fear, or none). As predicted, outgroup's expression of disappointment increased collective guilt and willingness to participate in collective action, but only among those who saw the intergroup situation as illegitimate. Moreover, collective guilt mediated the relationship between disappointment expression and collective action, moderated, again, by legitimacy perception. In Study 2, we replicated these results in the context of racial tension between Black and White Americans in the US. We discuss the theoretical and applied implications of the findings. zitiert von 7
2016
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(2016) : Moral Emotions ☆ In: Stein, John: Reference module in neuroscience and biobehavioral psychology: Place of publication not identified: Elsevier, S. 644-649
Abstract: This article reviews current theory and research on moral emotions with a particular focus on the development of moral emotions in childhood and adolescence. The development of moral emotions is central to theories and research on morality and social-emotional development. After providing definitions and outlining a key theoretical model of moral emotions, the major studies addressing the development of the various moral emotions, as well as the relations to human social behavior such as aggression and prosociality, are reviewed. Finally, educational practices aimed at enhancing the development of moral emotions are highlighted and examples of best-practice approaches are reviewed.
2015
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(2015): Anger as driving factor of moral courage in comparison with guilt and global mood. A multimethod approach. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 45 (1), S. 39-51
Abstract: Examined the roles of anger and guilt in stimulating moral courage as a response to observed norm violations and assessed the effect of global positive or negative mood on the impact of these specific moral responses. The authors hypothesized that anger and guilt drive moral courage, and that intervention strength is positively related to the strength of emotional reaction. They also hypothesized that the effects of anger are not affected by guilt feelings or by global mood. Participants were part of a real theft scenario in the laboratory. A multimethod emotion assessment compared participants' self-reports of guilt and anger online during the study and again after being debriefed (retrospective). Observer ratings of their responses during the theft scenario completed the assessment. Findings showed that only anger predicted intervention behavior. Measures of guilt and intervention strength correlated positively online, as expected. However, contrary to expectations, retrospective self-reports of guilt were unrelated to intervention strength in both phases. In Phase 2, a significant negative association between positive mood and intervention strength and a positive correlation between negative mood and intervention strength could be identified. In conclusion, findings indicate that individuals who experience and express anger more strongly appear to be able to overcome the psychological barrier of potentially negative social response and act in situations requiring fast and immediate intervention. zitiert von: 14
Keywords: Anger, Courage, Emotional States, Guilt, Intervention, Moral, Morality, Personal Values, Social Influences, Social Norms, Sozialpsychologie 2014
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(2014): Emotion attribution to a non-humanoid robot in different social situations. In: PLoS one 9 (12)
Abstract: In the last few years there was an increasing interest in building companion robots that interact in a socially acceptable way with humans. In order to interact in a meaningful way a robot has to convey intentionality and emotions of some sort in order to increase believability. We suggest that human-robot interaction should be considered as a specific form of inter-specific interaction and that human–animal interaction can provide a useful biological model for designing social robots. Dogs can provide a promising biological model since during the domestication process dogs were able to adapt to the human environment and to participate in complex social interactions. In this observational study we propose to design emotionally expressive behaviour of robots using the behaviour of dogs as inspiration and to test these dog-inspired robots with humans in inter-specific context. In two experiments (wizard-of-oz scenarios) we examined humans’ ability to recognize two basic and a secondary emotion expressed by a robot. In Experiment 1 we provided our companion robot with two kinds of emotional behaviour (’happiness’ and ’fear’), and studied whether people attribute the appropriate emotion to the robot, and interact with it accordingly. In Experiment 2 we investigated whether participants tend to attribute guilty behaviour to a robot in a relevant context by examining whether relying on the robot’s greeting behaviour human participants can detect if the robot transgressed a predetermined rule. Results of Experiment 1 showed that people readily attribute emotions to a social robot and interact with it in accordance with the expressed emotional behaviour. Results of Experiment 2 showed that people are able to recognize if the robot transgressed on the basis of its greeting behaviour. In summary, our findings showed that dog-inspired behaviour is a suitable medium for making people attribute emotional states to a non-humanoid robot. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adult, Age Factors, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Animals, Attitude, Attribution, Dogs, emotional behavior, Emotions, Female, Guilt, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, non-humanoid robot, Questionnaires, Recognition (Psychology), Robotics, Sex Factors, social situation, Surveys, Young Adult 2010
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(2010) : Moralische Gefühle aus der Sicht der kognitiv-motivationalen Theorie der Emotion In: Iorio, Marco: Regel, Norm, Gesetz: Eine interdisziplinäre Bestandsaufnahme: Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]: Lang, S. 257-283
Abstract: Vor dem Hintergrund der kognitiv-motivationalen Theorie der Emotion (KMTE) werden die Entstehung und das Wesen von moralischen Gefühlen erörtert und am Beispiel von Mitleid und Schuld vertieft. Nach einer Einführung in die kognitiv-motivationale Theorie der Emotion wird darauf aufbauend ein komputationales Modell der Emotion vorgestellt, in dem eine kognitive Architektur für Überzeugungen und Wünsche in die Analyse von Emotionen einbezieht. Das Glaube-Wunsch-System der KMTE wird in dem Modell um angeborene, festverdrahtete Überwachungs- und Aktualisierungsmechanismen erweitert, die das zentrale Repräsentationssystem überprüfen. Die Anwendung dieses Modells bei der Analyse von moralischen Emotionen wird am Beispiel des Mitleids illustriert. Neben dem kognitiv-motivationalen Hintergrund werden Sympathie- und Antipathiegefühle und das intentionale Objekt des Mitleids betrachtet. Anschließend wird die Analyse normbasierter Gefühle am Beispiel der Schuld skizziert. Abschließend werden Funktionen der moralischen Gefühle aus der Sicht des komputationalen Modells der Emotion erörtert. zitiert von: 11
2009
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(2009): Angry, guilty, and conflicted: Injustice toward coworkers heightens emotional labor through cognitive and emotional mechanisms. In: Journal of Applied Psychology 94 (2), S. 429-444. DOI: 10.1037/a0013804
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013804 Abstract: This study drew on fairness theory and affective events theory to explain why individuals' emotional labor is impacted by injustice extended toward coworkers by their customers. Pairs of participants worked side by side as customer-service representatives for a simulated organization. They interacted with fair/unfair customers as well as observed face-to-face service encounters between their coworker and fair/unfair customers. Results indicated that participants' emotional labor increased both as a result of unfairness directed toward themselves as well as toward their coworkers. These effects were mediated by both discrete emotions and fairness-related counterfactual thinking and were significant even when the participants themselves had been treated fairly.
1996
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(1996): Werte und moralische Haltungen. In: Psyche (50), S. 407-443. Online verfügbar unter http://www.psyche.de
Abstract: Der Stellenwert von Werten und moralischen Haltungen wird aus psychoanalytischer Sicht erörtert. Einleitend wird darauf hingewiesen, dass S. Freud zwar noch davon ausgehen konnte, dass das Moralische sich von selbst versteht, wohingegen die heutige Psychoanalyse den Stellenwert von moralischen Haltungen und Werten als integralen Bestandteil jeglicher Erfahrung und Interaktion problematisiert. Anhand von Beispielen wird deutlich gemacht, wie Werte und moralische Haltungen sich in den motivationalen Systemen äußern, wobei insbesondere die im zweiten Lebensjahr auftauchende altruistische Orientierung und das Erleben von Schuld und/oder Scham ausführlich dargelegt werden. Es zeigt sich, dass bei der Ausformung von moralischen Haltungen und Werten weniger die Eltern, sondern vielmehr die Alters- und Geschwistergruppen und schließlich auch Geschlechtsunterschiede eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Abschließend wird anhand von zwei Fallvignetten demonstriert, wie Wert- und Moralvorstellungen von Analytiker und Analysand die analytische Interaktion mitbestimmen. Es wird eine Technik des "Tragens von Attributionen" seitens des Analytikers befürwortet, durch die eine Exploration unterschwelliger Moral- und Wertvorstellungen beider Interaktionspartner möglich wird. zitiert von: 17
1992
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(1992) : Arger-, Vorwurf- und verwandte Emotionen In: Mees, Ulrich: Psychologie des Ärgers: Göttingen: Hogrefe
Abstract: Explores anger, blame, and related emotions (such as self-directed anger and empathic indignation), specifying their constitutive characteristics, their variants, their typical action patterns, and their intensity variables. Included is a discussion of the relationship between anger and the assignment of responsibility or blame. Furthermore, perceived injustice is discussed as a frequent precursor of anger. Envy, jealousy, pain, disappointment, scorn, and hate are explicated as members of the family of anger emotions. An empirical study of intensity indicators for anger is reported. In conclusion, metaphors and metonymies of anger or rage are discussed. Arger-, Vorwurf- und "verwandte" Emotionen (wie Selbstarger und empathische Entrustung) werden in ihren konstitutiven Merkmalen, ihren Varianten, ihren typischen Handlungen und ihren Intensitatsvariablen spezifiziert. Daruber hinaus erfolgt eine Diskussion des Zusammenhangs zwischen einer Verantwortlichkeits- bzw. Schuldzuschreibung und Arger. Ferner wird die wahrgenommene Ungerechtigkeit als haufiger Anlass von Arger thematisiert. Als "Familie" der Arger-Emotionen werden Neid, Eifersucht, Leid, Enttauschung, Verachtung und Hass erortert. Ferner wird eine empirische Studie zu den Intensitatsindikatoren des Argers referiert. Abschliessend werden Metaphern und Metonymien des Argers bzw. der Wut erlautert.
Keywords: Anger, Disappointment, Emotions, Emotionsforschung, Guilt, Hate, Jealousy, Justice, responsibility, Verhaltensforschung 1989
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(1989): Intimitat. Umgang mit Scham, Peinlichkeit und Sexualitat. In: Psychomed 1 (4), S. 236-239
Abstract: Anhand ausgewahlter Beispiele werden die Facetten der personlichen Intimitat und die zur Sicherung der Privatheit zumeist ausreichenden Scham-, Schuld-, Takt- und Peinlichkeitsgefuhle erlautert. Eingegangen wird dabei auf (1) die Grundelemente der Intimisierung, (2) Intimitatsbeweise durch zugelassene Beruhrungen durch andere, (3) Verletzungen der Korperintegritat, (4) die Intimitat des Mundraumes, (5) die Schamlosigkeit, (6) das Erleben der Menstruation, (7) die Intimitat der Paarbeziehung sowie (8) den Umgang mit Sterben und Tod. zitiert von 4
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