Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Communication of anger versus disappointment in bargaining and the moderating role of power. In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 32. DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2079
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2079 Abstract: Emotional expressions can have a pervasive impact on bargaining behavior and outcomes. This widely documented phenomenon implies that in their communications, bargainers may adjust their apparent emotions. In the current paper, we developed a paradigm to study the communication of anger and disappointment, two of the most commonly experienced emotions in bargaining. The results of three experiments show that bargainers often adjust the intensity of their emotions in their communicated emotions. The findings show a differentiated pattern, revealing that bargainers rather exaggerate their disappointment than their anger, especially when the target of their communication is in a high power position. The results are discussed and related to the social functional approach of emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
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(2017): Disappointment expression evokes collective guilt and collective action in intergroup conflict. The moderating role of legitimacy perceptions. In: Cognition & emotion 31 (6), S. 1112-1126. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1197098
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27351316 Abstract: Research on intergroup emotions has largely focused on the experience of emotions and surprisingly little attention has been given to the expression of emotions. Drawing on the social-functional approach to emotions, we argue that in the context of intergroup conflicts, outgroup members' expression of disappointment with one's ingroup induces the complementary emotion of collective guilt and correspondingly a collective action protesting ingroup actions against the outgroup. In Study 1 conducted immediately after the 2014 Gaza war, Jewish-Israeli participants received information about outgroup's (Palestinians) expression of emotions (disappointment, fear, or none). As predicted, outgroup's expression of disappointment increased collective guilt and willingness to participate in collective action, but only among those who saw the intergroup situation as illegitimate. Moreover, collective guilt mediated the relationship between disappointment expression and collective action, moderated, again, by legitimacy perception. In Study 2, we replicated these results in the context of racial tension between Black and White Americans in the US. We discuss the theoretical and applied implications of the findings. zitiert von 7
2015
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(2015): Trust me (or not). Regret and disappointment in experimental economic games. In: Decision 2 (2), S. 118-126. DOI: 10.1037/dec0000025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/dec0000025 Abstract: Emotional states exert an influence on trust and the reciprocation of trust. The current research found that regret and disappointment, though both negatively valenced, have distinct effects on trust (and trustworthiness). Three experiments showed that regret decreased trust and trustworthiness, whereas disappointment increased them. Regret elicited both lower initial transfers and returns in a trust game. Conversely, disappointment gave rise to both higher initial transfers and returns in the same game. The implications of our results are discussed. The findings once again demonstrate that emotions play a crucial role on decision-making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 19
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(2015): How emotional expressions shape prosocial behavior. Interpersonal effects of anger and disappointment on compliance with requests. In: Motivation and Emotion 39 (1), S. 128-141. DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9421-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9421-6 Abstract: People often express emotion to influence others, for instance when making a request. Yet, surprisingly little is known about how such emotional expressions shape compliance. We investigated the interpersonal effects of anger and disappointment on compliance with requests. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants were more willing to offer help and donate to charity when a request was accompanied by disappointment rather than anger or no emotion. In Experiment 3, which involved a behavioral paradigm, emotional expressions trumped the effect of an explicit descriptive norm: Expressions of disappointment fostered generosity despite a non-generous norm, and expressions of anger undermined generosity despite a generous norm. Mediation analyses in Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that disappointment was more effective than anger in eliciting compliance because it was perceived as more appropriate for the context. Findings are discussed in relation to theorizing on social influence and the soc ial functions of emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 25
2014
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(2014): Frustration and disappointment. In: Journal of Child Psychotherapy 40 (1), S. 36-57. DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2014.883136
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0075417X.2014.883136 Abstract: The paper describes research on children’s responses to failures of gratification. Although this has always been an important area of consideration in psychoanalytic thinking, arguments are put forward for the child’s actual feelings of disappointment being significant in ways that have yet to be fully realised theoretically and clinically within Kleinian object relations. Since Freud first used the term ‘frustration’, it has been applied in psychoanalysis as a means by which to describe in an undifferentiated way all those responses to failures of gratification that have an aggressive content. It will be argued that, in a context of the historical shift in thinking from drive to relational models, there is now perhaps scope to posit the existence instead of two discrete object relational positions towards such failures of aim—that frustrated responses can be differentiated in important structural and developmental ways from disappointed ones, by suggesting that the for mer are schizoid, whilst the latter are depressive in quality. To try and begin to test the hypothesis that there might be an object relational distinction between feelings of frustration and feelings of disappointment, selected process notes from two training cases became the subject of a combined piece of clinical and theoretical research. I will outline how this research was undertaken and present the findings that arose from the clinical part of it. With the use of a content analysis, a method for gathering interesting quantitative data about the children’s various responses to the failures of gratification was arrived at. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2013
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Schweitzer, Jochen (2013): Systemisches Demografiemanagement. Wie kommt Neues zum Älterwerden ins Unternehmen?. [s.l.]: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Disappointment -
(2013) : Wertschätzung im Betrieb: Weshalb sie oft vermisst wird und mögliche Beiträge zu ihrem Zustandekommen In: Schweitzer, Jochen: Systemisches Demografiemanagement: Wie kommt Neues zum Älterwerden ins Unternehmen?: [s.l.]: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, S. 87-104
Abstract: Ausgehend von der Feststellung, dass einerseits Wertschätzung häufig als wichtiger Aspekt der Mitarbeiterführung angesehen wird und dass andererseits fast noch häufiger vom Fehlen dieser Wertschätzung berichtet wird, wird der Frage nach den Gründen für dieses "Wertschätzungsparadox" nachgegangen, und es wird erörtert, wie Führungskräfte und Berater in Unternehmen damit umgehen können. Basierend auf Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen wird zunächst erkundet, was Mitarbeiter in Unternehmen überhaupt als Wertschätzung empfinden ("Woran würden Sie merken, dass Sie wertgeschätzt werden?"). Hier werden die individuellen Erwartungen der Organisationsmitglieder offengelegt. In der Konfrontation mit Gedanken aus N. Luhmanns Organisationstheorie wird ersichtlich, an welcher Stelle Konflikte entstehen und Enttäuschungen vorprogrammiert sind. Daraus lassen sich unmittelbar Konsequenzen für die organisationale Praxis ableiten. Die zweite Perspektive analysiert die kommunikativen Folgen des proklamierten Wertschätzungsdefizits. Gerade für das Coaching von Führungskräften, Teamberatungen und Supervisionsaufträge wird diese Perspektive für bedeutsam erachtet. zitiert von 4
2012
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(2012): Emotion and the construal of social situations. Inferences of cooperation versus competition from expressions of anger, happiness, and disappointment. In: Cognition & emotion 26 (3), S. 442-461. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.648174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.648174 Abstract: The notion that emotional expressions regulate social life by providing information is gaining popularity. Prior research on the effects of emotional expressions on observers' inferential processes has focused mostly on inferences regarding the personality traits of the expresser, such as dominance and affiliation. We extend this line of research by exploring the possibility that emotional expressions shape observers' construal of social situations. Across three vignette studies, an interaction partner's expressions of anger, compared to expressions of happiness or disappointment, led observers to construe hypothetical situations as less cooperative, both in dyads and groups. These effects occurred even when factual information regarding the cooperativeness or competitiveness of the situation was provided, attesting to the power of emotional expressions in shaping the construal of social situations. Results are discussed in relation to appraisal theory, reverse appraisals, emotions as social information theory, and the emergence of cooperation in groups and cultures. ztiert von 58
2011
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(2011): The impact of disappointment in decision making. Inter-individual differences and electrical neuroimaging. In: Frontiers in human neuroscience 4. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00235
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00235 Abstract: Disappointment, the emotion experienced when faced to reward prediction errors (RPEs), considerably impacts decision making (DM). Individuals tend to modify their behavior in an often unpredictable way just to avoid experiencing negative emotions. Despite its importance, disappointment remains much less studied than regret and its impact on upcoming decisions largely unexplored. Here, we adapted the Trust Game to effectively elicit, quantify, and isolate disappointment by relying on the formal definition provided by Bell's in economics. We evaluated the effects of experienced disappointment and elation on future cooperation and trust as well as the rationality and utility of the different behavioral and neural mechanisms used to cope with disappointment. All participants in our game trusted less and particularly expected less from unknown opponents as a result of disappointing outcomes in the previous trial but not necessarily after elation indicating that behavioral consequences of positive and negative RPEs are not the same. A large variance in the tolerance to disappointment was observed across subjects, with some participants needing only a small disappointment to impulsively bias their subsequent decisions. As revealed by high-density EEG recordings the most tolerant individuals - who thought twice before making a decision and earned more money - relied on different neural generators to contend with neutral and unexpected outcomes. This study thus provides some support to the idea that different neural systems underlie reflexive and reflective decisions within the same individuals as predicted by the dual-system theory of social judgment and DM. zitiert von 16
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(2011): The communication of anger and disappointment helps to establish cooperation through indirect reciprocity. In: Journal of Economic Psychology 32 (3), S. 489-501. DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.016
Abstract: Abstract Indirect reciprocity is cooperation through reputation: third parties cooperate with those known to cooperate and defect against those known to defect. Defection, then, can have the unjust motive of greed or the just motive of retaliation. To establish cooperation, observers should distinguish both motives for defection and respond more cooperatively to the latter. We propose that the expression of emotions may facilitate this inferential process. Indeed, in two laboratory studies participants inferred that defection out of anger or disappointment was a just response to a defector and they responded more cooperatively than when no emotion was communicated. Moreover, participants inferred that defectors who evoked disappointment instead of anger had a relatively positive reputation. We conclude that emotions help establish cooperation through indirect reciprocity. Highlights ► Anger and disappointment signal who have defected in indirect reciprocity. ► Expressing anger or disappointment helps justify one’s defection against a defector. ► Defection out of anger or disappointment elicits relatively cooperative responses. ► Disappointment signals that a defector’s reputation is more positive than does anger. ► Anger and disappointment function as lubricants of indirect reciprocity. zitiert von 19
2009
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(2009): Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment.. In: NEUROIMAGE 47 (4), S. 2031-2040, zuletzt geprüft am 07.07.2018
Abstract: Both affective neuroscience and decision science focus on the role of emotions in decisions. Regret and disappointment are emotions experienced with negative decision outcomes. The present research examines the neural substrates of regret and disappointment as well as the role of regret and disappointment in decision making. Experiment 1 compared the subjective experience of regret and disappointment. Participants selected one of two gambles and received different types of feedback during the outcome phase. Despite identical nominal losses, regret induced a more intense dislike of the outcomes and a stronger desire to switch choices than disappointment. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, Experiment 2 examined the neural correlates of regret and disappointment. Both regret and disappointment activated anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex relative to fixation, with greater activation in regret than in disappointment. In contrast to disappointment, reg ret also showed enhanced activation in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. These findings suggest that regret and disappointment, emotions experienced during decision-related loss, share a general neural network but differ in both the magnitude of subjective feelings and with regret activating some regions with greater intensity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 109
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(2009): Behavioral and emotional consequences of brief delays in human–computer interaction. In: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 67 (7), S. 561-570. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.02.004
Abstract: Evaluated negative effects of computer processing delays on user performance and emotional states. Specifically, it is proposed that unpredictable, sporadic, and random delays typical of modern computers inhibit the proficiency of human-computer interaction (HCI) and result in user performance decrements as well as negative emotional states such as job dissatisfaction, frustration and stress. The authors tested these effects by introducing a paradigm program designed to replicate the flow of user proficiency in the form of a computer game. The game was designed to provide a user interface (UI) under two conditions: a delay condition and a no-delay condition. 16 participants (age range 19-58 years) were recruited to play the game and respond to an in-game and postgame questionnaire to assess the effects of delays on their emotional states. Additionally, user reaction times (RTs) and error rates were measured. Results confirmed that user performance was significantly less proficient as a result of sporadic, brief delays. Error rates more than doubled and reaction times were prolonged by 33 ms for responses directly following the delay. Assessment of the questionnaires revealed that the participants felt annoyed by the delays and were frustrated in their attempts to achieve their goals. In conclusion, the findings suggest that UIs should be designed to minimize the occurrence of delays which hinder the proficiency of HCI. zitiert von 64
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(2009): How emotion communication guides reciprocity. Establishing cooperation through disappointment and anger. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (4), S. 987-990. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.010
Abstract: Emotions fulfill many social functions, but data on their essential function of establishing cooperation are lacking. We investigated how communicating anger and disappointment guides reciprocal cooperative behavior. Although anger may force cooperation by announcing retaliation, we predicted that communicating disappointment was less likely to backfire. A laboratory study in which participants played against the reciprocal strategy of tit-for-tat showed that communicated disappointment established more cooperation than did anger. This effect also carried over to future cooperation decisions. Partners communicating disappointment evoked less anger, were evaluated more positively and as forgiving rather than retaliatory. Communication of disappointment thus appears conducive to establishing mutually beneficial relationships. zitiert von 44
2008
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(2008): The Regret and Disappointment Scale: An instrument for assessing regret and disappointment in decision making.. In: udgment and Decision Making 3 (1), S. 87-99, zuletzt geprüft am 07.07.2018
Abstract: The present article investigates the effectiveness of methods traditionally used to distinguish between the emotions of regret and disappointment and presents a new method--the Regret and Disappointment Scale (RDS)--for assessing the two emotions in decision making research. The validity of the RDS was tested in three studies. Study 1 used two scenarios, one prototypical of regret and the other of disappointment, to test and compare traditional methods ('How much regret do you feel' and 'How much disappointment do you feel') with the RDS. Results showed that only the RDS clearly differentiated between the constructs of regret and disappointment. Study 2 confirmed the validity of the RDS in a real-life scenario, in which both feelings of regret and disappointment could be experienced. Study 2 also demonstrated that the RDS can discriminate between regret and disappointment with results similar to those obtained by using a context-specific scale. Study 3 showed the advantag es of th e RDS over the traditional methods in gambling situations commonly used in decision making research, and provided evidence for the convergent validity of the RDS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 42
2007
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(2007): Disappointment for others. In: Cognition & emotion 21 (7), S. 1565-1576. DOI: 10.1080/02699930701201923
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701201923 Abstract: Two studies examined when and why people experience disappointment for others. Study 1 demonstrated that participants reported disappointment for another's outcome only when the outcome had strong personal implications. Study 2 demonstrated that self-image concerns rather than empathy or resource concerns mediated the experience of disappointment for others. Collectively, these findings suggest that people experience disappointment for others when those outcomes implicate the self-image. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 8
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(2007): Negative Soziale Unterstützung bei der Bewältigung von Lebensbelastungen. In: Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie 15 (2), S. 43-56. DOI: 10.1026/0943-8149.15.2.43
Abstract: Neben unterstützendem Verhalten müssen durch Lebensereignisse Belastete immer auch mit belastenden Reaktionen aus ihrer Umwelt rechnen. Dieses Phänomen und seine Effekte wurden konzeptuell und empirisch analysiert. Es wird über eine retrospektive Lebensereignisstudie mit 224 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern berichtet, bei der u. a. negative und positive Unterstützungsformen erhoben wurden. Explorative Hauptkomponentenanalysen erbrachten vier gut interpretierbare und mit den konzeptuellen Analysen übereinstimmende Faktoren negativer Unterstützung (Kritik und Abwertung, Diskriminierung und Feindseligkeit, Enttäuschung und nicht ernst nehmen, Einmischung und übertriebene Sorge), wobei übertriebene und mangelnde Unterstützung (Einmischung/übertriebene Sorge, Enttäuschung/nicht ernst nehmen) häufiger vorkamen als die beiden aggressiveren Formen (Kritik und Abwertung, Diskriminierung und Feindseligkeit). Letztere waren mit schlechterem Bewältigungserfolg, geringerem Selbstwert und schlechterem Befinden am Ende des Lebensereignisses assoziiert. Mediator- und Moderatoranalysen zeigten, dass diese Effekte zum Teil durch die initiale Reaktion auf das belastende Ereignis vermittelt wurden, insofern solche Personen ein hohes Maß an Negativunterstützung erlebten, die initial intensiv und eher negativ auf das Ereignis reagierten. Das Ausmaß erhaltener positiver Unterstützung konnte diese Effekte puffern. Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, negativer Unterstützung bei präventiven Maßnahmen vermehrte Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. zitiert von 17
2006
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(2006): Unfair treatment and revenge taking. The roles of collective identification and feelings of disappointment. In: Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 10 (3), S. 220-232. DOI: 10.1037/1089-2699.10.3.220
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.10.3.220 Abstract: In the present research, we examine how procedural justice predicts acts of revenge as a function of members' sense of collective identification. A first scenario study showed that high identifiers expect their own group to be more fair and just than low identifiers, and if this is not the case, they exhibit higher levels of disappointment. A second scenario study showed that unfair procedures (relative to fair procedures) led to acts of revenge, but mainly so when collective identification was high rather than low. In addition, the level of disappointment that members experienced was found to mediate (at least partly) this interactive effect on revenge. A third laboratory study replicated the interactive finding of Study 2. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 57
2003
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(2003): Viele Wege führen aus der Sackgasse. Lebensenttäuschungen durch Nicht-Ereignisse - Eine Chance zur persönlichen Entwicklung?. In: Report Psychologie 28 (10), S. 584-593. Online verfügbar unter http://www.report-psychologie.de/, zuletzt geprüft am 06.07.2018
Abstract: Es werden Bewältigungsprozesse von existenziellen Krisen untersucht, die durch "Nicht-Ereignisse" hervorgerufen werden, d. h. durch Lebensenttäuschungen aufgrund des dauerhaften Ausbleibens erwünschter Ereignisse oder des Nichterreichens von bedeutsamen Lebenszielen. Befragt wurden 40 Personen, die in den vergangenen fünf Jahren ein gravierendes Nicht-Ereignis verarbeitet hatten, etwa ungewollte Kinderlosigkeit oder eine ausgebliebene berufliche Karriere. Derartige Krisen können sich über Jahre hinziehen. Der Loslösungs- und Bewältigungsprozess wurde durch Anstöße von anderen Personen oder durch innere Prozesse wie eine Bilanzierung der eigenen Situation ausgelöst. Bei der Bewältigung konnten kognitive und emotionale Verarbeitungsprozesse, soziale Unterstützung, aktionale Verarbeitung (Ersatzaktivitäten) und pragmatisches Handeln als Prozesshilfen gefunden werden. Alle Befragten berichteten von Entwicklungsgewinnen aufgrund der Krise und ihrer Bewältigung, wobei sich mehr als die Hälfte der Aussagen auf die "Selbstentwicklung" (Selbsterkenntnis, Selbstwahrnehmung, Selbstvertrauen u. a. ) bezogen. Ein weiterer Aspekt war der Zuwachs an kognitiven und kreativen, emotionalen, sozialen und lebenspraktischen Fähigkeiten und Haltungen. Die Lebenskrisen hatten bei fast drei Viertel der Betroffenen Fragen nach einem versteckten Sinn der spezifischen Erfahrung und die Beschäftigung mit einer generellen existenziellen Sinnfrage ausgelöst oder aktiviert. zitiert von 3
1997
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(1997): Enttäuschung — ein affektives Muster und seine klinische Bedeutung. In: Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse 43 (2), S. 101-118
Abstract: The affective pattern of disappointment, which is hardly ever mentioned in psychology of emotions, plays an important role in psychotherapy. Based on a survey of 220 out-patients from a psychosomatic clinic this article first describes the emotional and interactional aspects of the process of being disappointed and its frequency, before breaking down the patient's subjective experience in a qualitative evaluation. disappointments regarding expectations of important others and of oneself, especially in the case when achievement efforts or love relationships fail, or specific burdening family experiences are of special significance. Disappointment and coping with it are interpreted psychodynamically as a process. The clinical significance of this is shown with the psychodynamics of somatisation disorders. Remarks on coping psychotherapeutically with the topic of disappointment conclude the article. Das in der Emotionspsychologie kaum erwähnte affektive Muster der Enttäuschung spielt in der Psychotherapie eine wichtige Rolle. Auf der Grundlage einer Befragung von 220 ambulanten Patienten einer Psychosomatischen Klinik beschreibt der vorliegende Beitrag zunächst die emotionalen und interaktionellen Aspekte des Enttäuschungsgeschehens und ihre Häufigkeit, ehe er in einer qualitativen Auswertung das subjektive Erleben der Patienten aufschlüsselt. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind Enttäuschungen bezüglich der an wichtige Andere und an die eigene Person gerichteten Erwartungen, speziell des Scheiterns in Leistungsbemühungen und in Liebesbeziehungen sowie spezifisch belastender familiärer Erfahrungen. Enttäuschung und ihre Verarbeitung werden als ein prozeßhaftes Geschehen psychodynamisch interpretiert. Die klinische Bedeutung dieses Vorgangs wird an der Psychodynamik der Somatisierungsstörung aufgezeigt. Hinweise auf die psychotherapeutische Bearbeitung der Enttäuschungsthematik schließen den Beitrag ab. zitiert von 5
1992
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Mees, Ulrich (1992): Psychologie des Ärgers. Göttingen: Hogrefe
Keywords: Disappointment -
(1992) : Arger-, Vorwurf- und verwandte Emotionen In: Mees, Ulrich: Psychologie des Ärgers: Göttingen: Hogrefe
Abstract: Explores anger, blame, and related emotions (such as self-directed anger and empathic indignation), specifying their constitutive characteristics, their variants, their typical action patterns, and their intensity variables. Included is a discussion of the relationship between anger and the assignment of responsibility or blame. Furthermore, perceived injustice is discussed as a frequent precursor of anger. Envy, jealousy, pain, disappointment, scorn, and hate are explicated as members of the family of anger emotions. An empirical study of intensity indicators for anger is reported. In conclusion, metaphors and metonymies of anger or rage are discussed. Arger-, Vorwurf- und "verwandte" Emotionen (wie Selbstarger und empathische Entrustung) werden in ihren konstitutiven Merkmalen, ihren Varianten, ihren typischen Handlungen und ihren Intensitatsvariablen spezifiziert. Daruber hinaus erfolgt eine Diskussion des Zusammenhangs zwischen einer Verantwortlichkeits- bzw. Schuldzuschreibung und Arger. Ferner wird die wahrgenommene Ungerechtigkeit als haufiger Anlass von Arger thematisiert. Als "Familie" der Arger-Emotionen werden Neid, Eifersucht, Leid, Enttauschung, Verachtung und Hass erortert. Ferner wird eine empirische Studie zu den Intensitatsindikatoren des Argers referiert. Abschliessend werden Metaphern und Metonymien des Argers bzw. der Wut erlautert.
Keywords: Anger, Disappointment, Emotions, Emotionsforschung, Guilt, Hate, Jealousy, Justice, responsibility, Verhaltensforschung
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