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  • Johnson, Wendy; Penke, Lars (2015): Genetics of social behavior

    Abstract: Discusses theoretical assumptions underlying the research of genetic influences on social behavior. The authors argue that the vast majority of traits and conditions that show genetic influences are not hard-wired, genetically determined, or innate. Most genetically influenced conditions involve genetic variants, and these may be expressed differently depending on influences from other variants, environmental circumstances, and whether the individual has control over those circumstances. Experiments typically assign participants to artificially constructed laboratory situations under the assumption that it does not matter who is placed where because on average everyone will respond the same way in any given situation. Studies are now being redesigned with the recognition that individuals may exert considerable control over whether and how a situation develops at all, as well as how it turns out. It is often incorrectly assumed that genetic and environmental influence act independently of each other. Because individuals almost always have some control, conscious or not, over the environments they experience, G x E and gene-environment correlation (rGE) will generally be linked at least to some degree. zitiert von 1

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