Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Tomorrow’s human–machine design tools: From levels of automation to interdependencies. In: Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 12 (1), S. 77-82. DOI: 10.1177/1555343417736462
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1555343417736462 Abstract: The growth of sophistication in machine capabilities must go hand in hand with growth of sophistication in human–machine interaction capabilities. To continue advancement as we build today’s intelligent machines, designers need formative tools for creating sociotechnical systems. In this article, we will briefly assess the appropriateness of ’levels of automation’ as a tool for designing human–machine systems. Additionally, we present coactive design and interdependence analysis as a viable alternative tool moving forward into more advanced and sophisticated human–machine systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Automation, cognitive engineering, Collaboration, design methods, Human Factors Engineering, Human Machine Systems, Human Machine Systems Design, Human robot interaction, human–automation interaction, human–computer interaction, Human–robot interaction, level of automation, Systems Design, team design, technology -
(2018): Technology with embodied physical actions: Understanding interactions and effectiveness gains in teams working with robots. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Abstract: Teams in different areas are increasingly adopting robots to perform various mission operations. The inclusion of robots in teams has drawn consistent attention from scholars in relevant fields such as human-computer interaction (HCI) and human-robot interaction (HRI). Yet, the current literature has not fully addressed issues regarding teamwork by mainly focusing on the collaboration between a single robot and an individual. The limited scope of human-robot collaboration in the existing research hinders uncovering the mechanism of performance gains in teams that involve multiple robots and people. This dissertation research is an effort to address the issue by achieving two goals. First, this dissertation examines the impacts of interaction between human teammates alone and interaction between humans and robots on outcomes in teams working with robots. Second, I provide insight into the development of teams working with robots by examining ways to promote a team member’s intention to work with robots. In this dissertation, I conducted three studies in an endeavor to accomplish the aforementioned goals. The first study, in Chapter 2, turns to theory trust in teams to explain outcome gains in teams working with robots. This study reports result from a lab experiment, in which two people fulfilled a collaborative task using two robots. The results show that trust in robots and trust in teammates can be enhanced by a robot-building activity and team identification, respectively. The enhanced trust revealed unique impacts on different team outcomes: trust in robots increased only team performance while trust in teammates increased only satisfaction. Theoretical and practical contributions of the findings are discussed in the chapter. The second study, in Chapter 3, uncovers how team member’s efficacy beliefs interplay with team diversity to promote performance in teams working with robots. Results from a lab experiment reveal that individual operator’s performance is enhanced by team potency perception only when the team is ethnically diverse. This study contributes to theory by identifying team diversity as a limiting condition of performance gains for robot operators in teams. The third study, in Chapter 4, focuses on factors leading to the development of teams working with robots. I conducted an online experiment to examine how surface-level and deep-level similarity contribute to trust in a robotic partner and the impact of the trust on a team member’s intention to work with the robot in varying degrees of danger. This study generally shows that the possibility of danger regulates not only the positive link between the surface-level similarity and trust in robot and but also the link between intention to work with the robot and intention to replace a human teammate with the robot. Chapter 5, as a concluding chapter of this dissertation, discusses the theoretical and practical implications drawn from the three studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
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(2017): Task oriented control of a humanoid robot through the implementation of a cognitive architecture. In: Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 85 (1), S. 3-25. DOI: 10.1007/s10846-016-0383-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-016-0383-7 Abstract: This work presents a novel approach on task oriented control of a humanoid robot through the implementation of a cognitive architecture. The architecture developed here provides humanoid robots with systems that allow them to continuously learn new skills, adapt these skills to new contexts and robustly reproduce new behaviours in dynamical environments. This architecture can be thought of as a first stepping stone upon which to incrementally build more complex cognitive processes, providing this way a minimum degree of intelligence for the humanoid robot. Several experiments are conducted to prove the validity of the system and to test the operation of the architecture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Communicating intent to develop shared situation awareness and engender trust in human-agent teams. In: COGNITIVE SYSTEMS RESEARCH 46, S. 26-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.02.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.02.002 Abstract: This paper addresses issues related to integrating autonomy-enabled, intelligent agents into collaborative, human-machine teams. Interaction with intelligent machine agents capable of making independent, goal-directed decisions in human-machine teaming operations constitutes a major change from traditional human-machine interaction involving teleoperation. Communicating the machine agent’s intent to human counterparts becomes increasingly important as independent machine decisions become subject to human trust and mental models. The authors present findings from their research that suggest existing user display technologies, tailored with context-specific information and the human’s knowledge level of the machine agent’s decision process, can mitigate misperceptions of the appropriateness of agent behavioral responses. This is important because misperceptions on the part of human team members increases the likelihood of trust degradation and unnecessary interventions, ultimately leading to disuse of the agent. Examples of possible issues associated with communicating agent intent, as well as potential implications for trust calibration are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2015
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(2015): Angewandte Umweltpsychologie: Drei Interviews mit Psychologen aus dem Arbeitsbereich Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle. In: Umweltpsychologie 19 (2)
Abstract: Der Anwendungsbereich "Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle" (MMS) wird durch Interviews mit zwei Psychologinnen und einem Psychologen vorgestellt. Berichtet wird über ihren beruflichen Werdegang, ihre aktuellen Projekte, die eingesetzten Methoden und über die Herausforderungen, die technischen Umwelten so zu gestalten, dass Menschen möglichst einfach, angenehm und effektiv mit ihnen interagieren können. Es werden unter anderem die Gestaltung von Internetportalen, Mobilität und Fahrassistenzsysteme und die Möglichkeiten der Energieeinsparungen bei U-Bahnen besprochen. Fragen nach der beruflichen Identität sowie nach Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des kollegialen Austauschs runden die Gespräche ab.
2014
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(2014) : Psychophysiological feedback for adaptive human-robot interaction (HRI) In: Fairclough, Stephen H.; Gilleade, Kiel (Hg.): Advances in physiological computing: New York, NY: Springer-Verlag Publishing (Human-computer interaction series; ISSN: 1571-5035 (Print)), S. 141-167
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6392-3_7 Abstract: Recent advances in robotics and sensing have given rise to a diverse set of robots and their applications. In recent years robots have increasingly applied in the service industry, search and rescue operations and therapeutic applications. The introduction of robots to interact with humans resulted in a dedicated field called human-robot interaction (HRI). Social HRI is of particular importance as it is the main focus of this chapter. This chapter presents an affect-inspired approach for social HRI. Physiological processing together with machine learning was employed to model affective states for an adaptive social HRI and its application in social interaction in the context of autism therapy was investigated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2014) : “It Don’t Matter If You’re Black or White”? In: Jamshidi, Mo: Advance Trends in Soft Computing: Proceedings of WCSC 2013, December 16-18, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 8239: Cham: Springer (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing), S. 422-431
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02675-6_42 Abstract: Previous work shows that other people are evaluated more positively when they are perceived as part of the evaluator's ingroup. This phenomenon - ingroup bias - has been robustly documented in social psychological intergroup research. To test this effect to the domain of social robots, we conducted an experiment with 61 Caucasian (White) American participants who rated either a robot that resembled the participants' Caucasian ingroup or a social outgroup on mind perception (i.e., the attribution of agency and experience). First, we predicted that the ingroup robot would be evaluated more positively than the outgroup robot. Moreover, we assessed the Caucasian Americans' endorsement of anti-Black prejudice. Thus, second, we hypothesized interaction effects of robot type and level of prejudice on mind perception, meaning that effects of ingroup bias should be particularly pronounced under high (vs. low) levels of self-reported Anti- Black prejudice. Interestingly, we did not obtain main effects for robot type on mind perception. Contrary to our hypothesis, participants even seemed to attribute more agency and experience to the outgroup robot relative to the ingroup robot. As expected, no main effects for levels of prejudice^I ^Ron mind perception emerged. Importantly, however, we obtained the predicted interaction effects on the central dependent measures. Obviously, the interplay of design choices and user attitudes may bias anthropomorphic inferences about robot companions, posing a psychological barrier to human-robot companionship and pleasant human-robot interaction.
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(2014) : Would you like to play with me? In: Sagerer, Gerhard; Imai, Michita; Belpaeme, Tony; Thomaz, Andrea (Hg.): HRI'14: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction : March 3-6, 2014, Bielefeld, Germany. Unter Mitarbeit von Gerhard Sagerer und Michita Imai: the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference: Bielefeld, Germany: 3/3/2014 - 3/6/2014. Hri; Association for Computing Machinery; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; IEEE Robotics and Automation Society; ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 9-16
Abstract: In the present experiment, we investigated how robots' social category membership and characteristics of an HRI task affect humans' evaluative and behavioral reactions toward robots. Participants (N = 38) played a card game together with two robots, one belonging to participants' social in-group and the other one being a social out-group member. Furthermore, participants were either asked to cooperate with the in- and to compete with the out-group robot (congruent condition), or they were asked to cooperate with the out-group robot while competing with the in-group robot (incongruent condition). The results largely support our hypotheses: Participants showed more positive evaluative reactions toward the in-group (vs. the out-group) robot and they anthropomorphized it more strongly, independent of the congruency or incongruence of the HRI. Moreover, if required, participants cooperated with both the in- and the out-group robot, whereas their cooperativeness was more pronounced toward the in-group robot. Finally, participants indicated more difficulties with the HRI in the incongruent vs. the congruent condition. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
2013
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(2013): Human-like interaction skills for the mobile communication robot Robotinho. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (4), S. 549-561. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0206-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0206-y Abstract: The operation of robotic tour guides in public museums leads to a variety of interactions of these complex technical systems with humans of all ages and with different technical backgrounds. Interacting with a robot is a new experience for many visitors. An intuitive user interface, preferable one that resembles the interaction between human tour guides and visitors, simplifies the communication between robot and visitors. To allow for supportive behavior of the guided persons, predictable robot behavior is necessary. Humanoid robots are able to resemble human motions and behaviors and look familiar to human users that have not interacted with robots so far. Hence, they are particularly well suited for this purpose. In this work, we present our anthropomorphic mobile communication robot Robotinho. It is equipped with an expressive communication head to display emotions. Its multimodal dialog system incorporates gestures, facial expression, body language, and speech. We describe the behaviors that we developed for interaction with inexperienced users in a museum tour guide scenario. In contrast to prior work, Robotinho communicated with the guided persons during navigation between exhibits, not only while explaining an exhibit. We report qualitative and quantitative results from evaluations of Robotinho in RoboCup@Home competitions and in a science museum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): An Experimental Study on Emotional Reactions Towards a Robot. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (1), S. 17-34. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-012-0173-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-012-0173-8 Abstract: Although robots are starting to enter into our professional and private lives, little is known about the emotional effects which robots elicit. However, insights into this topic are an important prerequisite when discussing, for example, ethical issues regarding the question of what role we (want to) allow robots to play in our lives. In line with the Media Equation, humans may react towards robots as they do towards humans, making it all the more important to carefully investigate the preconditions and consequences of contact with robots. Based on assumptions on the socialness of reactions towards robots and anecdotal evidence of emotional attachments to robots (e. g. Klamer and BenAllouch in Trappl R. (ed.), Proceedings of EMCSR 2010, Vienna, 2010; Klamer and BenAllouch in Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI-2010), Atlanta, GA. ACM, New York, 2010; Kramer et al. in Appl. Artif. Intell. 25(6): 474-502, 2011), we conducted a study that provides further insights into the question of whether humans show emotional reactions towards Ugobe's Pleo, which is shown in different situations. We used a 2 x 2 design with one between-subjects factor "prior interaction with the robot" (never seen the robot before vs. 10-minute interaction with the robot) and a within-subject factor "type of video" (friendly interaction video vs. torture video). Following a multi-method approach, we assessed participants' physiological arousal and self-reported emotions as well as their general evaluation of the videos and the robot. In line with our hypotheses, participants showed increased physiological arousal during the reception of the torture video as compared to the normal video. They also reported fewer positive and more negative feelings after the torture video and expressed empathic concern for the robot. It appears that the acquaintance with the robot does not play a role, as "prior interaction with the robot" showed no effect.
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(2013): Ontology-based state representations for intention recognition in human–robot collaborative environments. In: Robotics and Autonomous Systems 61 (11), S. 1224-1234. DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.004 Abstract: In this paper, we describe a novel approach for representing state information for the purpose of intention recognition in cooperative human–robot environments. States are represented by a combination of spatial relationships in a Cartesian frame along with cardinal direction information. This approach is applied to a manufacturing kitting operation, where humans and robots are working together to develop kits. Based upon a set of predefined high-level state relationships that must be true for future actions to occur, a robot can use the detailed state information described in this paper to infer the probability of subsequent actions occurring. This would allow the robot to better help the human with the task or, at a minimum, better stay out of his or her way. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Bedienung & Handhabung, Environmental Effects, Human Machine Systems, human robot environments, Intention, intention recognition, Intentional Learning, Knowledge representation, Ontology (Philosophy), ontology based state representations, Recognition (Learning), Robotics, Spatial Learning, spatial relationships -
(2013): Cross-cultural perspectives on emotion expressive humanoid robotic head: Recognition of facial expressions and symbols. In: Int J of Soc Robotics 5 (4), S. 515-527. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0213-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0213-z Abstract: Emotion display through facial expressions is an important channel of communication. However, between humans there are differences in the way a meaning to facial cues is assigned, depending on the background culture. This leads to a gap in recognition rates of expressions: this problem is present when displaying a robotic face too, as a robot’s facial expression recognition is often hampered by a cultural divide, and poor scores of recognition rate may lead to poor acceptance and interaction. It would be desirable if robots could switch their output facial configuration flexibly, adapting to different cultural backgrounds. To achieve this, we made a generation system that produces facial expressions and applied it to the 24 degrees of freedom head of the humanoid social robot KOBIAN-R, and thanks to the work of illustrators and cartoonists, the system can generate two versions of the same expression, in order to be easily recognisable by both Japanese and Western subjects. As a tool for making recognition easier, the display of Japanese comic symbols on the robotic face has also been introduced and evaluated. In this work, we conducted a cross-cultural study aimed at assessing this gap in recognition and finding solutions for it. The investigation was extended to Egyptian subjects too, as a sample of another different culture. Results confirmed the differences in recognition rates, the effectiveness of customising expressions, and the usefulness of symbols display, thereby suggesting that this approach might be valuable for robots that in the future will interact in a multicultural environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2012
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(2012): What is the appropriate speech rate for a communication robot?. In: Interaction Studies: Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems 13 (3), S. 408-435. DOI: 10.1075/is.13.3.05shi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/is.13.3.05shi Abstract: This study investigates the influence of a robot’s speech rate. In human communication, slow speech is considered boring, speech at normal speed is perceived as credible, and fast speech is perceived as competent. To seek the appropriate speech rate for robots, we test whether these tendencies are replicated in human-robot interaction by conducting an experiment with four rates of speech: fast, normal, moderately slow, and slow. Our experimental results reveal a rather surprising trend. Participants prefer normal and moderately slow speech to fast speech. A robot that provides normal or moderately slow speech is perceived as competent. We further study how context affects this perception. In a situation where the robot and participants talk while walking, we found that slow speech was the most comprehensible. In addition, slow speech is subjectively perceived as good as moderately slow and normal speech. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2011
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(2011): Robots without faces: Non-verbal social human-robot interaction. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Abstract: Non-facial and non-verbal methods of affective expression are essential for naturalistic social interaction in robots that are designed to be functional and lack expressive faces (appearance-constrained) such as those used in search and rescue, law enforcement, and military applications. This research identifies five main methods of non-facial and non-verbal affective expression (body movement, posture, orientation, color, and sound). From the psychology, computer science, and robotics literature a set of prescriptive recommendations was distilled for the appropriate nonfacial and non-verbal affective expression methods for each of three proximity zones of interest (intimate: contact–0.46 m, personal: 0.46–1.22 m, and social: 1.22–3.66 m). These recommendations serve as design guidelines for adding retroactively affective expression through software with minimal or no physical modifications to a robot or designing a new robot. This benefits both the human-robot interaction (HRI) and robotics communities. A large-scale, complex human-robot study was conducted to verify these design guidelines using 128 participants, and four methods of evaluation (self-assessments, psychophysiological measures, behavioral observations, and structured interviews) for convergent validity. The study was conducted in a high-fidelity, confined-space simulated disaster site with all robot interactions performed in the dark. This research investigated whether the use of non-facial and non-verbal affective expression provided a mechanism for naturalistic social interaction between a functional, appearance-constrained robot and the human with which it interacted. As part of this research study, the valence and arousal dimensions of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) were validated for use as an assessment tool for future HRI human-robot studies. Also presented is a set of practical recommendations for designing, planning, and executing a successful, large-scale complex human-robot study using appropriate sample sizes and multiple methods of evaluation for validity and reliability in HRI studies. As evidenced by the results, humans were calmer with robots that exhibited non-facial and non-verbal affective expressions for social human-robot interactions in urban search and rescue applications. The results also indicated that humans calibrated their responses to robots based on their first robot encounter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2011): Problems and issues for service robots in new applications. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 3 (3), S. 299-312. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-011-0097-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-011-0097-8 Abstract: Service robots give the possibility of new fields of applications for Robotics by wide spreading robots also into no technical areas. But requirements and goals need to be carefully revised both in designing and operating specific solutions. In this paper, main aspects and challenges are discussed both as problems and advantages in using robots in service operations for new areas of applications, by taking particular attention to non engineering aspects that are deduced from new service areas. In particular, two novel applications, with direct experience of the author and his team, are discussed as referring to robots for restoration activity of historical goods, and robots for physiotherapy rehabilitation and training, as examples with many very different aspects and backgrounds, but even with common issues. Key problems for developing service robots for a successful acceptance and use by even no technical users can be considered in terms of specific technical problems for low-cost user-oriented operation systems, but mainly in terms of implications for human-machine interactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2006
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(2006): “Social Robotics” und Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 37 (4), S. 219-231. DOI: 10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.219
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.219 Abstract: Aus aktuellen Entwicklungen zur Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (MMI), insbesondere auf dem Feld der Social Robotics, entstehen neuartige Perspektiven für die sozialpsychologische Forschung. Da Computer und Roboter sich in besonderem Maße als Objekte einer Anthropomorphisierung eignen, sollten psychologische Zugänge auch in diesem Forschungsfeld hilfreich sein. Ausgehend von Unterscheidungen zwischen verschiedenen Typen dieser Maschinen werden mögliche Beiträge der Sozialpsychologie zur interdisziplinären Forschung und Entwicklung skizziert. Vorliegende Befunde zur sozialen Dimension der MMI werden vorgestellt und diskutiert, nämlich das Forschungsprogramm "Computer als soziale Akteure" sowie Ansätze zur Menschenähnlichkeit der Maschine als unabhängiger und abhängiger Variablen. Abschließend werden spezifische Themen für die zukünftige sozialpsychologische Forschung in drei klassischen Bereichen (Urteilsprozesse im Kontext der MMI, "interpersonelle" Prozesse, Intergruppenbeziehungen) vorgeschlagen.
2005
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(2005): Assistance in human–machine interaction: a conceptual framework and a proposal for a taxonomy. In: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 6 (2), S. 129-155. DOI: 10.1080/1463922042000295669
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922042000295669 Abstract: Many interactive systems offer assistance when users have difficulties in operating or using them. In spite of the overwhelming variety of assistance techniques available, it is often unclear what type of assistance is really needed and how special assistance functions should be designed. The first step towards theoretically solid design decisions is a conceptual framework and a comprehensive taxonomy of assistance. The present paper proposes to define assistance as access to machine functions and provides a taxonomy based mainly on action stages to be assisted. These stages are: (1) motivation, activation, and goal setting; (2) perception; (3) information integration, generating situation awareness; (4) decision-making, action selection; (5) action execution; and (6) processing feedback of action results. In analogy to social assistance, various types of technical assistance are assigned to the 6 action stages. Adjustment, initiative, presentation media, and input modality are also discussed as additional dimensions to classify assistance.
1985
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(1985): Sozialisation in einer computerisierten Welt. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag. In: Zeitschrift fur Sozialisationsforschung und Erziehungssoziologie 5 (2), S. 255-269
Abstract: Reviews the works of several authors who suggest that interaction with computers may have socializing effects on humans. Some of the problems of assessing these effects are discussed. In view of Vygotsky's and G. H. Mead's theories that thinking is the result of internalized verbal communication and assuming that the social competence of computers will remain restricted compared to that of humans, it is argued that in the long run the socializing effects of computerizing everyday life may be a restriction of thought and a decline or even complete loss of social competence in the fields of language, pragmatic communication, and morality. Nach Explikation einiger methodischer Probleme und der Zusammenfassung einiger Beobachtungen uber das Verhalten von Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen wird die These entfaltet, dass unter den hypothetischen Bedingungen einer in allen Lebensbereichen computerisierten Gesellschaft durch die sozialisatorischen Effekte der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion bei systematischer Beschranktheit der Computer langfristig eine Reduktion menschlicher Interaktions- und Kommuniaktionsfahigkeit, insbesondere in den Sinngehalten der Sprache, im pragmatischen Gebrauch der Sprache und in der Moralitat eintreten wird. zitiert von 9
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