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  • 2015

  • Leidy, Melinda S.; Parke, Ross D. (2015) : Socialization in Infancy and Childhood In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 866-872

    Abstract: This article discusses the role of family in the process of socialization in infancy and childhood. This takes several forms, including treating the family as a social system in which parent–child, marital, and sibling subsystems are recognized. The family socialization process is also recognized within an ecological perspective to appreciate how family environments shape and constrain their socialization practices. Specifically, the impact of social change, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity is discussed.

    Keywords: Child characteristics, Ethnicity, Father involvement, Marital Relations, Mother involvement, Pädagogische Psychologie, Parent advice giving, Parent–child interaction, science direct, Siblings, Social Change, Socialization, Socioeconomic Status, Verhaltensforschung

  • 2008

  • Parke, R. D.; Leidy, M. S.; Schofield, T. J.; Miller, M. A.; Morris, K. L. (2008) : Socialization In: Haith, Marshall M.: Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development: Amsterdam: Elsevier Acad. Press, S. 224-235

    Abstract: Socialization is the process by which infants and children acquire the standards, skills, motives, attitudes, and behaviors that are appropriate for a particular society and culture. Currently, ecological systems theory is the central framework for understanding socialization. According to this perspective, many agents play a role in the socialization process including families, peers, media, neighborhoods, schools, and religious institutions. Within families, various subsystems are recognized, including the parent–child dyad, the co-parenting, marital, and sibling subsystems as well as the family unit itself. Families, in turn, are embedded in a variety of extrafamilial socialization systems (e.g., peers and schools) and they operate together with families rather than independently. A variety of factors such as child characteristics including genetic differences, personal parental resources, contextual factors, and ethnicity modify the operation of these socialization influences.

    Keywords: Entwicklungspsychologie, Fathers, Genetics, Gruppenverhalten, Marital relationships, Mass media, Mothers, Neighborhoods, Peers, science direct, Siblings, Social Class, Socialization
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