Alle Publikationen
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2016
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(2016): Response Inhibition Is Facilitated by a Change to Red Over Green in the Stop Signal Paradigm. In: Frontiers in human neuroscience 10. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00655
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28101011 Abstract: Actions are informed by the complex interactions of response execution and inhibition networks. These networks integrate sensory information with internal states and behavioral goals to produce an appropriate action or to update an ongoing action. Recent investigations have shown that, behaviorally, attention is captured through a hierarchy of colors. These studies showed how the color hierarchy affected visual processing. To determine whether the color hierarchy can be extended to higher level executive functions such as response execution and inhibition, we conducted several experiments using the stop-signal task (SST). In the first experiment, we modified the classic paradigm so that the go signals could vary in task-irrelevant color, with an auditory stop signal. We found that the task-irrelevant color of the go signals did not differentially affect response times. In the second experiment we determined that making the color of the go signal relevant for response selection still did not affect reaction times(RTs) and, thus, execution. In the third experiment, we modified the paradigm so that the stop signal was a task relevant change in color of the go signal. The mean RT to the red stop signal was approximately 25 ms faster than to the green stop signal. In other words, red stop signals facilitated response inhibition more than green stop signals, however, there was no comparative facilitation of response execution. These findings suggest that response inhibition, but not execution, networks are sensitive to differences in color salience. They also suggest that the color hierarchy is based on attentional networks and not simply on early sensory processing.
Keywords: Aufmerksamkeit, hierarchy -
(2016): Philosophical Anthropology, Shame, and Disability. In Favor of an Interpersonal Theory of Shame. In: Res Philosophica 93 (4), S. 743-765. DOI: 10.11612/resphil.1472
Abstract: This article argues against a leading cognitivist and moral interpretation of shame that is present in the philosophical literature. That standard view holds that shame is the felt-response to a loss of self-esteem, which is the result of negative self-assessment. I hold that shame is a heteronomous and primitive bodily affect that is perceptual rather than judgmental in nature. Shame results from the breakdown and thwarting of our desire for anonymous, unexceptional, and disattentive co-existence with others. I use the sociological theory of Erving Goffman and the theory of shame found in philosophical anthropology to support this view. I also use the cases of shame and chronic shame that often accompany disability to show that shame is separable from negative self-assessment and, instead, emerges as an affective response to a world (of equipment, things, and people) that disallows unburdened and unreflective interpersonal equilibrium.
2015
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(2015): Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects of Emotional Word Semantics in Reading Chinese Sentences. Evidence From Eye Movements. In: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-LEARNING MEMORY AND COGNITION 41 (4), S. 1237-1243
Abstract: Despite the well-known influence of emotional meaning on cognition, relatively less is known about its effects on reading behavior. We investigated whether fixation behavior during the reading of Chinese sentences is influenced by emotional word meaning in the parafovea. Two-character target words embedded into the same sentence frames provided emotionally positive, negative, or neutral contents. Fixation durations on neutral pretarget words were prolonged for positive parafoveal words and for highly frequent negative parafoveal words. In addition, fixation durations on foveal emotional words were shorter than those on neutral words. We also found that the role of emotional words varied as a function of their valence during foveal and parafoveal processing. These findings suggest a processing advantage for emotional words relative to emotionally neutral stimuli in foveal and parafoveal vision. We discuss implications for the notion of attention attraction due to emotional content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Aufmerksamkeit, Emotion und Sprachverarbeitung, Emotions, Emotionserkennung, frame semantics, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, Lesen, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Neurowissenschaften, Realtechnik, Sprachverstehen, Technik, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2009
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(2009): Others in mind. Social origins of self-consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online verfügbar unter https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812484
Abstract: Introduction : main ideas -- Self-conscious species -- Six propositions -- Variety of self-reflective mind states -- Mind states in development -- Birth of self-consciousness -- Shame and self-knowledge -- Roots of guilt -- Giving and sharing -- Origins of owning and sharing -- Social construction of identity -- Conclusion : moral space and the self In this book, Philippe Rochat explores self-consciousness, how it originates and how it shapes our lives, arguably the most important and revealing of all psychological problems. Why are we so prone to guilt and embarrassment? Why do we care so much about how others see us, about our reputation? What are the origins of such afflictions? Rochat argues that it is because we are members of a species that evolved the unique propensity to reflect upon themselves as an object of thoughts; an object of thoughts that is potentially evaluated by others. Based on empirical observations, this is a book of ideas, tapping into both developmental and anthropological phenomena and guided by strong existential intuitions regarding the human condition. At the core of these intuitions, there is the idea that human psychic life is predominantly determined by what we imagine others perceive of us
Keywords: Aufmerksamkeit, Entwicklungspsychologie, Erklärung und Genese von Sozialität und Zwischenmenschlichkeit, Herkunft von Sozialität, Philosophie der Psychologie, Psychologie, Selbst, Selbstbewusstsein, Self, Self / Social aspects, Self-consciousness (Sensitivity), Self-knowledge, Theory of, Social aspects 1993
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(1993): Unbewußte Informationsverarbeitung. 1. Aufl.. Bern: Huber (Aus dem Programm Huber)
1980
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(1980): Polite responses to polite requests. In: Cognition 8 (2), S. 111-143. DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(80)90009-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(80)90009-8 Abstract: Indirect requests vary in politeness; for example, Can you tell me where Jordan Hall is? is more polite than Shouldn’t you tell me where Jordan Hall is? By one theory, the more the literal meaning of a request implies personal benefits for the listener, within reason, the more polite is the request. This prediction was confirmed in Experiment 1. Responses to indirect requests also vary in politeness. For Can you tell me where Jordan Hall is?, the response Yes, I can - it’s up the street is more polite than It’s up the street. By an extension of that theory, the more attentive the responder is to all of the requester’s meaning, the more polite is the response. This prediction was confirmed in Experiments 2, 3 and 4. From this evidence, we argued that people ordinarily compute both the literal and the indirect meanings of indirect requests. They must if they are to recognize when the speaker is and isn ‘t being polite, and if they are to respond politely, impolitely, or even neutrally.
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