poliTE-Literatur-Datenbank

Beckes, Lane; Simons, Kailey; Lewis, Danielle; Le, Anthony; Edwards, Weston (2016): Desperately Seeking Support. In: Social Psychological and Personality Science 8 (2), S. 229-238. DOI: 10.1177/1948550616671402

Abstract: Much is unknown about adult attachment style formation. We investigate whether negative reinforcement schedules promote hallmark features of secure and anxious attachment styles in a shock threat support-seeking paradigm. Participants ostensibly asked for help from another participant seated in another room. Each time a shock threat signal appeared they were to press a button to indicate their need for help. The supporter could then stop the imminent shock. The reliability of the supporters was varied such that some supporters were consistent (continuous reinforcement) whereas others were inconsistent (variable ratio reinforcement). Results indicated that inconsistently responsive others, reinforcing on a variable ratio schedule, led to heightened approach-related attentional biases toward the supporter, measured by event-related potentials, increased positive attachment associations with the supporter, implicitly measured via a lexical decision task, and more negative explicit evaluations of the supporter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 3

Keywords: Attachment Behavior, Lexical Decision, Negative Reinforcement, Reinforcement, Social Support, Verhaltensforschung

Mussweiler, Thomas; Ruter, Katja (2003): What friends are for! The use of routine standards in social comparison. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 85 (3), S. 467-481

Abstract: Investigated the use of routine standards of social comparison in self-evaluation. Experiments 1-3 studied whether information about subjects' best friends is used as a routine standard and is therefore more accessible immediately after self-evaluative judgments. A lexical-decision task was performed by 36 college students in Experiment 1 after they had evaluated themselves or a well-known celebrity on several dimensions. Lexical decisions for the best friend's name (but not the name of a former friend) were facilitated after self-evaluation. Experiment 2 required 33 college students to evaluate a best friend or former friend immediately after self-evaluation on the same dimensions, and showed faster response times for friends compared to former friends. This response advantage resulted even in Experiment 3, where 58 college students rated their best friend on dimensions on which they considered themselves dissimilar. The role of an experimentally created routine standard was studied in Experiment 4: 28 college students received information about two fictitious persons either immediately before self-evaluations (routine standard) or in an isolated format (non-routine standard). Results showed an influence of the routine standard on self-evaluation. It is concluded that in self-evaluation, individuals activate information about persons they routinely compare themselves with. The use of routine standards in social comparison is considered an efficient strategy in self-evaluation. Moreover, implications for social comparison theory, the mechanisms of forming and using routine standards, as well as the limits or routine standard use are outlined. zitiert von 138

Keywords: Cognitive Processes, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, heuristics, Lexical Decision, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Reaction Time, Routines, Self Evaluation, Social Comparison, Sozialpsychologie

Bowles, N. L.; Poon, L. W. (1988): Age and context effects in lexical decision. An age by context interaction. In: Experimental aging research 14 (4), S. 201-205. DOI: 10.1080/03610738808259748

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03610738808259748

Abstract: The present experiment demonstrates greater priming effects in a lexical decision task for older adults than for younger adults. Thirty-six older adults and thirty-six younger adults participated in a lexical decision experiment in which primes were category names and related targets were category exemplars that varied in category dominance. This manipulation of category dominance was intended to limit the predictability of target words based on prime words. Results showed that older adults had significantly greater priming effects than did younger adults. This outcome represents a departure from most studies of age effects on priming in lexical decision. It is suggested that older adults make greater use of context than younger adults when the context is of limited predictive value. zitiert von 38

Keywords: age differences, Context, Contextual Associations, Gerontologie, Lexical Decision, Priming