Alle Publikationen
2002
-
(2002): Ethics of practicing medical procedures on newly dead and nearly dead patients. In: Journal of General Internal Medicine 17 (10), S. 774-778. DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11139.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11139.x Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the ethical issues raised by physicians performing, for skill development, medically nonindicated invasive medical procedures on newly dead and dying patients. DESIGN: Literature review; issue analysis employing current normative ethical obligations, and evaluation against moral rules and utilitarian assessments manifest in other common perimortem practices. RESULTS: Practicing medical procedures for training purposes is not uncommon among physicians in training. However, empiric information is limited or absent evaluating the effects of this practice on physician competence and ethics, assessing public attitudes toward practicing medical procedures and requirements for consent, and discerning the effects of a consent requirement on physicians' clinical competence. Despite these informational gaps, there is an obligation to secure consent for training activities on newly and nearly dead patients based on contemporary norms for informed consent and family respect. Paradigms of consent-dependent societal benefits elsewhere in health care support our determination that the benefits from physicians practicing procedures does not justify setting aside the informed consent requirement. CONCLUSION: Current ethical norms do not support the practice of using newly and nearly dead patients for training in invasive medical procedures absent prior consent by the patient or contemporaneous surrogate consent. Performing an appropriately consented training procedure is ethically acceptable when done under competent supervision and with appropriate professional decorum. The ethics of training on the newly and nearly dead remains an insufficiently examined area of medical training.
Keywords: Beeinflussung der Bewertung moralischer Urteile, Beispiel, Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), Consent, decorum, Einwilligung, Ethik, medical procedures, Medizin, Moral, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Operation an frisch Verstorbenen, Respekt, Soziale Angemessenheit, Tod, Übung, Utilitarismus -
(2002): Trust, Respect, and the Psychology of Political Engagement. In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32 (10), S. 2067-2088. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02064.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02064.x Abstract: Local community involvement has long been regarded as central to citizens' participation in the political process because it is believed to create attitudes of generalized trust that encourage citizens to become involved in governance. Recently Putnam (1995a) has argued that declining opportunities for community involvement have led to decreased trust in others, and this contributes to declining rates of voting in elections. This paper directly tests the validity of Putnam's argument. It shows that civic participation is related to political participation, but only through the mediating mechanism of generalized trust. The sample for this study was composed of 72 males (mean age 43 yrs). The paper further examines why citizens participate in their communities. It finds that people participate more in their communities when they feel that they are respected members of those communities. Implications for psychological theory and political mobilization are discussed.
-
(2002): Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion: Property, Nation and Religion. In: Soziale Systeme 8 (1), S. 8-26. DOI: 10.1515/sosys-2002-0103
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sosys-2002-0103 Abstract: Adopting a comparative approach, the article discusses patterns of inclusion and exclusion such as property, nation and religion from a historical viewpoint. According to Luhmann the concept of inclusion and exclusion is about taking into account persons in social systems; according to Foucault it is related to deviance and abnormality. The transition from stratified to functionally differentiated societies is analysed, emphasising the transformation of ›Inklusionsindividualität‹ to ›Exklusionsindwidualität‹. Property and nation are both treated as transient semantics: for a short time after its emergence, private property guarantees inclusion and brings about new forms of identity and exclusion. Without the nation state the autonomy of subsystems would not be tolerable. The idea of a nation temporarily compensates for exclusion rates resulting from this new form of differentiation. While religion grants access to anyone and everyone even in stratified societies, thus anticipating the new pattern of inclusion, it also turns into a reservoir for unplanned, non-functionary exclusion in modern society.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy -
(2002): Intragroup and Intergroup Evaluation Effects on Group Behavior. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (6), S. 744-753. DOI: 10.1177/0146167202289004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202289004 Abstract: Groups differ in the prestige they are accorded by outgroups, and individuals differ in how much respect they receive from their group. The authors orthogonally varied both types of social evaluation—intergroup and intragroup—to assess their joint effects on reward allocations and the amount of time donated to work on a group activity that could satisfy either personal or group goals. Respected members of a devalued group were the most inclined to withhold rewards from the outgroup, and they donated the greatest amount of time to improve the ingroup’s image rather than their personal image. Disrespected members of a prestigious group did not favor the ingroup over the outgroup in reward allocations, and they invested in a group activity only if they might improve their personal image by doing so. The authors discuss why intragroup respect is particularly important for devalued group members.
-
(2002): Robots that imitate humans. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 6 (11), S. 481-487. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)02016-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)02016-8 Abstract: The study of social learning in robotics has been motivated by both scientific interest in the learning process and practical desires to produce machines that are useful, flexible, and easy to use. In this review, we introduce the social and task-oriented aspects of robot imitation. We focus on methodologies for addressing two fundamental problems. First, how does the robot know what to imitate? And second, how does the robot map that perception onto its own action repertoire to replicate it? In the future, programming humanoid robots to perform new tasks might be as simple as showing them.
-
(2002): Designing sociable robots. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press (Intelligent robots and autonomous agents). Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=78206
-
(2002) : Challenges in building robots that imitate people. In: Dautenhahn, Kerstin; Nehaniv, Chrystopher L. (Hg.): Imitation in animals and artifacts: Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press ("A Bradford book."), S. 363-390
Abstract: n this chapter, we outline four hard problems in building robots that imitate people and discuss how the social cues that humans naturally and intuitively provide could be used by a robot to solve these difficult problems. By attempting to build systems that imitate, we are forced to address issues that are not currently discussed in developmental psychology, animal behavior, or other research domains. However, we believe that these issues must be addressed by any creature or artifact that learns through imitation, and the study of these issues will yield greater insight into natural systems. We will present our progress toward implementing a set of critical social skills on two anthropomorphic robots, and discuss initial experiments that use these skills to benefit the imitative learning process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Fortschritt, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion -
(2002): Social Moral Epistemology. In: Social Philosophy and Policy 19 (2), S. 126-152. DOI: 10.1017/S0265052502192065
Abstract: The distinctive aim of applied ethics is to provide guidance as to how we ought to act, as individuals and as shapers of social policies. In this essay, I argue that applied ethics as currently practiced is inadequate and ought to be transformed to incorporate what I shall call social moral epistemology. This is a branch of social epistemology, the study of the social practices and institutions that promote (or impede) the formation, preservation, and transmission of true beliefs. For example, social epistemologists critically evaluate the comparative advantages of adversarial versus inquisitorial criminal proceedings as mechanisms for the discovery of truth. 2 Social moral epistemology, at its most inclusive, is the study of the social practices and institutions that promote (or impede) the formation, preservation, and transmission of true beliefs so far as true beliefs facilitate right action or reduce the incidence of wrong action. A special department of social moral epistemology is the study of the social practices and institutions that promote (or impede) the functioning of moral virtues so far as their functioning depends upon true beliefs. For example, the virtue of respect does not function properly in an individual if he believes that blacks or Jews are not truly human and are hence unworthy of the respect owed to human beings. (Whether one calls what this person has a truncated form of respect or denies that it is the virtue of respect at all is irrelevant for present purposes.) Without social moral epistemology, I shall argue, applied ethics cannot provide sufficient guidance for right action.
-
(2002): Social Participation in Very Old Age. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Findings From BASE. In: The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 57 (6). DOI: 10.1093/geronb/57.6.P510
Abstract: Social participation, defined as socially oriented sharing of individual resources, is often regarded as an important criterion of quality of life in old age. The authors distinguished 3 types of participation with respect to content, context, and resources required to participate: collective, productive, and political participation. Data from the multidisciplinary Berlin Aging Study were used to describe social participation of a very old population and to examine individual differences and changes over time. Analyses showed that social participation is cumulative. Individuals who engaged in political activities also took part in the other 2 types, and those who engaged in productive activities also participated in collective activities. Although many persons changed their social participation over the 4-year period, the cumulative pattern within the population remained unchanged. Educational and occupational resources were positively related to the intensity of social participation in old age, but changes in social participation could be better explained by age and health.
Keywords: Gerontologie, Soziale Teilhabe -
(2002): Respect and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: The Importance of Feeling Included. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (10), S. 1335-1341. DOI: 10.1177/014616702236830
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702236830 Abstract: Examined the effect of respect communicated by fellow group members on one's willingness to contribute to the group's welfare. Based on the procedural justice literature, it was expected that respect would communicate important relational information, consequently enhancing people's motivation to promote the group's welfare. 81 undergraduate students participated in groups of 3. Prior to the task, membership inclusiveness and respect manipulations were conducted. A public good dilemma was used wherein participants were instructed that they had received an endowment of 300 cents, of which they could contribute any amount they wanted. This amount would be multiplied by 2 and then divided equally among group members, regardless of their contribution. It was found that respect indeed motivated group members to contribute more to the group's welfare and that this was most pronounced among group members who felt least included (i.e., peripheral members) relative to group members who felt included (i.e., core members). These findings illustrate the importance of decision makers' concerns about viable and positive intragroup relationships in their decision to cooperate or not.
-
Dautenhahn, Kerstin; Nehaniv, Chrystopher L. (Hg.) (2002): Imitation in animals and artifacts. Symposium "Imitation in animals and artifacts". Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press ("A Bradford book.")
-
(2002): From embodied to socially embedded agents – Implications for interaction-aware robots. In: COGNITIVE SYSTEMS RESEARCH 3 (3), S. 397-428. DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0417(02)00050-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-0417(02)00050-5 Abstract: First, this article proposes a minimal definition of embodiment that can be applied across animals and artefacts. We discuss the potential contributions of this operational definition with respect to assessing and measuring the degree of embodiment in different biological and artificial systems. Second, we outline how this definition can be extended to lead to the particular notion of social embeddedness. Socially embedded agents are structurally coupled with their social environment, in that their sensorimotor activity is grounded in the social environment that the agent is surrounded by. Lastly, based on research in the social sciences on human–human interaction, we discuss perceptual requirements for interaction-aware robotic agents—agents whose identification and interpretation of the (social) environment is facilitated by awareness of the structure of agent–agent interactions (including humans ‘in the loop’). We suggest relevant concepts and heuristics that can contribute to studies of degrees of embodiment of robots that interact with social environments. Manipulating and systematically investigating these heuristics permits variation of the degree of embodiment of such interaction-aware robots.
-
(2002): Preparing for European diplomacy?. In: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES 40 (5), S. 849-870
Abstract: The literature on European foreign policy has paid scant attention to one critical aspect - European diplomacy. This article considers the nature of European diplomacy, the ways in which it manifests itself and, most importantly, the preparation of EU officials as well as national diplomats for European diplomacy. It is argued that more attention needs to be paid to training so that they may engage more effectively in European diplomacy. In order to facilitate this, support is lent to the idea of establishing a College of European Diplomacy. Effective European foreign policy needs a professional supporting diplomatic service.
-
(2002): Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms. In: Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) 13 (1), S. 1-25. DOI: 10.1007/s12110-002-1012-7
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26192593 Abstract: This paper provides strong evidence challenging the self-interest assumption that dominates the behavioral sciences and much evolutionary thinking. The evidence indicates that many people have a tendency to voluntarily cooperate, if treated fairly, and to punish noncooperators. We call this behavioral propensity "strong reciprocity" and show empirically that it can lead to almost universal cooperation in circumstances in which purely self-interested behavior would cause a complete breakdown of cooperation. In addition, we show that people are willing to punish those who behaved unfairly towards a third person or who defected in a Prisoner's Dilemma game with a third person. This suggests that strong reciprocity is a powerful device for the enforcement of social norms involving, for example, food sharing or collective action. Strong reciprocity cannot be rationalized as an adaptive trait by the leading evolutionary theories of human cooperation (in other words, kin selection, reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity, and costly signaling theory). However, multilevel selection theories of cultural evolution are consistent with strong reciprocity.
-
(2002): Altruistic punishment in humans. In: Nature 415 (6868), S. 137-140. DOI: 10.1038/415137a
DOI: https://www.nature.com/articles/415137a.pdf Abstract: Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.
-
Felderer, Brigitte; Macho, Thomas (Hg.) (2002): Höflichkeit. Aktualität und Genese von Umgangsformen. München: Fink
Abstract: Höflichkeit ist heute eine Überlebensbedingung kultureller Vielfalt: ein gemeinsames Überleben wird von der Entwicklung, Bewahrung und Kultivierung differenzierter Verständigungstechniken abhängen, die sich auch in konkreten Spannungssituationen bewähren. Die verschiedenen Bereiche, in denen Höflichkeit eine Rolle spielt, werden in diesem Band historisch und vergleichend, aus der Perspektive verschiedener Disziplinen untersucht werden.
-
(2002) : Soziale Kognition In: Stroebe, W.; Jonas, K.; Hewstone, M. (Hg.): Sozialpsychologie: 4. Aufl.: Berlin: Springer, S. 125-164
-
(2002) : FrameNet Meets the Semantic Web: A DAML+OIL Frame Representation: Proceedings of the Eighteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Menlo Park, CA: AAAI
-
(2002): Respect in close relationships: Prototype definition, self-report assessment, and initial correlates. In: Personal Relationships 9 (2), S. 121-139. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6811.00008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00008 Abstract: Reports 3 studies designed to determine precisely what respect means in the context of close relationships and to create a measure of respect that could be used in relationship research. A total of 690 Ss (aged 15-46 yrs) participated. In Study 1 a prototype methodology was used to identify consensual features of respect. Participants in Study 2 rated the centrality of the features of respect and completed a new prototype-based respect-for-partner scale that was highly reliable and correlated in predictable ways with avoidant attachment and evaluative aspects of partner descriptions. In Study 3, the new respect scale predicted relationship satisfaction better than scales measuring liking, loving, attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, and positive and negative partner qualities. Suggestions are offered for future research on respect. A table of item-total correlations for the Respect for Partner Scale is appended.
-
(2002): Theorien der Sozialpsychologie. Soziales Lernen, Interaktion und Gruppenprozesse: Gruppen-, Interaktions- und Lerntheorien. 2., vollst. überarb. und erw. Aufl.. Bern, Schweiz: Hans Huber (Aus dem Programm Huber: Psychologie-Lehrtexte)
Abstract: Ausgewählte Theorien der Sozialpsychologie und deren Anwendungsbereiche werden vorgestellt. Im zweiten Band, der gegenüber der Erstauflage von 1985 vollständig überarbeitet und erweitert wurde, werden Theorien zu Gruppen, Theorien zu intergruppalem und interpersonalem Verhalten, Lern- und Handlungstheorien sowie Theorien zu angewandten Aspekten behandelt. - Inhalt: (A) Grundlegende Theorien zu Gruppen. (1) S. Schulz-Hardt und Mitarbeiter: Sozialpsychologische Theorien zu Urteilen, Entscheidungen, Leistung und Lernen in Gruppen. (2) H.-P. Erb und G. Bohner: Sozialer Einfluss durch Mehrheiten und Minderheiten. (3) U. Athenstaedt, H. H. Freudenthaler und G. Mikula: Die Theorie sozialer Interdependenz. - (B) Theorien zu intergruppalem und interpersonalem Verhalten. (4) A. Mummendey und S. Otten: Theorien intergruppalen Verhaltens. (5) E. Frank und D. Frey: Theoretische Modelle zu Kooperation, Kompetition und Verhandeln bei interpersonalen Konflikten. (6) M. Hassebrauck un d B. Kü pper: Theorien interpersonaler Attraktion. (7) H.-W. Bierhoff: Theorien hilfreichen Verhaltens. (8) S. Otten und A. Mummendey: Sozialpsychologische Theorien aggressiven Verhaltens. (9) E. H. Witte: Theorien zur sozialen Macht. (10) F. Becker-Stoll und K. E. Grossmann: Bindungstheorie und Bindungsforschung. - (C) Lern- und Handlungstheorien. (11) K. Jonas und P. Brömer: Die sozial-kognitive Theorie von Bandura. (12) W. Greve: Handlungstheorien. - (D) Theorien zu angewandten Aspekten. (13) F. C. Brodbeck, G. W. Maier und D. Frey: Führungstheorien. (14) M. Diehl und J. Munkes: Kreativität und Innovation. (15) G. Trommsdorff: Kulturvergleichende Sozialpsychologie.
-
(2002): Love-Hate for Man-Machine Metaphors in Soviet Physiology. From Pavlov to “Physiological Cybernetics”. In: Science in Context 15 (02), S. 339-374. DOI: 10.1017/S0269889702000479
Abstract: This article reinterprets the debate between orthodox followers of the Pavlovian reflex theory and Soviet "cybernetic physiologists" in the 1950s and 60s as a clash of opposing man-machine metaphors. While both sides accused each other of "mechanistic," reductionist methodology, they did not see anything "mechanistic" about their own central metaphors: the telephone switchboard metaphor for nervous activity (the Pavlovians), and the analogies between the human body and a servomechanism and between the human brain and a computer (the cyberneticians). I argue that the scientific utility of machine analogies was closely intertwined with their philosophical and political meanings and that new interpretations of these metaphors emerged as a result of political conflicts and a realignment of forces within the scientific community and in society at large. I suggest that the constant travel of man-machine analogies back and forth between physiology and technology has blurred the traditional categories of the "mechanistic" and the "organic" in Soviet neurophysiology, as perhaps in the history of physiology in general.
Keywords: American Cybernetics, Cold War, cybernetic physiologists, History and Philosophy of Science, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, machine analogy, man-machine, mechanistic vs. organic, mechanistisches Weltbild, Mechanizismus, Mensch und Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Metapher, metaphor, Ontologische Differenzierungen: Tier, Mensch, Maschine, Pavlov, Reflexionen über MTR, technische Metaphern -
(2002): The presentation of self in everyday life. 1959. In: Garden City, NY
-
(2002): The Media Equation Does Not Always Apply: People are not Polite Towards Small Computers. In: Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 6 (2), S. 87-96. DOI: 10.1007/s007790200008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s007790200008 Abstract: The Media Equation asserts that people treat and behave towards computers in much the same way as towards other people, for example regarding politeness. We report the results of a study investigating the validity of the Media Equation for PDAs and smart phones. Twenty-five users each performed seven tasks with one of four PDAs or a smart phone. None of the users had any prior experience with a PDA. Contrary to the postulations of the Media Equation, the number of “likes” decreased and number of “dislikes” increased in the computer present condition. Previous objective performance when interacting with a palm computer appears to account for subjective attitudes much more than computer absence/presence. It appears that degree of politeness might be performance-level dependent but this has to be reinvestigated before more firm conclusions can be drawn.
-
(2002): Affective States and Traits in the Workplace: Diary and Survey Data from Young Workers. In: Motivation and Emotion 26 (1), S. 31-55. DOI: 10.1023/A:1015142124306
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015142124306 Abstract: This study investigated proposed paths of the affective events theory (AET; H. M. Weiss & R. Cropanzano, 1996), with part-time employees completing surveys at 2 points in time and completing an event-contingent diary over 2 weeks. In support of AET, negative affectivity (Time 1) related to negative emotional reactions at work. Negative emotional reactions were associated with intention to leave the job (Time 2). This relationship was especially strong for the sadness emotions (disappointed, depressed, unhappy). Positive affectivity (Time 1) directly related to job satisfaction (Time 2), but only weakly predicted positive emotional reactions at work (aggregated over 2 weeks). Qualitative data provided information about work affective events and affect-driven behaviors. Interpersonal mistreatment from customers were the most frequent cause of anger and resulted in faking expressions about 50% of the time. Recognition from supervisors for work performance was the main cause of pride.
-
(2002) : The Phenomenological Approach to People-Environment Studies In: Bechtel, Robert; Churchman, Arza (Hg.): Handbook of Environmental Psychology: New York: Wiley and Sons, S. 95-113